Background
Methods
Data collection
Economic modelling
Data analysis
Results
Demographics
Cohort | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Overweight | Obese Restricted body fat | Obese No restriction on body fat |
p -value
| |
n = 197 | n = 154 | n = 148 | n = 180 | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Sex | |||||
Male | 160 (81) | 136 (88) | 140 (95) | 161 (89) | 0.003 |
Female | 37 (19) | 18 (12) | 8 (5) | 19 (11) | |
Service | |||||
Navy | 63 (32) | 51 (33) | 40 (27) | 74 (41) | 0.002 |
Army | 90 (46) | 70 (45) | 78 (53) | 86 (48) | |
Air Force | 44 (22) | 33 (21) | 30 (20) | 20 (11) | |
Age group | |||||
≤19 | 126 (65) | 54 (35) | 54 (36) | 59 (33) | <0.0001 |
20–24 | 56 (29) | 51 (33) | 49 (33) | 59 (33) | |
25–29 | 2 (1) | 28 (18) | 20 (14) | 31 (17) | |
≥30 | 10 (5) | 21 (14) | 25 (17) | 31 (17) | |
Rank | |||||
Officer | 20 (13) | 8 (7) | 7 (5) | 11 (7) | 0.06 |
Recruit | 139 (87) | 115 (94) | 131 (95) | 150 (93) | |
MEC status | |||||
1 | 139 (95) | 118 (91) | 107 (85) | 142 (88) | 0.02 |
2 | 2 (1) | 10 (8) | 4 (3) | 9 (6) | |
201 | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (2) | |
202 | 2 (1) | 7 (5) | 2 (2) | 5 (3) | |
203 | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 | |
3 | 5 (3) | 1 (1) | 14 (11) | 10 (6) | |
4 | 0 (0) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 |
Illness and injuries
Cohort | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Overweight | Obese Restricted body fat | Obese No restriction on body fat | |
n = 197 | n = 154 | n = 148 | n = 180 | |
Injuries per person | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
Ratio of means (95% CL) | 1 (Reference) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) |
p-value | — | 0.007 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Illnesses per person | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 5.0 |
Ratio of means (95% CL) | 1 (Reference) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) |
p-value | — | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.002 |
Cohort | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Overweight | Obese Restricted body fat | Obese No restriction on body fat | |
n = 197 | n = 154 | n = 148 | n = 180 | |
n (rate/100) | n (rate/100) | n (rate/100) | n (rate/100) | |
New injuries | 22 (11) | 19 (12) | 44 (30) | 41 (23) |
Rate ratio | 1 (Reference) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 2.7 (1.6, 4.7) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.6) |
p-value | − | 0.75 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Cause of injury | ||||
Injuries incurred during physical training | 14 (7) | 9 (6) | 32 (22) | 16 (9) |
Rate ratio | 1 (Reference) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 3.0 (1.6, 6.2) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.8) |
p-value | − | 0.66 | <0.01 | 0.55 |
Overuse/exertion | 9 (5) | 10 (6) | 28 (19) | 15 (8) |
Rate ratio | 1 (Reference) | 1.4 (0.5, 4.0) | 4.1 (1.9, 10.0) | 1.8 (0.8, 4.7) |
p-value | − | 0.45 | <0.01 | 0.16 |
Stumble/fall/trip | 9 (5) | 7 (5) | 10 (7) | 17 (9) |
Rate ratio | 1 (Reference) | 1.0 (0.3, 3.0) | 1.5 (0.5, 4.1) | 2.1 (0.9, 5.3) |
p-value | − | 1.0 | 0.40 | 0.08 |
Severity of injury | ||||
Mild | 10 (5) | 7 (5) | 20 (14) | 27 (15) |
