Background
Methods
Study population
Measures
Private life characteristics
Occupational characteristics
Psychosocial working conditions
Work-Privacy Conflict (WPC)
Statistical analysis
Results
Bivariable results
Private life characteristics
WPC n (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) of WPC | n | Very low (<20 %) | Low (20–39 %) | Moderate (40–59 %) | High (60–79 %) | Very high (>=80 %) | |
2,056 | 514 (25.0) | 555 (27.0) | 424 (20.6) | 401 (19.5) | 162 (7.9) | ||
Age | |||||||
35–44 | 42 (27) | 730 | 146 (20.0) | 199 (27.3) | 157 (21.5) | 160 (21.9) | 68 (9.3) |
45–54 | 39 (26) | 847 | 201 (23.7) | 236 (27.9) | 183 (21.6) | 162 (19.1) | 65 (7.7) |
55–64 | 34 (27) | 479 | 167 (34.9) | 120 (25.1) | 84 (17.5) | 79 (16.5) | 29 (6.1) |
Education (school) | |||||||
Certificate of Secondary Education (9th Grade) | 32 (26) | 593 | 211 (35.6) | 159 (26.8) | 112 (18.9) | 80 (13.5) | 31 (5.2) |
General Certificate of Secondary Education (10th Grade) | 38 (27) | 350 | 97 (27.7) | 89 (25.4) | 77 (22.0) | 59 (16.9) | 28 (8.0) |
International Baccalaureate (12th/13th Grade) | 43 (26) | 1,100 | 201 (18.3) | 301 (27.4) | 233 (21.2) | 262 (23.8) | 103 (9.4) |
Other certification | 18 (14) | 5 | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
None | 22 (18) | 8 | 3 (37.5) | 3 (37.5) | 2 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Education (occupational) | |||||||
Vocational School/Apprenticeship | 33 (26) | 724 | 247 (34.1) | 191 (26.4) | 147 (20.3) | 98 (13.5) | 41 (5.7) |
Technical School/Master craftsman | 38 (25) | 360 | 76 (21.1) | 114 (31.7) | 81 (22.5) | 69 (19.2) | 20 (5.6) |
University of Applied Sciences | 44 (27) | 874 | 166 (19.0) | 223 (25.5) | 177 (20.3) | 217 (24.8) | 91 (10.4) |
Other qualification | 39 (28) | 41 | 10 (24.4) | 13 (31.7) | 5 (12.2) | 10 (24.4) | 3 (7.3) |
None | 40 (28) | 52 | 14 (26.9) | 12 (23.1) | 12 (23.1) | 7 (13.5) | 7 (13.5) |
SES | |||||||
Low (<7.8) | 32 (25) | 98 | 34 (34.7) | 26 (26.5) | 21 (21.4) | 14 (14.3) | 3 (3.1) |
Intermediate (7.8–14) | 34 (26) | 838 | 275 (32.8) | 227 (27.1) | 165 (19.7) | 120 (14.3) | 51 (6.1) |
High (>14) | 43 (26) | 1,120 | 205 (18.3) | 302 (27.0) | 238 (21.3) | 267 (23.8) | 108 (9.6) |
Marital Status | |||||||
Married | 39 (26) | 1,543 | 381 (24.7) | 429 (27.8) | 319 (20.7) | 295 (19.1) | 119 (7.7) |
Registered partners | 35 (17) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Divorced | 38 (28) | 140 | 42 (30.0) | 33 (23.6) | 27 (19.3) | 24 (17.1) | 14 (10.0) |
Separated | 46 (26) | 38 | 6 (15.8) | 8 (21.1) | 9 (23.7) | 11 (28.9) | 4 (10.5) |
Widow(er) | 32 (26) | 16 | 5 (31.3) | 6 (37.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (25.0) | 1 (6.3) |
Single, never married | 40 (27) | 316 | 80 (25.3) | 77 (24.4) | 68 (21.5) | 67 (21.2) | 24 (7.6) |
Biological children | |||||||
0 | 38 (27) | 549 | 150 (27.3) | 145 (26.4) | 114 (20.8) | 98 (17.9) | 42 (7.7) |
1–2 | 39 (26) | 1,227 | 295 (24.0) | 342 (27.9) | 251 (20.5) | 241 (19.6) | 98 (8.0) |
