Physicians are faced with a growing number of patients after renal transplantation undergoing graft-unrelated surgery. So far, little is known about the postoperative restitution of graft function and the risk factors for a poor outcome.
Methods
One hundred one kidney transplant recipients undergoing graft-unrelated surgery between 2005 and 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. A risk analysis was performed and differences in creatinine, GFR and immunosuppressive treatment were evaluated. Additional, a comparison with a case-matched non-transplanted control group were performed.
Results
Preoperative creatinine averaged 1.88 mg / dl [0.62–5.22 mg / dl] and increased to 2.49 mg / dl [0.69–8.30 mg / dl] postoperatively. Acute kidney failure occurred in 18 patients and 14 patients had a permanent renal failure. Significant risk factors for the development of postoperative renal dysfunction were female gender, a preoperative creatinine above 2.0 mg / dl as well as a GFR below 40 ml / min and emergency surgery. Patients with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil treatment showed a significant lower risk of renal dysfunction than patients with other immunosuppressants postoperatively. Contrary to that, the risk of patients with cyclosporine treatment was significantly increased. Transplanted patients showed a significantly increased rate of postoperative renal dysfunction.
Conclusions
The choice of immunosuppressant might have an impact on graft function and survival of kidney transplant recipients after graft-unrelated surgery. Further investigations are needed.
During the past decades, kidney transplantation has become a safe therapy for end-stage renal disease [1]. The growing number of patients living with a transplanted kidney brings new challenges like the perioperative management of graft-unrelated surgery to physicians [2]. A typical postoperative complication is acute renal failure, which leads to an increased morbidity and mortality of non-transplanted patients [3] and assumably also of transplanted patients. Besides the risk of acute postoperative renal failure, operating transplanted patients also bears the risk of disturbing the sensitive balance of immunosuppression. Transplanted patients live under immunosuppressive therapy, which has a lot of side effects [4] and interacts with other medical therapies and interventions [5]. The adjustment of immunosuppression walks a fine line between graft rejection and nephrotoxicity [6]. In addition to steroids, the most common immunosuppressants for kidney transplant recipients are tacrolimus and cyclosporine. While tacrolimus and cyclosporine differ in their intracellular binding characteristics, their immunosuppressive properties result from inhibition of calcineurin [6]. Calcineurin dephosphorylates a transcription factor of T-lymphocytes and enhances the immune response [7]. Despite a similar efficacy of tacrolimus and cyclosporine regarding immunosuppression, tacrolimus has been preferred clinically because of a better patient outcome [8]. So far, little is known about the graft function after graft-unrelated surgery and the impact of individual immunosuppression on postoperative graft function. Therefore, we investigated the postoperative graft outcome and mortality of kidney-transplanted patients after graft-unrelated surgery.
Methods
This was a retrospective monocentric and controlled cohort study of kidney transplant recipients and healthy controls, reported in line with the STROCSS criteria [9]. Data was obtained as previously described [10]. All kidney transplant recipients with a preserved graft function, who were treated at the Department for General and Visceral Surgery of the University Medical Hospital Freiburg between 2005 and 2015 were screened for eligibility and, if eligible, compared to a case-matched control of a non-transplanted patient.
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GFR was calculated via CKD-EPI equation. The occurrence of renal dysfunction was noted on the basis of the discharge documents. Acute kidney failure was defined as an increase in creatinine level (reference range 0.51–0.95 mg / dl) by more than 0.3 mg / dl in 48 h or as an oliguria (< 0.5 ml / kg / h) for more than six hours.
IBM SPSS® (version 23.0) was used for exploratory data analysis. Results were checked for normal distribution. Evaluation of group differences was carried out by a T-test as an analysis of two independent groups. A chi-squared test was utilized to test for trends and significance and compare groups of categorical data. Differences with a p-value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. See Additional file 1 for definition of subgroups.
Study was approved by the ethical committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg (EK: 203/17) and was performed according to the principles of the declaration of Helsinki. It was registered in an approved primary register of the WHO (DRKS00015440).