Rate ratio | 1 (Reference) | 0.9 (0.3, 2.6) | 2.7 (1.2, 6.4) | 3.0 (1.4, 6.8) |
p-value | − | 0.84 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Incapacity <5 days | 3 (2) | 8 (5) | 15 (10) | 7 (4) |
Rate ratio | 1 (Reference) | 3.4 (0.8, 20.0) | 6.7 (1.9, 35.9) | 2.6 (0.6, 15.3) |
p-value | − | 0.06 | <0.01 | 0.18 |
Consequence of injury | ||||
Absence from physical training/sport | 21 (11) | 8 (5) | 29 (20) | 24 (13) |
Rate ratio | 1 (Reference) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) | 1.8 (1.0, 3.4) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) |
p-value | − | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.46 |
Absence from work | 5 (3) | 7 (5) | 11 (7) | 16 (9) |
Rate ratio | 1 (Reference) | 1.8 (0.5, 7.2) | 2.9 (0.9, 10.8) | 3.5 (1.2, 12.2) |
p-value | − | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
Absenteeism and productivity
Normal | Overweight | Obese Restricted body fat | Obese No restriction on body fat | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 197 | n = 154 | n = 148 | n = 180 | |
Restricted work days | ||||
Total | 3,157 | 1,562 | 3,766 | 4,064 |
Mean (± SD) | 16 ± 60 | 10 ± 33 | 25 ± 70 | 23 ± 58 |
Ratio of means | 1 (Reference) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.0) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.6) |
p-value | — | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.26 |
Full days off work | ||||
Total | 31 | 49 | 83 | 158 |
Mean (± SD) | 0 ± 1 | 0 ± 1 | 1 ± 3 | 1 ± 5 |
Cohort | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Overweight | Obese Restricted body fat | Obese No restriction on body fat | |
n = 197 | n = 154 | n = 148 | n = 180 | |
Hospital visits | ||||
Total | $853,847 | $856,628 | $867,753 | $1,239,051 |
Mean (±SD) | $4,334 (11,783) | $5,563 (13,227) | $5,863 (12,299) | $6,884 (12,717) |
Median | $0 | $1,391 | $1,391* | $1,391* |
(Range) | ($0 − 11,1250) | ($0 − 11,6812) | ($0 − 97,344) | ($0 − 80,656) |
Medical specialist consultations | ||||
Total | $121,861 | $125,456 | $148,234 | $187,300 |
Mean (±SD) | $619 (781) | $815 (912) | $1,002 (1,049) | $1,041 (1,039) |
Median | $355 | $440* | $673* | $682* |
(Range) | ($0 − 4988) | ($0 − 4,666) | ($0− 6,029) | ($0 − 5,521) |
Medical scans | ||||
Total | $17,925 | $24,375 | $28,380 | $35,877 |
Mean (±SD) | $91 (208) | $158 (281) | $192 (303) | $199 (346) |
Median | $0 | $0* | $42* | $40* |
(Range) | ($0 − 1,238) | ($0 − 1,265) | ($0 − 1,617) | ($0 − 1,620) |
Productivity loss from full days off work (per calendar day) | ||||
Total | $3,015 | $5,445 | $10,066 | $16,994 |
Mean (±SD) | $15 (91) | $35 (157) | $68 (371) | $94 (496) |
Median (Range) | 0 ($0 − 881) | 0 ($0 − 1,370) | 0 ($0 − 4,111)* | 0 ($0 − 5,022)* |
Productivity loss from full days off work (per work day) | ||||
Total | $4,233 | $7,644 | $14,131 | $23,858 |
Mean (±SD) | $21 (128) | $50 (220) | $95 (521) | $133 (696) |
Median (Range) | 0 ($0 − 1,237) | 0 ($0 − 1,924) | 0 ($0 − 5,771)* | 0 ($0 − 7,051)* |
Productivity loss from restricted work days (50% limited activity) | ||||
Total | $164,945 | $87,997 | $175,430 | $213,361 |
Mean (±SD) | $837 (3,135) | $571 (1,852) | $1,359 (3,664) | $1,185 (3,028) |
Median (Range) | 0 ($0 − 25,806) | 0 ($0 − 17,097) | 0 ($0 − 22,707) | 0 ($0 − 27,943)* |