3+ | 40 (27) | 280 | 69 (24.6) | 68 (24.3) | 59 (21.1) | 62 (22.1) | 22 (7.9) |
Children < 18y at home | |||||||
0 | 39 (27) | 1,932 | 492 (25.5) | 522 (27.0) | 395 (20.4) | 372 (19.3) | 151 (7.8) |
1–2- | 45 (26) | 102 | 15 (14.7) | 28 (27.5) | 25 (24.5) | 23 (22.5) | 11 (10.8) |
3+ | 35 (25) | 22 | 7 (31.8) | 5 (22.7) | 4 (18.2) | 6 (27.3) | 0 (0.0) |
People in household | |||||||
1–2 | 36 (27) | 918 | 280 (30.5) | 233 (25.4) | 171 (18.6) | 173 (18.8) | 61 (6.6) |
3–4 | 42 (26) | 972 | 198 (20.4) | 272 (28.0) | 217 (22.3) | 195 (20.1) | 90 (9.3) |
5+ | 40 (26) | 154 | 32 (20.8) | 46 (29.9) | 34 (22.1) | 32 (20.8) | 10 (6.5) |
Time spent caring for children | |||||||
0 h/week | 37 (26) | 1,355 | 382 (28.2) | 362 (26.7) | 269 (19.9) | 246 (18.2) | 96 (7.1) |
1–3 h/week | 43 (26) | 480 | 115 (24.0) | 17 (3.5) | 142 (29.6) | 144 (30.0) | 62 (12.9) |
4+ hours/week | 36 (26) | 65 | 16 (24.6) | 22 (33.8) | 12 (18.5) | 11 (16.9) | 4 (6.2) |
Time spent caring for adult relatives | |||||||
0 h/week | 39 (27) | 1,948 | 489 (25.1) | 530 (27.2) | 402 (20.6) | 371 (19.0) | 156 (8.0) |
1–3 h/week | 41 (27) | 103 | 24 (23.3) | 24 (23.3) | 20 (19.4) | 29 (28.2) | 6 (5.8) |
4+ hours/week | 44 (25) | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Time spent on household errands | |||||||
0 h/week | 52 (27) | 155 | 20 (12.9) | 32 (20.6) | 32 (20.6) | 41 (26.5) | 30 (19.4) |
1–3 h/week | 38 (26) | 1,722 | 435 (25.3) | 482 (28.0) | 353 (20.5) | 332 (19.3) | 120 (7.0) |
4+ hours/week | 35 (26) | 172 | 57 (33.1) | 41 (23.8) | 37 (21.5) | 25 (14.5) | 12 (7.0) |
Time spent on hobbies | |||||||
0 h/week | 44 (27) | 429 | 89 (20.7) | 93 (21.7) | 92 (21.4) | 115 (26.8) | 40 (9.3) |
1–3 h/week | 38 (26) | 1,477 | 374 (25.3) | 410 (27.8) | 303 (20.5) | 275 (18.6) | 115 (7.8) |
4+ hours/week | 30 (23) | 146 | 49 (33.6) | 52 (35.6) | 29 (19.9) | 9 (6.2) | 7 (4.8) |
Time spent on job development | |||||||
0 h/week | 38 (27) | 1,726 | 459 (26.6) | 463 (26.8) | 349 (20.2) | 319 (18.5) | 136 (7.9) |
1–3 h/week | 44 (25) | 325 | 55 (16.9) | 89 (27.4) | 73 (22.5) | 82 (25.2) | 26 (8.0) |
4+ hours/week | 35 (12) | 4 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Smoking Status | |||||||
Never | 41 (26) | 851 | 184 (21.6) | 230 (27.0) | 184 (21.6) | 183 (21.5) | 70 (8.2) |
Quit 0–2 y ago | 37 (26) | 64 | 18 (28.1) | 12 (18.8) | 19 (29.7) | 10 (15.6) | 5 (7.8) |
Quit 2+ y ago | 37 (27) | 661 | 191 (28.9) | 177 (26.8) | 125 (18.9) | 120 (18.2) | 48 (7.3) |
Current | 38 (26) | 478 | 121 (25.3) | 136 (28.5) | 96 (20.1) | 86 (18.0) | 39 (8.2) |
Pack-years (PY) | |||||||
Never smoked | 41 (26) | 851 | 184 (21.6) | 230 (27.0) | 184 (21.6) | 183 (21.5) | 70 (8.2) |
<20 PY | 37 (26) | 871 | 233 (26.8) | 244 (28.0) | 174 (20.0) | 157 (18.0) | 63 (7.2) |
20–39 PY | 37 (27) | 142 | 42 (29.6) | 32 (22.5) | 33 (23.2) | 24 (16.9) | 11 (7.7) |
40+ PY | 43 (28) | 58 | 10 (17.2) | 20 (34.5) | 8 (13.8) | 13 (22.4) | 7 (12.1) |
Alcohol intakea
| |||||||
