Background
Methods
Ethics, consent and permissions
Results
Factor | Categories | Male | Female | Both sexes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Weighted % | SE | N | Weighted % | SE | N | Weighted % | SE | ||
Age | 15–19 years | 677 | 58.6 | 1.8 | 547 | 48.5 | 1.9 | 1224 | 53.7 | 1.3 |
20–24 years | 512 | 41.4 | 1.8 | 646 | 51.5 | 1.9 | 1158 | 46.3 | 1.3 | |
Education | Primary school or less | 153 | 14.5 | 1.3 | 175 | 14.9 | 1.4 | 328 | 14.7 | 0.9 |
Elementary/high school | 941 | 76.5 | 1.6 | 824 | 68.4 | 1.8 | 1765 | 72.6 | 1.2 | |
College or higher education | 94 | 9.0 | 1.1 | 192 | 16.7 | 1.4 | 286 | 12.8 | 0.9 | |
Marital status | Never married | 1135 | 96.8 | 0.6 | 925 | 86.2 | 1.1 | 2060 | 91.6 | 0.6 |
Currently married | 53 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 252 | 12.3 | 1.0 | 305 | 7.5 | 0.6 | |
Separated, divorced, widowed | 1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 16 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 17 | 0.9 | 0.3 | |
Work status | Employed | 145 | 10.9 | 1.1 | 65 | 5.5 | 0.9 | 210 | 8.2 | 0.7 |
Student | 933 | 80.6 | 1.4 | 795 | 70.7 | 1.7 | 1728 | 75.8 | 1.1 | |
Unemployed | 96 | 6.7 | 0.9 | 112 | 9.0 | 1.1 | 208 | 7.8 | 0.7 | |
Other | 15 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 221 | 14.9 | 1.3 | 236 | 8.2 | 0.7 |
Factor | Categories | Male | Female |
P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent/Mean | SE | N | Percent/Mean | SE | |||
BMI (%) | <18.5 Kg/m2
| 164 | 14.4 | 1.3 | 131 | 12.3 | 1.3 | 0.564 |
18.5-24.9 Kg/m2
| 544 | 47.5 | 1.9 | 568 | 50.5 | 1.9 | ||
25-29.9 Kg/m2
| 284 | 24.9 | 1.6 | 272 | 23.4 | 1.6 | ||
30+ Kg/m2
| 157 | 13.3 | 1.3 | 170 | 13.9 | 1.3 | ||
Smoking (%) | Never smoked | 943 | 81.2 | 1.5 | 1169 | 98.5 | 0.5 | <0.001 |
Former smoker | 42 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | ||
Current smoker | 202 | 16.1 | 1.4 | 11 | 0.8 | 0.3 | ||
Shisha (%) | Daily users | 60 | 5.0 | 0.8 | 15 | 1.0 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
Others | 1113 | 95.0 | 0.8 | 1178 | 99.0 | 0.4 | ||
Fruit and vegetables (%) | No servings | 407 | 37.5 | 1.8 | 442 | 39.0 | 1.8 | 0.073 |
1 to 4 servings | 718 | 57.2 | 1.8 | 683 | 53.0 | 1.9 | ||
5 or more servings | 64 | 5.3 | 0.8 | 68 | 8.0 | 1.1 | ||
Activity (%) | No physical activity | 255 | 19.7 | 1.4 | 532 | 42.8 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
Insufficient | 245 | 22.1 | 1.6 | 346 | 32.8 | 1.8 | ||
Moderate | 177 | 16.1 | 1.4 | 113 | 9.0 | 1.0 | ||
Vigorous | 479 | 42.1 | 1.9 | 174 | 15.4 | 1.4 | ||
Blood pressure (%) | Normal blood pressure | 741 | 64.38 | 1.81 | 908 | 79.54 | 1.54 | <0.001 |
Prehypertension | 362 | 31.26 | 1.76 | 218 | 18.00 | 1.45 | ||
Stage 1 hypertension | 44 | 3.93 | 0.74 | 18 | 2.00 | 0.60 | ||
Stage 2 hypertension | 5 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 5 | 0.46 | 0.24 | ||
Daily sitting time (hr) | 1129 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 1113 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 0.022 | |
Weekly TV and computer time (hr) | 1137 | 7.8 | 0.4 | 117 | 7.9 | 0.4 | 0.874 | |
Days eating fast food (per week) | 1080 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 1057 | 1.9 | 0.1 | <0.001 | |
Soda or popa (numbers per week) | 1064 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 968 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 0.180 | |
Days eating processed meat (per week) | 1120 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1098 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.176 | |
Processed meat (servings per day) | 310 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 296 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.243 | |
Days eating other processed food (per week) | 1125 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1113 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.030 | |