Results
From January 2005 to December 2015 a total of 1535 kidney transplant recipients were admitted to the Department of General and Visceral Surgery at the Medical Center of the University of Freiburg. Out of these, 101 patients underwent abdominal or abdominal wall surgery and were included in our study (main reasons for exclusion of patients were graft-related surgery and dialysis-depended renal failure).
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The meantime since renal transplantation was 15.8 years [± 9.3 years, range 2.8–37.6 years]. The vast majority of patients were transplanted once (mean: 1.29 transplants, maximum of four transplants). The main diagnosis that led to transplantation was chronic glomerulonephritis (n = 38; 38%), followed by cystic kidney disease (n = 30; 30%). The mean age of included patients was 59 years [range 41–77 years], two thirds of the patients (n = 66; 65%) underwent elective surgery.
Overall, 20 patients out of 101 (20%) died postoperatively. The leading causes of death were sepsis (n = 14, 13 with abdominal and one with pulmonary sepsis), intractable hemorrhagic shock (n = 3, one due to a pulmonary embolism and two due to gastrointestinal bleedings), cardiovascular complications (n = 2) and progress of neoplastic disease (n = 1).
Perioperative renal dysfunction
Acute kidney failure occurred in 18 of the 101 patients (18%). More than 60% of the patients with acute kidney failure (n = 11) had demand on acute dialysis. Overall, 14 patients (14%) developed a permanent renal failure with need of long-time dialysis.
In the subgroup of patients who died during the postoperative hospital stay (n = 20), 65 % had acute renal failure, and half of them also required dialysis.
Preoperative creatinine averaged 1.88 mg / dl [0.62–5.22 mg / dl] and increased to 2.49 mg / dl [0.69–8.30 mg / dl] on the first postoperative day. The calculated preoperative GFR averaged 43 ml per minute [8.74–110.30 ml / min] (vs. postoperative GFR 32 ml /min [6.50–101.74 ml / min]). The surviving patients (n = 81) were discharged with an averaged creatinine of 1.70 mg / dl [0.24–6.0 mg / dl] and a GFR of 53.85 ml / min [9.14–146.38 ml / min].
Risk factors for postoperative renal dysfunction (Table 1)
Patients whose preoperative creatinine was higher than 2.0 mg / dl suffered more frequently from postoperative acute renal failure (p = 0.026). Similar to that, patients with a GFR lower than 40 ml / min showed significant higher rates of acute renal failure postoperatively (p = 0.040). Female patients suffered more frequently from acute and permanent kidney failure (see Table 1). After emergency surgery (compared to elective cases) patients suffered more frequently from acute kidney failure (p = 0.009) and had a higher need for dialysis (p = 0.005). We found no influence of the extent of surgery (major vs. minor), localization of operation (extra- vs. intra-abdominal), number of transplantations and time since transplantation on the development of renal dysfunction (see Table 1).