No intake | 38 (26) | 702 | 182 (25.9) | 187 (26.6) | 152 (21.7) | 129 (18.4) | 52 (7.4) |
Intake beneath tolerable limit | 40 (26) | 759 | 169 (22.3) | 213 (28.1) | 168 (22.1) | 148 (19.5) | 61 (8.0) |
Intake above tolerable limit | 38 (28) | 522 | 146 (28.0) | 132 (25.3) | 91 (17.4) | 109 (20.9) | 44 (8.4) |
Abuse of alcohol | 39 (27) | 71 | 16 (22.5) | 22 (31.0) | 13 (18.3) | 15 (21.1) | 5 (7.0) |
Depression | |||||||
No | 38 (26) | 1944 | 506 (26.0) | 536 (27.6) | 399 (20.5) | 368 (18.9) | 135 (6.9) |
Yes | 58 (26) | 110 | 8 (7.3) | 18 (16.4) | 24 (21.8) | 33 (30.0) | 27 (24.5) |
WPC n (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) of WPC | n | Very low (<20 %) | Low (20–39 %) | Moderate (40–59 %) | High (60–79 %) | Very high (>=80 %) | |
1,653 | 562 (34.0) | 387 (23.4) | 323 (19.5) | 263 (15.9) | 118 (7.1) | ||
Alter | |||||||
35–44 | 36 (28) | 608 | 197 (32.4) | 148 (24.3) | 104 (17.1) | 109 (17.9) | 50 (8.2) |
45–54 | 35 (27) | 689 | 227 (32.9) | 164 (23.8) | 148 (21.5) | 105 (15.2) | 45 (6.5) |
55–64 | 32 (27) | 356 | 138 (38.8) | 75 (21.1) | 71 (19.9) | 49 (13.8) | 23 (6.5) |
Education (school) | |||||||
Certificate of Secondary Education (9th Grade) | 30 (28) | 367 | 160 (43.6) | 73 (19.9) | 63 (17.2) | 49 (13.4) | 22 (6.0) |
General Certificate of Secondary Education (10th Grade) | 30 (26) | 506 | 207 (40.9) | 117 (23.1) | 93 (18.4) | 63 (12.5) | 26 (5.1) |
International Baccalaureate (12th/13th Grade) | 40 (27) | 760 | 188 (24.7) | 194 (25.5) | 163 (21.4) | 146 (19.2) | 69 (9.1) |
Other certification | 39 (27) | 15 | 5 (33.3) | 3 (20.0) | 4 (26.7) | 2 (13.3) | 1 (6.7) |
None | 40 (37) | 5 | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Education (occupational) | |||||||
Vocational School/ Apprenticeship | 30 (27) | 791 | 332 (42.0) | 175 (22.1) | 138 (17.4) | 103 (13.0) | 43 (5.4) |
Technical School/Master Craftsman | 35 (26) | 229 | 72 (31.4) | 56 (24.5) | 53 (23.1) | 35 (15.3) | 13 (5.7) |
University of Applied Sciences | 41 (27) | 534 | 120 (22.5) | 133 (24.9) | 117 (21.9) | 113 (21.2) | 51 (9.6) |
Other qualification | 39 (27) | 33 | 7 (21.2) | 11 (33.3) | 8 (24.2) | 4 (12.1) | 3 (9.1) |
None | 30 (32) | 66 | 31 (47.0) | 12 (18.2) | 7 (10.6) | 8 (12.1) | 8 (12.1) |
SES | |||||||
Low (<7.8) | 25 (27) | 61 | 31 (50.8) | 12 (19.7) | 10 (16.4) | 4 (6.6) | 4 (6.6) |
Intermediate (7.8–14) | 31 (27) | 936 | 379 (40.5) | 206 (22.0) | 171 (18.3) | 124 (13.2) | 56 (6.0) |
High (>14) | 41 (27) | 521 | 152 (29.2) | 169 (32.4) | 142 (27.3) | 135 (25.9) | 58 (11.1) |
Marital Status | |||||||
Married | 33 (27) | 1,101 | 391 (35.5) | 269 (24.4) | 213 (19.3) | 154 (14.0) | 74 (6.7) |
Registered partners | 44 (39) | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (25.0) |
Divorced | 36 (29) | 181 | 65 (35.9) | 34 (18.8) | 36 (19.9) | 32 (17.7) | 14 (7.7) |
Separated | 46 (27) | 43 | 7 (16.3) | 11 (25.6) | 9 (20.9) | 10 (23.3) | 6 (14.0) |
Widow(er) | 24 (27) | 44 | 27 (61.4) | 4 (9.1) | 4 (9.1) | 8 (18.2) | 1 (2.3) |