Other processed food (servings per day) | 674 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 633 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.007 | |
Uses seatbelt as front passenger (%) | Never | 789 | 65.4 | 1.8 | 949 | 82.2 | 1.4 | <0.001 |
Sometimes | 323 | 30.3 | 1.7 | 196 | 16.1 | 1.4 | ||
Always | 59 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 20 | 1.7 | 0.5 | ||
Uses seatbelt as back passenger (%) | Never | 1039 | 89.1 | 1.1 | 1079 | 91.7 | 1.1 | 0.238 |
Sometimes | 111 | 9.9 | 1.1 | 81 | 7.6 | 1.0 | ||
Always | 23 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 9 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
Factor | Categories | 15-19 years | 20-24 years |
P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent/Mean | SE | N | Percent/Mean | SE | |||
BMI (%) | <18.5 Kg/m2
| 196 | 17.2 | 1.4 | 99 | 8.9 | 1.1 | <0.001 |
18.5-24.9 Kg/m2
| 601 | 50.4 | 1.8 | 511 | 47.2 | 2.0 | ||
25-29.9 Kg/m2
| 242 | 20.9 | 1.5 | 314 | 28.0 | 1.7 | ||
30+ Kg/m2
| 141 | 11.6 | 1.2 | 186 | 15.9 | 1.4 | ||
Smoking (%) | Never smoked | 1148 | 94.4 | 0.9 | 964 | 84.0 | 1.4 | <0.001 |
Former smoker | 26 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 24 | 1.4 | 0.4 | ||
Current smoker | 49 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 164 | 14.6 | 1.4 | ||
Shisha (%) | Daily users | 19 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 56 | 4.8 | 0.9 | <0.001 |
Others | 1199 | 98.5 | 0.4 | 1092 | 95.2 | 0.9 | ||
Fruit and vegetables (%) | No servings | 462 | 39.8 | 1.8 | 387 | 36.6 | 1.9 | 0.472 |
1 to 4 servings | 694 | 53.9 | 1.8 | 707 | 56.5 | 1.9 | ||
5 or more servings | 68 | 6.3 | 0.9 | 64 | 6.9 | 1.1 | ||
Activity (%) | No physical activity | 325 | 25.1 | 1.6 | 462 | 37.7 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
Insufficient | 321 | 29.0 | 1.7 | 270 | 25.4 | 1.7 | ||
Moderate | 155 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 135 | 12.7 | 1.3 | ||
Vigorous | 389 | 33.3 | 1.7 | 264 | 24.2 | 1.7 | ||
Blood pressure (%) | Normal blood pressure | 909 | 77.2 | 1.56 | 740 | 65.45 | 1.88 | <0.001 |
Prehypertension | 251 | 20.8 | 1.51 | 329 | 29.55 | 1.80 | ||
Stage 1 hypertension | 21 | 1.68 | 0.45 | 41 | 4.53 | 0.89 | ||
Stage 2 hypertension | 6 | 0.43 | 0.21 | 4 | .46 | 0.27 | ||
Daily sitting time (hr) | 1155 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 1087 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 0.444 | |
Weekly TV and computer time (hr) | 1165 | 7.6 | 0.3 | 1089 | 8.1 | 0.4 | 0.360 | |
Days eating fast food (per week) | 1113 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 1024 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.459 | |
Soda or popa (Numbers per week) | 1074 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 958 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 0.696 | |
Days eating processed meat (per week) | 1157 | 0.6 | 0.05 | 1061 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.204 | |
Processed meat (servings per day) | 304 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 302 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.511 | |
Days eating other processed food (per week) | 1160 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1078 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.049 | |
Other processed food (servings per day) | 679 | 1.5 | 0.05 | 628 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.073 | |
Uses handset cell phone while drivingb (%) | Never | 100 | 21.3 | 2.4 | 64 | 11.4 | 1.7 | 0.003 |
Sometimes | 329 | 70.1 | 2.7 | 362 | 75.5 | 2.6 | ||
Always | 40 | 8.6 | 1.7 | 46 | 13.1 | 2.3 | ||
Uses hands-free cell phone while drivingb (%) | Never | 348 | 72.7 | 2.6 | 326 | 68.4 | 2.8 | 0.439 |
Sometimes | 109 | 23.4 | 2.5 | 127 | 28.0 | 2.7 | ||
Always | 19 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 19 | 3.6 | 1.1 | ||
Follows speed limitsb (%) | Never | 113 | 24.1 | 2.5 | 95 | 20.6 | 2.4 | 0.387 |
