Introduction
Methods
Participants
Recruitment of participants
Walking commuters | Age (years) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | BMI (kg·m−2) | Duration (min) | Distance (km) | Velocity (km·h−1) | Trips per year | Walking environmenta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 7) | 48.4 (11) | 181 (7) | 84 (12) | 26 (3) | 25.9 (11.4) | 2.4 (0.9) | 5.7 (0.4) | 364 (129) | 0.29 (0.76) |
Females (n = 7) | 44 (5) | 169 (5) | 62 (9) | 22 (3) | 20.3 (6.2) | 2.0 (0.7) | 6.0 (0.4) | 437 (36) | 1.14 (0.9) |
Equipment and preparation
Stationary metabolic gas analysis system
Ergometer cycle
Heart rate
Measurements
Laboratory tests, standardization procedures and rest conditions
Cycle ergometer exercise protocol
Measurements of heart rate during commuter walking
Analytical approach and statistical analyses
Results
Reproducibility of repeated single measurements
Males (n = 7) | Females (n = 7) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Retest | Absolute difference, L min−1 | Relative difference, % | p values abs | p values % | CV | Test | Retest | Absolute difference, L·min−1 | Relative difference, % | p values abs | p values % | CV | ||
VO2, L min−1 | |||||||||||||||
100 W | 1.53 ± 0.15 | 1.53 ± 0.08 | 0.00 ± 0.12 | 0.6 ± 7.7 | 1.000 | 0.851 | 5.4 | 50 W | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.06 | 0.6 ± 7.8 | 0.864 | 0.844 | 5.4 |
150 W | 2.10 ± 0.26 | 2.11 ± 0.30 | 0.01 ± 0.13 | 0.4 ± 6.9 | 0.843 | 0.885 | 4.3 | 100 W | 1.44 ± 0.07 | 1.42 ± 0.05 | − 0.03 ± 0.10 | − 1.7 ± 6.8 | 0.485 | 0.528 | 5.0 |
168 ± 19 W | 2.45 ± 0.26 | 2.43 ± 0.27 | − 0.03 ± 0.14 | − 1.1 ± 6.0 | 0.627 | 0.660 | 4.1 | 132 ± 12 W | 1.85 ± 0.16 | 1.84 ± 0.19 | − 0.1 ± 0.08 | − 0.5 ± 4.4 | 0.784 | 0.760 | 3.0 |
Maximal | 2.96 ± 0.48 | 3.10 ± 0.49 | 0.14 ± 0.16 | 4.7 ± 5.8 | 0.064 | 0.072 | 3.7 | Maximal | 2.33 ± 0.26 | 2.31 ± 0.23 | − 0.02 ± 0.14 | − 0.4 ± 6.5 | 0.784 | 0.884 | 4.4 |
HR beats, min−1 | |||||||||||||||
Rest | 71 ± 7 | 73 ± 6 | 2.14 ± 5.4 | 3.4 ± 7.3 | 0.332 | 0.262 | 5.3 | Rest | 64 ± 9 | 62 ± 9 | − 2.43 ± 6.0 | − 3.5 ± 9.6 | 0.323 | 0.365 | 6.7 |
100 W | 117 ± 15 | 115 ± 13 | − 2.14 ± 8.49 | − 1.5 ± 6.5 | 0.529 | 0.574 | 5.2 | 50 W | 98 ± 9 | 97 ± 7 | − 1.14 ± 4.60 | − 1.0 ± 4.6 | 0.535 | 0.600 | 3.3 |
150 W | 141 ± 15 | 137 ± 12 | − 4.14 ± 13.9 | − 2.4 ± 9.0 | 0.460 | 0.504 | 7.1 | 100 W | 130 ± 11 | 129 ± 11 | − 0.14 ± 4.95 | 0.0 ± 3.8 | 0.942 | 0.988 | 2.7 |
168 ± 19 W | 157 ± 11 | 152 ± 11 | − 4.86 ± 11.1 | − 2.9 ± 6.6 | 0.291 | 0.292 | 5.1 | 132 ± 12 W | 154 ± 7 | 152 ± 8 | − 2.00 ± 3.27 | − 1.3 ± 2.2 | 0.156 | 0.163 | 1.5 |
Maximal | 180 ± 10 | 181 ± 12 | 0.71 ± 5.47 | 0.4 ± 3.2 | 0.741 | 0.771 | 2.1 | Maximal | 176 ± 9 | 177 ± 8 | 1.00 ± 4.16 | 0.6 ± 2.5 | 0.549 | 0.535 | 1.7 |
Positioning work rates for the HR–VO2 relations in the laboratory
Work rates on an ergometer cycle in the laboratory | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Males (n = 7) | Females (n = 7) | ||||||
Work rates | 100 W | 150 W | 168 ± 19 W | Maximal | 50 W | 100 W | 132 ± 12 W | Maximal |
