Plain English summary
Introduction
Methods
Design and participants
Measurements
Demographics
ICECAP-A
EQ-5D-5L
Self-efficacy
Study procedures
Statistical analyses
Reliability
EQ-5D-5L and self-efficacy correlations
Known-group differences
Sample size
Results
Participants
Variable | Category | Construct validity sample (T1; N = 941) | Test–retest sample (T2; N = 208) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 49.4 (17.1) | 56.0 (16.1) | |
Gender | Female | 484 (51.4%) | 95 (45.7%) |
Male | 455 (48.4%) | 113 (54.3%) | |
Other | 2 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
Education | Primary and/or lower education | 192 (20.4%) | 52 (25.0%) |
Secondary and/or vocational education | 395 (42.0%) | 76 (36.5%) | |
Higher and/or college education | 353 (37.5%) | 80 (38.5%) | |
Marital status | Single | 186 (19.8%) | 32 (15.4%) |
Living together/married/registered partner | 590 (62.7%) | 137 (65.9%) | |
Relationship | 50 (5.3%) | 6 (2.9%) | |
Divorced | 74 (7.9%) | 21 (10.1%) | |
Widow/widower | 33 (3.5%) | 9 (4.3%) | |
Other | 8 (0.9%) | 3 (1.4%) | |
Self-efficacy | 5.87 (1.86) | – | |
ICECAP-A | Capability value | 0.88 (0.14) | 0.90 (0.13) |
EQ-5D-5L | Index scores | 0.85 (0.20) | 0.86 (0.21) |
Visual analogue scale | 76.4 (20.1) | 77.3 (19.2) |
Test–retest reliability
Construct validity
Correlations with the EQ-5D-5L and self-efficacy
Hypothesis | ICECAP-A scale | Comparator | Spearman’s rho | p-value | Confirmed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | Capability value | EQ-5D-5L Index score | 0.60 | < .001 | Yes |
H2 | Stability | Anxiety/depressiona | 0.50 | < .001 | Yes |
H3 | Attachment | Anxiety/depressiona | 0.44 | < .001 | Yes |
H4 | Autonomy | Anxiety/depressiona | 0.33 | < .001 | Yes |
H5 | Achievement | Anxiety/depressiona | 0.38 | < .001 | Yes |
H6 | Enjoyment | Anxiety/depressiona | 0.49 | < .001 | Yes |
H7 | Autonomy | Mobilitya | 0.25 | < .001 | No |
H8 | Autonomy | Self-carea | 0.27 | < .001 | No |
H9 | Autonomy | Usual activitiesa | 0.44 | < .001 | Yes |
H10 | Achievement | Usual activitiesa | 0.48 | < .001 | Yes |
H11 | Achievement | Pain/discomforta | 0.41 | < .001 | Yes |
H12 | Enjoyment | Usual activitiesa | 0.37 | < .001 | Yes |
H13 | Enjoyment | Pain/discomforta | 0.34 | < .001 | Yes |
H14 | Capability value | Self-efficacy | 0.63 | < .001 | Yes |
Known-group differences
Hypothesis | Known group | N | Mean rank score | Median | Range | p-value | Confirmed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H16 | Happy | 800 | 515 | 0.9428 | 0.0–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
Unhappy | 141 | 219 | 0.7562 | 0.3–1.0 | |||
H17 | VAS ≥ 65 | 714 | 540 | 0.9448 | 0.4–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
VAS < 65 | 227 | 255 | 0.7879 | 0.0–1.0 | |||
H18 | No illness | 562 | 564 | 0.9495 | 0.4–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
Illness present | 379 | 334 | 0.8546 | 0.0–1.0 | |||
H19a | Non-obstructing illness | 51 | 255 | 0.9226 | 0.5–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
Obstructing illness | 328 | 180 | 0.8312 | 0.0–1.0 | |||
H20 | No hospital visit | 588 | 511 | 0.9375 | 0.2–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
Hospital visit | 353 | 405 | 0.9149 | 0.0–1.0 | |||
H21 | No hospital stay | 860 | 477 | 0.9305 | 0.0–1.0 | = .017 | Yes |
Hospital stay | 81 | 402 | 0.9149 | 0.4–1.0 | |||
H22 | No GP visit | 383 | 549 | 0.9475 | 0.2–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
GP visit | 558 | 417 | 0.9149 | 0.0–1.0 | |||
H23 | High self-efficacy | 415 | 601 | 0.9565 | 0.5–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
Low self-efficacy | 526 | 368 | 0.8790 | 0.0–1.0 | |||
H24 | Employed | 811 | 501 | 0.9375 | 0.0–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
Unemployed/occupational disability | 130 | 283 | 0.8144 | 0.2–1.0 | |||
H25 | Relationship | 640 | 504 | 0.9375 | 0.3–1.0 | < .001 | Yes |
No relationship | 301 | 401 | 0.9070 | 0.0–1.0 | |||
H26b | Higher education | 353 | NA | 0.9339 | 0.2–1.0 | .021 | No |
Medium education | 395 | 0.9339 | 0.3–1.0 | ||||
Lower education | 192 | 0.9149 | 0.0–1.0 |