Single, never married | 39 (27) | 280 | 71 (25.4) | 68 (24.3) | 60 (21.4) | 59 (21.1) | 22 (7.9) |
Biological children | |||||||
0 | 39 (28) | 492 | 137 (27.8) | 112 (22.8) | 108 (22.0) | 86 (17.5) | 49 (10.0) |
1–2 | 32 (27) | 959 | 357 (37.2) | 235 (24.5) | 171 (17.8) | 139 (14.5) | 57 (5.9) |
3+ | 35 (27) | 202 | 68 (33.7) | 40 (19.8) | 44 (21.8) | 38 (18.8) | 12 (5.9) |
Children < 18y at home | |||||||
0 | 34 (27) | 1,578 | 535 (33.9) | 374 (23.7) | 307 (19.5) | 250 (15.8) | 112 (7.1) |
1–2 | 37 (26) | 66 | 24 (36.4) | 10 (15.2) | 14 (21.2) | 12 (18.2) | 6 (9.1) |
3+ | 27 (21) | 9 | 3 (33.3) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) |
People in household | |||||||
1–2 | 35 (28) | 910 | 308 (33.8) | 203 (22.3) | 180 (19.8) | 142 (15.6) | 77 (8.5) |
3–4 | 33 (26) | 637 | 223 (35.0) | 165 (25.9) | 115 (18.1) | 99 (15.5) | 35 (5.5) |
5+ | 37 (26) | 90 | 27 (30.0) | 17 (18.9) | 24 (26.7) | 18 (20.0) | 4 (4.4) |
Time spent caring for children | |||||||
0 h/week | 34 (28) | 1,109 | 385 (34.7) | 257 (23.2) | 221 (19.9) | 160 (14.4) | 86 (7.8) |
1–3 h/week | 35 (27) | 346 | 121 (35.0) | 77 (22.3) | 58 (16.8) | 67 (19.4) | 23 (6.6) |
4+ hours/week | 35 (25) | 195 | 56 (28.7) | 52 (26.7) | 43 (22.1) | 36 (18.5) | 8 (4.1) |
Time spent caring for adult relatives | |||||||
0 h/week | 34 (27) | 1,483 | 502 (33.9) | 357 (24.1) | 292 (19.7) | 229 (15.4) | 103 (6.9) |
1–3 h/week | 38 (29) | 154 | 54 (35.1) | 26 (16.9) | 29 (18.8) | 31 (20.1) | 14 (9.1) |
4+ hours/week | 34 (32) | 14 | 6 (42.9) | 3 (21.4) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (21.4) | 1 (7.1) |
Time spent on household errands | |||||||
0 h/week | 31 (31) | 18 | 8 (44.4) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) |
1–3 h/week | 36 (27) | 1,154 | 368 (31.9) | 286 (24.8) | 225 (19.5) | 181 (15.7) | 94 (8.1) |
4+ hours/week | 32 (27) | 475 | 185 (38.9) | 97 (20.4) | 93 (19.6) | 78 (16.4) | 22 (4.6) |
Time spent on hobbies | |||||||
0 h/week | 41 (29) | 300 | 81 (27.0) | 64 (21.3) | 55 (18.3) | 67 (22.3) | 33 (11.0) |
1–3 h/week | 34 (27) | 1,241 | 429 (34.6) | 295 (23.8) | 247 (19.9) | 188 (15.1) | 82 (6.6) |
4+ hours/week | 25 (24) | 108 | 49 (45.4) | 27 (25.0) | 21 (19.4) | 8 (7.4) | 3 (2.8) |
Time spent on job development | |||||||
0 h/week | 34 (27) | 1,418 | 501 (35.3) | 321 (22.6) | 279 (19.7) | 220 (15.5) | 97 (6.8) |
1–3 h/week | 39 (27) | 230 | 59 (25.7) | 65 (28.3) | 43 (18.7) | 43 (18.7) | 20 (8.7) |
4+ hours/week | 18 (10) | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Smoking Status | |||||||
Never | 35 (28) | 771 | 267 (34.6) | 186 (24.1) | 130 (16.9) | 125 (16.2) | 63 (8.2) |
Quit 0-2y ago | 32 (28) | 35 | 11 (31.4) | 11 (31.4) | 5 (14.3) | 6 (17.1) | 2 (5.7) |
Quit 2 + y ago | 35 (27) | 463 | 148 (32.0) | 106 (22.9) | 114 (24.6) | 66 (14.3) | 29 (6.3) |
Current | 34 (27) | 383 | 136 (35.5) | 83 (21.7) | 74 (19.3) | 66 (17.2) | 24 (6.3) |
Pack-years | |||||||
Never smoked | 35 (28) | 771 | 267 (34.6) | 186 (24.1) | 130 (16.9) | 125 (16.2) | 63 (8.2) |