Percent of maximal oxygen uptake | 52.6 ± 8.0 | 71.6 ± 7.1 | 83.7 ± 9.0 | 100 | 35.8 ± 3.8 | 62.6 ± 7.5 | 79.7 ± 4.1 | 100 |
Percent of heart rate reserve | 43.0 ± 12.5 | 65.0 ± 14.5 | 78.9 ± 12.6 | 0 | 29.5 ± 7.2 | 57.9 ± 9.8 | 80.0 ± 5.8 | 0 |
Percent of maximal heart rate | 65.3 ± 8.3 | 78.6 ± 8.9 | 87.1 ± 7.6 | 100 | 55.4 ± 3.7 | 73.5 ± 5.2 | 87.5 ± 2.9 | 100 |
Rated perceived exertion, legs | 11.7 ± 2.0 | 14.3 ± 1.4 | 15.7 ± 1.0 | 18.2 ± 0.8 | 10.1 ± 1.9 | 13.1 ± 1.2 | 15.6 ± 1.1 | 18.0 ± 1.3 |
Rated perceived exertion, breathing | 11.4 ± 1.6 | 13.6 ± 2.2 | 14.9 ± 2.3 | 17.0 ± 2.3 | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 12.6 ± 0.8 | 15.1 ± 2.0 | 18.2 ± 1.7 |
Positioning the HR from the commuter walking used for estimating levels of VO2
Heart rates during walking commuting | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Males (n = 7) | Females (n = 7) | ||||
HR segments, % | 0–20 | 41–60 | 81–100 | 0–20 | 41–60 | 81–100 |
Heart rate, beats/minute | 104 ± 17 | 116 ± 21 | 124 ± 20 | 103 ± 8 | 114 ± 9 | 128 ± 10 |
Percent of heart rate reserve | 27.8 ± 13.1 | 38.8 ± 15.1 | 46.7 ± 14.3 | 34.5 ± 8.3 | 44.3 ± 7.9 | 56.5 ± 11.2 |
Percent of maximal heart rate | 56.8 ± 9.0 | 63.4 ± 10.2 | 68.0 ± 9.6 | 57.8 ± 3.5 | 64.0 ± 4.3 | 72.0 ± 6.5 |
Reproducibility of HR–VO2 regression equations and estimated levels of VO2 (model 1)
Participant | Regression equations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | Day 2 | |||||
y intercept | Slope | r | y intercept | Slope | r | |
Males | ||||||
1 | − 1.17 | 0.0235 | 1.000 | − 0.91 | 0.0229 | 0.999 |
2 | − 1.26 | 0.0277 | 0.979 | − 2.65 | 0.0380 | 0.979 |
3 | − 0.05 | 0.0114 | 0.968 | − 0.16 | 0.0128 | 0.971 |
4 | − 1.18 | 0.0241 | 1.000 | − 0.90 | 0.0207 | 0.998 |
5 | − 1.90 | 0.0279 | 1.000 | − 1.50 | 0.0252 | 0.989 |
6 | − 0.43 | 0.0184 | 1.000 | − 0.65 | 0.0227 | 1.000 |
7 | − 3.37 | 0.0383 | 0.999 | − 3.29 | 0.0376 | 0.988 |
Mean | − 1.34 | 0.0245 | 0.992 | − 1.44 | 0.0257 | 0.989 |
SD | 1.08 | 0.0084 | 0.013 | 1.13 | 0.0091 | 0.011 |
Females | ||||||
1 | − 1.17 | 0.0221 | 0.995 | − 1.47 | 0.0254 | 1.000 |
2 | − 1.08 | 0.0181 | 0.996 | − 1.03 | 0.0182 | 1.000 |
3 | − 0.91 | 0.0163 | 1.000 | − 0.65 | 0.0147 | 1.000 |
4 | − 0.91 | 0.0191 | 1.000 | − 0.84 | 0.0191 | 0.996 |
5 | − 0.77 | 0.0160 | 0.999 | − 0.73 | 0.0150 | 0.998 |
6 | − 1.48 | 0.0226 | 0.995 | − 1.58 | 0.0229 | 0.991 |
7 | − 0.39 | 0.0144 | 0.990 | − 0.39 | 0.0144 | 0.999 |
Mean | − 0.96 | 0.0184 | 0.996 | − 0.95 | 0.0185 | 0.998 |
SD | 0.34 | 0.0031 | 0.003 | 0.43 | 0.0043 | 0.003 |
All | ||||||
Mean | − 1.15 | 0.0214 | 0.994 | − 1.20 | 0.0221 | 0.993 |
SD | 0.79 | 0.0069 | 0.010 | 0.86 | 0.0078 | 0.009 |
P value for difference between days 1 and 2 | 0.683 | 0.465 | 0.541 |
Participant | Average of the lowest, middle and highest fifth of HR at field, and estimations of VO2 based on these levels of HR, and the HR–VO2 regression equations at day 1 and day 2 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest fifth of HR | Middle fifth of HR | Highest fifth of HR | |||||||||||||