Sometimes | 237 | 51.5 | 3.0 | 279 | 57.3 | 3.0 | ||
Always | 103 | 24.4 | 2.7 | 93 | 22.1 | 2.6 | ||
Uses seatbelt while drivingb (%) | Never | 299 | 60.6 | 2.9 | 239 | 48.6 | 3.0 | 0.007 |
Sometimes | 155 | 34.6 | 2.8 | 206 | 46.9 | 3.0 | ||
Always | 24 | 4.8 | 1.2 | 28 | 4.4 | 1.0 | ||
Uses seatbelt as front passenger (%) | Never | 917 | 75.3 | 1.6 | 821 | 71.4 | 1.8 | 0.248 |
Sometimes | 253 | 21.9 | 1.5 | 266 | 25.1 | 1.7 | ||
Always | 33 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 46 | 3.5 | 0.6 | ||
Uses seatbelt as back passenger (%) | Never | 1098 | 90.6 | 1.1 | 1020 | 90.2 | 1.1 | 0.800 |
Sometimes | 91 | 8.5 | 1.1 | 101 | 9.1 | 1.0 | ||
Always | 16 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 16 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
Factors | Categories | Male | Female |
P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent | SE | N | Percent | SE | |||
Limitation in vigorous physical activity | No | 1032 | 87.4 | 1.2 | 871 | 75.3 | 1.7 | <0.001 |
Yes | 145 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 272 | 24.7 | 1.7 | ||
Need for special equipment | No | 1176 | 99.7 | 0.1 | 1183 | 99.9 | 0.0 | 0.056 |
Yes | 7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | ||
Able to climb five steps? | Without any difficulty | 1148 | 96.0 | 0.8 | 1099 | 94.7 | 0.8 | 0.164 |
With a little difficulty | 26 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 60 | 4.1 | 0.7 | ||
With some difficulty | 11 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.4 | ||
With much difficulty | 2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
Unable to do | 2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | _ | ||
Difficulty in performing house/work activities? | Without any difficulty | 1100 | 94.8 | 0.9 | 1018 | 90.2 | 1.1 | 0.007 |
With a little difficulty | 40 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 102 | 7.1 | 0.9 | ||
With some difficulty | 9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 27 | 2.5 | 0.6 | ||
With much difficulty | 3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | ||
Unable to do | 2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | _ | ||
Wears glasses or contact lens | No | 1050 | 89.4 | 1.1 | 1027 | 85.1 | 1.3 | 0.016 |
Yes | 133 | 10.6 | 1.1 | 162 | 14.9 | 1.3 | ||
Far vision | No difficulty | 1077 | 91.6 | 1.0 | 1049 | 88.9 | 1.2 | 0.342 |
Some difficulty | 105 | 8.4 | 1.0 | 133 | 11.1 | 1.2 | ||
Near vision | No difficulty | 1119 | 95.3 | 0.7 | 1098 | 92.7 | 1.0 | 0.076 |
Some difficulty | 63 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 86 | 7.3 | 1.0 | ||
Deafness or trouble hearing | No | 1148 | 97.0 | 0.7 | 1164 | 98.6 | 0.4 | 0.022 |
Yes | 39 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 27 | 1.5 | 0.4 |
Health care | Time range | 15-19 years | 20-24 years |
P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent | SE | N | Percent | SE | |||
Routine checkup | Within 12 months | 84 | 7.3 | 1.0 | 118 | 10.6 | 1.2 | <0.001 |
1 to 5 years | 64 | 5.2 | 0.8 | 108 | 9.4 | 1.1 | ||
Never or >5 yr earlier | 993 | 87.5 | 1.3 | 861 | 80.0 | 1.5 | ||
Hospital | Within 12 months | 481 | 46.7 | 1.9 | 460 | 43.4 | 2.0 | 0.347 |
1 to 5 years | 216 | 17.7 | 1.5 | 224 | 20.5 | 1.6 | ||
Never or >5 yr earlier | 427 | 35.6 | 1.8 | 386 | 36.1 | 1.9 | ||
Outpatient clinic | Within 12 months | 499 | 46.1 | 1.9 | 451 | 39.7 | 2.0 | 0.045 |
1 to 5 years | 195 | 15.8 | 1.4 | 200 | 19.5 | 1.6 | ||
Never or >5 yr earlier | 416 | 38.1 | 1.8 | 401 | 40.8 | 2.0 | ||
Physician office visit | Within 12 months | 483 | 42.8 | 1.9 | 455 | 42.0 | 2.0 | 0.787 |
1 to 5 years | 158 | 12.7 | 1.3 | 143 | 14.0 | 1.5 | ||
Never or >5 yr earlier | 449 | 44.5 | 1.9 | 427 | 44.0 | 2.0 | ||
Oral examination | Within 12 months | 103 | 9.1 | 1.1 | 151 | 13.2 | 1.3 | 0.014 |
Never or >1 yr earlier | 1112 | 90.9 | 1.1 | 996 | 86.8 | 1.3 |