<20 PY | 34 (27) | 720 | 243 (33.8) | 162 (22.5) | 160 (22.2) | 111 (15.4) | 44 (6.1) |
20–39 PY | 34 (26) | 102 | 33 (32.4) | 25 (24.5) | 23 (22.5) | 16 (15.7) | 5 (4.9) |
40+ PY | 40 (34) | 20 | 8 (40.0) | 2 (10.0) | 2 (10.0) | 6 (30.0) | 2 (10.0) |
Alcohol intakeb
| |||||||
No intake | 34 (27) | 810 | 280 (34.6) | 190 (23.5) | 158 (19.5) | 126 (15.6) | 56 (6.9) |
Intake beneath tolerable limit | 35 (28) | 440 | 152 (34.5) | 92 (20.9) | 84 (19.1) | 76 (17.3) | 36 (8.2) |
Intake above tolerable limit | 34 (26) | 370 | 120 (32.4) | 98 (26.5) | 73 (19.7) | 56 (15.1) | 23 (6.2) |
Abuse of alcohol | 37 (29) | 33 | 10 (30.3) | 7 (21.2) | 8 (24.2) | 5 (15.2) | 3 (9.1) |
Depression | |||||||
No | 32 (26) | 1,487 | 541 (36.4) | 360 (24.2) | 288 (19.4) | 215 (14.5) | 83 (5.6) |
Yes | 55 (28) | 162 | 21 (13.0) | 25 (15.4) | 33 (20.4) | 48 (29.6) | 35 (21.6) |
Occupational characteristics
WPC n(%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) of WPC | n | Very low (<20 %) | Low (20–39 %) | Moderate (40–59 %) | High (60–79 %) | Very high (>=80 %) | |
Form of Employment | |||||||
Full-time | 39 (27) | 1,990 | 490 (24.6) | 528 (26.5) | 417 (21.0) | 394 (19.8) | 161 (8.1) |
Part-time | 26 (22) | 66 | 24 (36.4) | 27 (40.9) | 7 (10.6) | 7 (10.6) | 1 (1.5) |
Time spent at work | |||||||
<40 [h/week] | 30 (25) | 679 | 241 (35.5) | 209 (30.8) | 117 (17.2) | 79 (11.6) | 33 (4.9) |
40+ [h/week] | 43 (26) | 1,312 | 263 (20.0) | 334 (25.5) | 288 (22.0) | 305 (23.2) | 122 (9.3) |
Night shift | |||||||
No | 37 (26) | 1,647 | 437 (26.5) | 466 (28.3) | 332 (20.2) | 304 (18.5) | 108 (6.6) |
Yes | 47 (27) | 372 | 65 (17.5) | 78 (21.0) | 86 (23.1) | 94 (25.3) | 49 (13.2) |
Night Work | |||||||
0–6 [days/month] | 38 (26) | 1,893 | 481 (25.4) | 519 (27.4) | 393 (20.8) | 360 (19.0) | 140 (7.4) |
7+ [days/month] | 48 (27) | 126 | 21 (16.7) | 25 (19.8) | 25 (19.8) | 38 (30.2) | 17 (13.5) |
Job complexity level | |||||||
Low | 29 (28) | 23 | 10 (43.5) | 5 (21.7) | 5 (21.7) | 1 (4.3) | 2 (8.7) |
Medium | 33 (26) | 716 | 241 (33.7) | 195 (27.2) | 144 (20.1) | 104 (14.5) | 32 (4.5) |
Complex | 40 (27) | 488 | 116 (23.8) | 131 (26.8) | 93 (19.1) | 105 (21.5) | 43 (8.8) |
Very complex | 44 (26) | 792 | 135 (17.0) | 213 (26.9) | 176 (22.2) | 188 (23.7) | 80 (10.1) |
Management | |||||||
No | 37 (26) | 1,600 | 448 (28.0) | 423 (26.4) | 324 (20.3) | 293 (18.3) | 112 (7.0) |
Yes | 45 (26) | 456 | 66 (14.5) | 132 (28.9) | 100 (21.9) | 108 (23.7) | 50 (11.0) |
Position | |||||||
Worker | 30 (25) | 279 | 104 (37.3) | 73 (26.2) | 53 (19.0) | 37 (13.3) | 12 (4.3) |
Employee | 39 (26) | 1,190 | 286 (24.0) | 326 (27.4) | 262 (22.0) | 216 (18.2) | 100 (8.4) |
Government officials, judges, military employees | 39 (26) | 166 | 39 (23.5) | 46 (27.7) | 34 (20.5) | 37 (22.3) | 10 (6.0) |
Self-employed/cooperative agriculturalist | 47 (25) | 43 | 7 (16.3) | 9 (20.9) | 10 (23.3) | 15 (34.9) | 2 (4.7) |