HR F1 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | HR F3 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | HR F5 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | |
Males | |||||||||||||||
1 | 90 | 0.94 | 1.14 | 0.20 | 21.5 | 102 | 1.24 | 1.44 | 0.20 | 15.7 | 115 | 1.53 | 1.71 | 0.19 | 12.30 |
2 | 99 | 1.48 | 1.10 | − 0.38 | − 25.4 | 108 | 1.74 | 1.46 | − 0.28 | − 16.0 | 115 | 1.92 | 1.71 | − 0.21 | − 11.03 |
3 | 110 | 1.20 | 1.25 | 0.05 | 3.78 | 119 | 1.31 | 1.37 | 0.06 | 4.50 | 126 | 1.39 | 1.46 | 0.07 | 4.95 |
4 | 94 | 1.09 | 1.05 | − 0.04 | − 3.65 | 100 | 1.23 | 1.17 | − 0.06 | − 4.83 | 112 | 1.51 | 1.41 | − 0.10 | − 6.54 |
5 | 114 | 1.29 | 1.38 | 0.09 | 6.68 | 143 | 2.11 | 2.11 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 151 | 2.31 | 2.30 | − 0.01 | − 0.54 |
6 | 84 | 1.12 | 1.26 | 0.14 | 12.6 | 92 | 1.27 | 1.44 | 0.18 | 13.9 | 100 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 0.21 | 14.90 |
7 | 134 | 1.77 | 1.76 | − 0.01 | − 0.48 | 143 | 2.11 | 2.10 | − 0.01 | − 0.70 | 150 | 2.37 | 2.35 | − 0.02 | − 0.83 |
Mean | 104 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 0.01 | 2.15 | 116 | 1.57 | 1.58 | 0.01 | 1.85 | 124 | 1.78 | 1.80 | 0.02 | 1.89 |
SD | 17.2 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 14.8 | 20.7 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 10.9 | 19.5 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 9.47 |
CV | 10.5 | 7.14 | 5.99 | ||||||||||||
Females | |||||||||||||||
1 | 107 | 1.20 | 1.25 | 0.05 | 3.96 | 116 | 1.40 | 1.47 | 0.08 | 5.50 | 122 | 1.53 | 1.62 | 0.10 | 6.29 |
2 | 97 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 8.84 | 104 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.06 | 7.50 | 116 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 0.06 | 6.06 |
3 | 119 | 1.04 | 1.11 | 0.07 | 6.60 | 130 | 1.22 | 1.27 | 0.05 | 4.16 | 140 | 1.37 | 1.41 | 0.04 | 2.58 |
4 | 102 | 1.04 | 1.11 | 0.07 | 6.95 | 113 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 0.07 | 5.80 | 125 | 1.48 | 1.55 | 0.07 | 4.88 |
5 | 97 | 0.79 | 0.73 | − 0.06 | − 7.13 | 107 | 0.94 | 0.88 | − 0.07 | − 6.99 | 128 | 1.28 | 1.19 | − 0.09 | − 6.79 |
6 | 102 | 0.82 | 0.76 | − 0.06 | − 7.58 | 117 | 1.17 | 1.11 | − 0.06 | − 4.96 | 124 | 1.31 | 1.26 | − 0.06 | − 4.25 |
7 | 97 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 111 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 143 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
Mean | 103 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 1.67 | 114 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 0.02 | 1.58 | 128 | 1.38 | 1.40 | 0.02 | 1.26 |
SD | 8.2 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 6.76 | 8.6 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 5.68 | 10.0 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 5.16 |
CV | 4.35 | 3.75 | 3.48 | ||||||||||||
All | |||||||||||||||