Self-employed in trade, commerce, craftwork, industry, service (also freelancers) | 43 (27) | 312 | 63 (20.2) | 89 (28.5) | 54 (17.3) | 77 (24.7) | 29 (9.3) |
Academic self-employed profession (physician, attorney, tax consultant) | 45 (29) | 65 | 15 (23.1) | 12 (18.5) | 11 (16.9) | 19 (29.2) | 8 (12.3) |
Student/trainee | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Caretaker for relatives | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
WPC n(%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) of WPC | n | Very low (<20 %) | Low (20–39 %) | Moderate (40–59 %) | High (60–79 %) | Very high (>=80 %) | |
Form of Employment | |||||||
Full-time | 41 (28) | 919 | 236 (25.7) | 203 (22.1) | 209 (22.7) | 173 (18.8) | 98 (10.7) |
Part-time | 27 (24) | 734 | 326 (44.4) | 184 (25.1) | 114 (15.5) | 90 (12.3) | 20 (2.7) |
Time spent at work | |||||||
<40 [h/week] | 31 (27) | 1226 | 468 (38.2) | 301 (24.6) | 210 (17.1) | 183 (14.9) | 64 (5.2) |
40+ [h/week] | 44 (28) | 405 | 89 (22.0) | 80 (19.8) | 108 (26.7) | 76 (18.8) | 52 (12.8) |
Night shift | |||||||
No | 33 (27) | 1508 | 542 (35.9) | 358 (23.7) | 283 (18.8) | 228 (15.1) | 97 (6.4) |
Yes | 51 (26) | 128 | 15 (11.7) | 24 (18.8) | 38 (29.7) | 30 (23.4) | 21 (16.4) |
Night Work | |||||||
0–6 [days/month] | 34 (27) | 1603 | 554 (34.6) | 374 (23.3) | 314 (19.6) | 251 (15.7) | 110 (6.9) |
7+ [days/month] | 54 (27) | 33 | 3 (9.1) | 8 (24.2) | 7 (21.2) | 7 (21.2) | 8 (24.2) |
Job complexity level | |||||||
Low | 27 (30) | 82 | 41 (50.0) | 16 (19.5) | 10 (12.2) | 8 (9.8) | 7 (8.5) |
Medium | 30 (26) | 861 | 357 (41.5) | 200 (23.2) | 154 (17.9) | 103 (12.0) | 47 (5.5) |
Complex | 39 (28) | 303 | 84 (27.7) | 65 (21.5) | 66 (21.8) | 64 (21.1) | 24 (7.9) |
Very complex | 43 (26) | 390 | 75 (19.2) | 101 (25.9) | 91 (23.3) | 83 (21.3) | 40 (10.3) |
Management | |||||||
No | 33 (27) | 1506 | 536 (35.6) | 358 (23.8) | 289 (19.2) | 223 (14.8) | 100 (6.6) |
Yes | 47 (27) | 147 | 26 (17.7) | 29 (19.7) | 34 (23.1) | 40 (27.2) | 18 (12.2) |
Position | |||||||
Worker | 26 (30) | 52 | 27 (51.9) | 10 (19.2) | 7 (13.5) | 3 (5.8) | 5 (9.6) |
Employee | 33 (27) | 1254 | 450 (35.9) | 294 (23.4) | 235 (18.7) | 195 (15.6) | 80 (6.4) |
Government officials, judges, military employees | 43 (26) | 135 | 25 (18.5) | 34 (25.2) | 35 (25.9) | 29 (21.5) | 12 (8.9) |
Self-employed/cooperative agriculturalist | 49 (26) | 10 | 2 (20.0) | 1 (10.0) | 2 (20.0) | 4 (40.0) | 1 (10.0) |
Self-employed in trade, commerce, craftwork, industry, service (also freelancers) | 37 (28) | 149 | 45 (30.2) | 36 (24.2) | 30 (20.1) | 25 (16.8) | 13 (8.7) |
Academic self-employed profession (physician, attorney, tax consultant) | 43 (28) | 43 | 10 (23.3) | 11 (25.6) | 10 (23.3) | 6 (14.0) | 6 (14.0) |
Student/trainee | 55 (18) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Caretaker for relatives | 41 (41) | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (25.0) |
Psychosocial working conditions