Mean | 103 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 0.01 | 1.91 | 115 | 1.36 | 1.37 | 0.02 | 1.71 | 126 | 1.58 | 1.60 | 0.02 | 1.57 |
SD | 12.9 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 11.1 | 15.2 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.12 | 8.36 | 15.0 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 7.34 |
p-value | .723 | .529 | .618 | .457 | .566 | .437 | |||||||||
CI lower | − 0.06 | − 4.47 | − 0.05 | − 3.12 | − 0.05 | − 2.66 | |||||||||
CI upper | 0.09 | 8.29 | 0.08 | 6.54 | 0.08 | 5.81 | |||||||||
CV | 8.54 | 6.01 | 5.02 |
Reproducibility of HR–VO2 regression equations and estimated levels of VO2 (model 2)
Participant | Regression equations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | Day 2 | |||||
y intercept | Slope | r | y intercept | Slope | r | |
Males | ||||||
1 | − 0.93 | 0.0216 | 0.998 | − 1.10 | 0.0245 | 0.999 |
2 | − 0.84 | 0.0243 | 0.993 | − 1.17 | 0.0262 | 0.981 |
3 | − 0.83 | 0.0165 | 0.885 | − 0.85 | 0.0179 | 0.984 |
4 | − 0.61 | 0.0195 | 0.970 | − 0.42 | 0.0171 | 0.967 |
5 | − 1.14 | 0.0223 | 0.989 | − 1.41 | 0.0246 | 0.997 |
6 | − 0.59 | 0.0197 | 0.998 | − 0.69 | 0.0230 | 1.000 |
7 | − 2.78 | 0.0342 | 0.996 | − 2.80 | 0.0340 | 0.994 |
Mean | − 1.10 | 0.0226 | 0.976 | − 1.21 | 0.0239 | 0.989 |
SD | 0.76 | 0.0057 | 0.041 | 0.78 | 0.0056 | 0.012 |
Females | ||||||
1 | − 1.08 | 0.0213 | 0.998 | − 1.03 | 0.0214 | 0.991 |
2 | − 1.14 | 0.0185 | 0.997 | − 1.01 | 0.0181 | 1.000 |
3 | − 1.02 | 0.0172 | 0.999 | − 0.80 | 0.0159 | 0.997 |
4 | − 0.98 | 0.0197 | 0.999 | − 0.95 | 0.0201 | 0.997 |
5 | − 1.03 | 0.0183 | 0.992 | − 0.85 | 0.0160 | 0.997 |
6 | − 1.41 | 0.0220 | 0.998 | − 1.43 | 0.0217 | 0.996 |
7 | − 0.42 | 0.0146 | 0.994 | − 0.49 | 0.0153 | 0.997 |
Mean | − 1.01 | 0.0188 | 0.997 | − 0.94 | 0.0184 | 0.997 |
SD | 0.30 | 0.0025 | 0.003 | 0.29 | 0.0027 | 0.003 |
All | ||||||
Mean | − 1.06 | 0.0207 | 0.986 | − 1.07 | 0.0211 | 0.993 |
SD | 0.56 | 0.0047 | 0.030 | 0.58 | 0.0051 | 0.009 |
p value diff between days 1 and 2 | .751 | .376 | .386 |
Participant | Average of the lowest, middle and highest fifth of HR at field, and estimations of VO2 based on these levels of HR and regression Eqs. 1 and 2 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest fifth of HR | Middle fifth of HR | Highest fifth of HR | |||||||||||||
HR F1 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | HR F3 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | HR F5 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | |
Males | |||||||||||||||
1 | 90 | 1.01 | 1.09 | 0.09 | 8.74 | 102 | 1.28 | 1.41 | 0.12 | 9.75 | 115 | 1.54 | 1.70 | 0.16 | 10.4 |
2 | 99 | 1.56 | 1.42 | − 0.14 | − 9.04 | 108 | 1.79 | 1.67 | − 0.12 | − 6.87 | 115 | 1.95 | 1.84 | − 0.11 | − 5.69 |
3 | 110 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 0.14 | 13.8 | 119 | 1.14 | 1.29 | 0.15 | 13.1 | 126 | 1.26 | 1.41 | 0.16 | 12.7 |
4 | 94 | 1.23 | 1.20 | − 0.03 | − 2.75 | 100 | 1.34 | 1.30 | − 0.05 | − 3.55 | 112 | 1.57 | 1.49 | − 0.08 | − 4.80 |
5 | 114 | 1.40 | 1.40 | − 0.01 | − 0.50 | 143 | 2.06 | 2.12 | 0.06 | 2.93 | 151 | 2.22 | 2.30 | 0.08 | 3.47 |
6 | 84 | 1.07 | 1.25 | 0.18 | 16.5 | 92 | 1.23 | 1.43 | 0.20 | 16.5 | 100 | 1.39 | 1.62 | 0.23 | 16.5 |
7 | 134 | 1.81 | 1.76 | − 0.05 | − 2.57 | 143 | 2.12 | 2.07 | − 0.05 | − 2.28 | 150 | 2.35 | 2.30 | − 0.05 | − 2.12 |
Mean | 104 | 1.29 | 1.32 | 0.02 | 3.45 | 116 | 1.57 | 1.61 | 0.05 | 4.22 | 124 | 1.75 | 1.81 | 0.06 | 4.35 |
SD | 17.2 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 9.59 | 20.7 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 9.01 | 19.5 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 8.95 |
CV | 6.10 | 5.39 | 5.34 | ||||||||||||
Females | |||||||||||||||
1 | 107 | 1.20 | 1.26 | 0.06 | 4.74 | 116 | 1.39 | 1.45 | 0.06 | 4.16 | 122 | 1.52 | 1.58 | 0.06 | 3.86 |
2 | 97 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.09 | 14.1 | 104 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 11.3 | 116 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 0.08 | 8.43 |
3 | 119 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 0.07 | 6.58 | 130 | 1.22 | 1.28 | 0.05 | 4.38 | 140 | 1.39 | 1.43 | 0.04 | 2.97 |
4 | 102 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 0.07 | 6.61 | 113 | 1.24 | 1.31 | 0.07 | 5.83 | 125 | 1.49 | 1.56 | 0.08 | 5.21 |
5 | 97 | 0.75 | 0.71 | − 0.04 | − 5.86 | 107 | 0.93 | 0.86 | − 0.07 | − 7.15 | 128 | 1.31 | 1.20 | − 0.11 | − 8.73 |
6 | 102 | 0.84 | 0.78 | − 0.05 | − 6.56 | 117 | 1.17 | 1.11 | − 0.06 | − 5.08 | 124 | 1.32 | 1.25 | − 0.06 | − 4.67 |
7 | 97 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.00 | − 0.09 | 111 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 143 | 1.68 | 1.71 | 0.03 | 1.91 |
Mean | 103 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 2.79 | 114 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 0.02 | 2.04 | 128 | 1.39 | 1.40 | 0.02 | 1.28 |
SD | 8.2 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 7.42 | 8.6 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 6.42 | 10.0 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 5.95 |
CV | 4.44 | 3.89 | 3.83 | ||||||||||||
All | |||||||||||||||
Mean | 103 | 1.11 | 1.14 | 0.03 | 3.12 | 115 | 1.35 | 1.39 | 0.03 | 3.13 | 126 | 1.57 | 1.61 | 0.04 | 2.81 |
SD | 12.9 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 8.25 | 15.2 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.09 | 7.60 | 15.0 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 7.47 |
P value | .291 | .180 | .198 | .147 | .226 | .182 | |||||||||
CI lower | − 0.02 | − 1.64 | − 0.02 | − 1.26 | − 0.03 | − 1.50 | |||||||||
CI upper | 0.08 | 7.88 | 0.09 | 7.52 | 0.10 | 7.13 | |||||||||
CV | 5.44 | 4.84 | 4.75 |
Comparisons of regression equations and estimated VO2 between the HR–VO2 relations in models 1 and 2
Participant | Differences between model 1 and model 2 with regard to the constituents (y intercepts and slope) and correlation outcomes (r) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | Day 2 | |||||
y intercept | Slope | r | y intercept | Slope | r | |