Mean (SD) of COPSOQ Items according to WPC category | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall COPSOQ Mean (SD) | Very low (<20 %) | Low (20–39 %) | Moderate (40–59 %) | High (60–79 %) | Very high (>=80 %) | |
Quantitative demands (−) | 53 (20) | 37 (17) | 50 (16) | 56 (16) | 65 (15) | 73 (17) |
Emotional demands (−) | 46 (21) | 34 (20) | 43 (18) | 50 (18) | 56 (17) | 60 (22) |
Demands for hiding emotions (−) | 35 (24) | 24 (23) | 33 (23) | 38 (21) | 44 (22) | 50 (25) |
Influence at work (+) | 58 (24) | 60 (26) | 59 (24) | 57 (24) | 57 (23) | 57 (25) |
Degree of freedom at work (+) | 72 (23) | 76 (21) | 73 (22) | 70 (24) | 69 (24) | 66 (26) |
Possibilities for development (+) | 75 (18) | 72 (19) | 74 (18) | 75 (17) | 78 (16) | 79 (20) |
Meaning of work (+) | 78 (18) | 79 (17) | 77 (18) | 76 (17) | 77 (17) | 78 (19) |
Workplace commitment (+) | 62 (20) | 61 (21) | 61 (20) | 63 (20) | 64 (20) | 66 (22) |
Predictability (+) | 65 (22) | 67 (21) | 66 (21) | 64 (21) | 63 (23) | 64 (24) |
Role-clarity (+) | 81 (15) | 82 (15) | 81 (15) | 80 (16) | 79 (16) | 81 (17) |
Role-conflicts (−) | 41 (19) | 35 (20) | 39 (17) | 43 (18) | 46 (17) | 50 (17) |
Quality of leadership (+) | 51 (22) | 56 (23) | 53 (21) | 50 (21) | 48 (22) | 42 (20) |
Social support (+) | 65 (19) | 70 (19) | 65 (18) | 64 (18) | 61 (18) | 57 (19) |
Feedback (+) | 47 (21) | 50 (23) | 46 (20) | 47 (20) | 44 (21) | 43 (22) |
Social relations (+) | 57 (28) | 62 (28) | 59 (26) | 55 (27) | 54 (28) | 48 (28) |
Sense of community (+) | 79 (16) | 83 (16) | 80 (15) | 79 (15) | 76 (15) | 73 (18) |
Mobbing (−) | 16 (21) | 12 (19) | 15 (19) | 18 (21) | 19 (22) | 22 (24) |
Job insecurity (−) | 25 (20) | 23 (20) | 25 (20) | 28 (22) | 25 (19) | 27 (21) |
Job satisfaction (+) | 69 (14) | 73 (14) | 70 (14) | 69 (13) | 67 (15) | 62 (18) |
Work ability (−) | 12 (20) | 6.7 (16) | 10 (18) | 13 (19) | 16 (21) | 24 (29) |
General health (+) | 74 (15) | 76 (15) | 75 (14) | 74 (15) | 72 (17) | 70 (16) |
Burnout (−) | 34 (16) | 27 (14) | 32 (15) | 36 (15) | 41 (17) | 47 (18) |
Cognitive stress (−) | 24 (18) | 19 (17) | 22 (16) | 25 (17) | 28 (18) | 31 (21) |
Life satisfaction (+) | 71 (17) | 75 (15) | 72 (16) | 71 (15) | 69 (17) | 63 (20) |
Mean (SD) of COPSOQ Items according to WPC category | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall COPSOQ Mean (SD) | Very low (<20 %) | Low (20–39 %) | Moderate (40–59 %) | High (60–79 %) | Very high (>=80 %) | |
Quantitative demands (−) | 49 (20) | 35 (18) | 47 (16) | 55 (16) | 63 (15) | 71 (15) |
Emotional demands (−) | 47 (23) | 32 (22) | 46 (20) | 54 (19) | 59 (20) | 69 (18) |
Demands for hiding emotions (−) | 37 (25) | 26 (24) | 37 (22) | 43 (23) | 47 (21) | 56 (24) |
Influence at work (+) | 47 (26) | 47 (28) | 50 (25) | 50 (25) | 46 (24) | 39 (23) |
Degree of freedom at work (+) | 62 (26) | 68 (24) | 61 (27) | 61 (25) | 56 (29) | 49 (27) |
Possibilities for development (+) | 69 (20) | 64 (21) | 69 (19) | 72 (19) | 73 (19) | 75 (18) |
Meaning of work (+) | 76 (18) | 76 (19) | 76 (17) | 75 (18) | 76 (18) | 74 (19) |