Males | ||||||
1 | 0.23 | − 0.0019 | − 0.002 | − 0.19 | 0.0016 | 0.000 |
2 | 0.42 | − 0.0034 | 0.015 | 1.48 | − 0.0118 | 0.002 |
3 | − 0.78 | 0.0051 | − 0.083 | − 0.69 | 0.0051 | 0.014 |
4 | 0.58 | − 0.0046 | − 0.030 | 0.49 | − 0.0036 | 0.031 |
5 | 0.75 | − 0.0056 | − 0.010 | 0.09 | − 0.0006 | 0.008 |
6 | − 0.16 | 0.0013 | − 0.002 | − 0.04 | 0.0003 | 0.000 |
7 | 0.59 | − 0.0041 | − 0.004 | 0.49 | − 0.0036 | 0.006 |
Mean | 0.23 | − 0.0019 | − 0.017 | 0.23 | − 0.0018 | 0.000 |
SD | 0.54 | 0.0038 | 0.032 | 0.69 | 0.0053 | 0.014 |
Females | ||||||
1 | 0.09 | − 0.0008 | 0.002 | 0.44 | − 0.0040 | − 0.009 |
2 | − 0.06 | 0.0004 | 0.002 | 0.02 | − 0.0001 | 0.000 |
3 | − 0.11 | 0.0009 | − 0.001 | − 0.15 | 0.0012 | − 0.002 |
4 | − 0.07 | − 0.0006 | 0.000 | − 0.11 | 0.0010 | 0.001 |
5 | − 0.26 | 0.0023 | − 0.007 | − 0.12 | 0.0010 | 0.000 |
6 | 0.08 | 0.0006 | 0.003 | 0.15 | − 0.0012 | 0.005 |
7 | − 0.03 | 0.0002 | 0.004 | − 0.09 | 0.0009 | − 0.002 |
Mean | − 0.05 | 0.0004 | 0.000 | 0.02 | − 0.0002 | − 0.001 |
SD | 0.12 | 0.0010 | 0.004 | 0.21 | 0.0019 | 0.004 |
All | ||||||
Mean | 0.09 | 0.0007 | − 0.008 | 0.13 | − 0.0010 | 0.001 |
SD | 0.40 | 0.0029 | 0.024 | 0.50 | 0.0039 | 0.010 |
P value | .412 | .371 | .216 | .367 | .367 | .777 |
CI lower | − 0.14 | − 0.002 | − 0.02 | − 0.16 | − 0.003 | − 0.01 |
CI upper | 0.32 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
Participant | Differences between model 1 and model 2 with regard to outcomes based on HR VO2 regression equations in estimations of VO2 based on these levels of HR, and the HR–VO2 regression equations at day 1 and day 2 and the absolute and relative differences between those outcomes | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest fifth of HR | Middle fifth of HR | Highest fifth of HR | |||||||||||||
HR F1 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | HR F3 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | HR F5 | VO2:1 | VO2:2 | Abs diff | % diff | |
Males | |||||||||||||||
1 | 90 | 0.06 | − 0.05 | − 0.11 | − 12.8 | 102 | 0.04 | − 0.03 | − 0.07 | − 5.96 | 115 | 0.02 | − 0.01 | − 0.03 | − 1.93 |
2 | 99 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 16.4 | 108 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 9.11 | 115 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 5.35 |
3 | 110 | − 0.22 | − 0.13 | 0.09 | 10.1 | 119 | − 0.17 | − 0.08 | 0.09 | 8.59 | 126 | − 0.14 | − 0.04 | 0.09 | 7.72 |
4 | 94 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 100 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 1.28 | 112 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 1.74 |
5 | 114 | 0.11 | 0.02 | − 0.09 | − 7.18 | 143 | − 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 2.58 | 151 | − 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 4.02 |
6 | 84 | − 0.05 | − 0.01 | 0.04 | 3.83 | 92 | − 0.04 | − 0.01 | 0.03 | 2.61 | 100 | − 0.03 | − 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.63 |