Workplace commitment (+) | 60 (20) | 58 (21) | 60 (18) | 61 (20) | 61 (19) | 62 (20) |
Predictability (+) | 61 (21) | 66 (21) | 62 (19) | 61 (22) | 56 (21) | 54 (23) |
Role-clarity (+) | 79 (16) | 81 (16) | 80 (15) | 78 (16) | 75 (18) | 76 (19) |
Role-conflicts (−) | 37 (20) | 28 (19) | 36 (18) | 41 (18) | 46 (20) | 49 (22) |
Quality of leadership (+) | 52 (23) | 58 (24) | 55 (22) | 48 (23) | 46 (22) | 41 (23) |
Social support (+) | 66 (20) | 70 (21) | 67 (17) | 63 (21) | 61 (19) | 58 (18) |
Feedback (+) | 42 (21) | 44 (23) | 44 (20) | 43 (22) | 39 (19) | 36 (21) |
Social relations (+) | 55 (29) | 60 (29) | 57 (30) | 53 (29) | 50 (27) | 48 (27) |
Sense of community (+) | 80 (17) | 84 (15) | 79 (15) | 77 (17) | 76 (17) | 74 (19) |
Mobbing (−) | 16 (21) | 11 (17) | 14 (20) | 19 (23) | 23 (23) | 22 (25) |
Job insecurity (−) | 23 (20) | 21 (19) | 24 (20) | 23 (20) | 26 (21) | 28 (23) |
Job satisfaction (+) | 68 (15) | 72 (15) | 69 (13) | 66 (15) | 64 (16) | 60 (16) |
Work ability (−) | 14 (21) | 7.8 (17) | 11 (17) | 17 (22) | 19 (23) | 32 (30) |
General health (+) | 73 (17) | 76 (16) | 74 (16) | 71 (18) | 70 (19) | 65 (18) |
Burnout (−) | 42 (18) | 34 (16) | 39 (16) | 45 (16) | 52 (15) | 61 (15) |
Cognitive stress (−) | 28 (19) | 22 (17) | 27 (19) | 30 (18) | 36 (20) | 42 (20) |
Life satisfaction (+) | 70 (19) | 74 (19) | 73 (16) | 67 (20) | 66 (18) | 59 (19) |
Multivariable results
PR (95 % CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 1,800) | Women (n = 1,542) | All (n = 3,342) | |
Sex (Women) | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) | ||
Age (PR per 10y increase) | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) |
SES | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) |
Diabetes (yes) | 0.41 (0.12–1.37) | ||
Smoking (yes) | 0.72 (0.53–0.97) | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | |
Pack−years | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | |
Negative affectivity | 1.08 (1.06–1.09) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) |
Depression | 1.99 (1.53–2.59) | 1.55 (1.28–1.89) | |
Biological children (per child) | 1.06 (0.99–1.12) | ||
Time spent caring for adult relatives [hours/week] | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | |
Time spent on household errands [hours/week] | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | ||
Time spent on hobbies [hours/week] | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.84 (0.75–0.93) | 0.88 (0.82–0.93) |
Divorced | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) | 1.22 (0.98–1.51) | |
Separated | 1.69 (1.06–2.71) | 1.53 (1.05–2.22) | |
Time spent at work (40+ h) | 1.60 (1.29–1.99) | 1.34 (1.15–1.55) | |
Night shift | 1.73 (1.44–2.07) | 1.50 (1.10–2.03) | 1.58 (1.33–1.88) |
Night Work (7+ days/month) | 1.92 (1.25–2.93) | 1.33 (1.02–1.72) | |
Part–time Employment | 0.27 (0.07–1.09) | 0.48 (0.38−0.62) | 0.50 (0.39–0.64) |
Management | 1.35 (1.03–1.76) | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) |