7 | 134 | 0.04 | 0.00 | − 0.04 | − 2.09 | 143 | 0.00 | − 0.03 | − 0.03 | − 1.58 | 150 | − 0.02 | − 0.05 | − 0.03 | − 1.29 |
Mean | 104 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.30 | 116 | − 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2.38 | 124 | − 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 2.46 |
SD | 17.2 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 9.95 | 20.7 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 5.33 | 19.5 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 3.49 |
Females | |||||||||||||||
1 | 107 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.78 | 116 | 0.00 | − 0.02 | − 0.02 | − 1.34 | 122 | − 0.01 | − 0.05 | − 0.04 | − 2.43 |
2 | 97 | − 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 5.24 | 104 | − 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 3.83 | 116 | − 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 2.37 |
3 | 119 | − 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.01 | 130 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 140 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.39 |
4 | 102 | − 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.34 | 113 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 125 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.33 |
5 | 97 | − 0.04 | − 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.28 | 107 | − 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.16 | 128 | 0.03 | 0.01 | − 0.03 | − 1.94 |
6 | 102 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.02 | 117 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 0.12 | 124 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 0.01 | − 0.42 |
7 | 97 | − 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.14 | 111 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.75 | 143 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 1.88 |
Mean | 103 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.12 | 114 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 128 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
SD | 8.2 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.92 | 8.6 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.62 | 10.0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.79 |
All | |||||||||||||||
Mean | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.21 | − 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.42 | − 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.24 | |||
SD | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 6.89 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 3.91 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 2.95 | |||
P value | .728 | .466 | .577 | .522 | .738 | .529 | .237 | .198 | .496 | .511 | .159 | .139 | |||
CI lower | − 0.04 | − 0.04 | − 0.03 | − 2.77 | − 0.04 | − 0.03 | − 0.01 | − 0.84 | − 0.04 | − 0.02 | − 0.01 | − 0.46 | |||
CI upper | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 5.19 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 3.68 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 2.94 |