Table 1
Risk factor analysis of postoperative renal failure in 101 renal-transplant patients undergoing abdominal or abdominal wall surgery
Parameter
n
Dialysis-dependent Renal failure, n (%)
p
Acute renal Failure, n (%)
p
Permanent Renal failure, n (%)
p
Age
< 60 years
54
4 (7%)
0.228
8 (15%)
0.397
5 (9%)
0.151
> 60 years
47
7 (15%)
10 (21%)
9 (19%)
Creatinine preoperative
< 2.0 mg / dl
64
6 (9%)
0.746
7 (11%)
0.026
7 (11%)
0.382
> 2.0 mg / dl
35
4 (11%)
10 (29%)
6 (17%)
Extent
major
49
7 (14%)
0.288
12 (25%)
0.089
10 (20%)
0.065
minor
52
4 (8%)
6 (12%)
4 (8%)
Gender
male
63
5 (8%)
0.220
7 (11%)
0.023
5 (8%)
0.027
female
38
6 (16%)
11 (29%)
9 (24%)
GFR preoperative
> 40 ml / min
45
3 (7%)
0.244
4 (9%)
0.040
4 (9%)
0.201
< 40 ml / min
54
7 (13%)
13 (24%)
9 (17%)
Location
intraabdominal
78
8 (10%)
0.706
15 (19%)
0.496
11 (14%)
0.897
abdominal wall
23
3 (13%)
3 (13%)
3 (13%)
Time since transplantation
< 10 years
34
1 (3%)
0.068
3 (9%)
0.092
2 (6%)
0.098
> 10 years
67
10 (15%)
15 (22%)
12 (18%)
Timing
emergency
35
8 (23%)
0.005
11 (31%)
0.009
8 (23%)
0.057
elective
66
3 (5%)
7 (11%)
6 (9%)
Transplanted
Once
78
8 (10%)
0.706
11 (14%)
0.072
9 (12%)
0.213
More than once
23
3 (13%)
7 (30%)
5 (22%)
Bold entries are significant
Influence of immunosuppression on mortality and renal dysfunction (Table 2)
Nearly all patients (n = 90) received steroids preoperatively. Slightly more than half of the patients (n = 55, 55%) were treated with tacrolimus (45 combined with Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)). 32% (n = 32) of the patients were treated with cyclosporine (16 combined with MMF). Further two patients had combination of cyclosporine and azathioprine. Five patients were treated with sirolimus. One patient each had immunosuppression with combination of tacrolimus and cyclosporine, of tacrolimus and azathioprine or a single treatment with everolimus or basiliximab. Due to the low frequency of patients with other immunosuppressants, we focused on the three most common immunosuppressant regimens for further subgroup analysis of the influence of immunosuppressive therapy on postoperative renal function and mortality (see Table 2). The combination of tacrolimus and MMF (n = 45) was associated with the lowest rates of renal dysfunction and mortality. The highest rates were found in tacrolimus only treated patients (n = 10) and in patients with cyclosporine and MMF (n = 16).
Table 2
Influence of the three most common preoperative immunosuppressive medications on risk of renal failure and mortality
Immunosuppressant
n
Dialysis-dependent Renal failure, n (%)
p
Acute renal Failure, n (%)
p
Permanent Renal failure, n (%)
p
Mortality
p
Tacrolimus
no
46
9 (20%)
0.009
12 (27%)
0.041
10 (22%)
0.032
14 (31%)
0.012
yes
55
2 (4%)
6 (11%)
4 (7%)
6 (11%)
only
10
2 (20%)
0.002
3 (30%)
0.034
3 (30%)
0.002
4 (40%)
0.001
combined with MMF
45
0 (0%)
3 (7%)
1 (2%)
2 (4%)
Cyclosporine
no
69
4 (6%)
0.06
8 (12%)
0.016
6 (8%)
0.027
11 (16%)
0.153
yes
32
7 (22%)
10 (31%)
8 (25%)
9 (28%)
only
16
3 (18%)
0.780
5 (31%)
1.000
3 (19%)
0.564
4 (25%)
0.780
combined with MMF
16
4 (25%)
5 (31%)
5 (31%)
5 (31%)
Mycophenolat mofetil
no
34
6 (18%)
0.121
9 (27%)
0.106
7 (21%)
0.163
10 (29%)
0.084
yes
67
5 (8%)
9 (13%)
7 (10%)
10 (15%)
…and Tacrolimus
45
0 (0%)
0.001
3 (7%)
0.015
1 (2%)
0.001
2 (4%)
0.001
…and Cyclosporin
16
4 (25%)
5 (31%)
5 (31%)
5 (31%)
Bold entries are significant
The preoperative creatinine of patients with tacrolimus was on average 1.8 mg / dl (±0.7 mg / dl) and the early postoperative creatinine was 2.5 mg / dl (±1.3 mg / dl). Those patients were discharged with a creatinine of 1.67 mg / dl (±0.8 mg / dl). The preoperative creatinine of patients with cyclosporine was on average 1.93 mg / dl (±0.9 mg / dl), and the early postoperative creatinine was 2.6 mg / dl (±1.3 mg / dl). Patients under cyclosporine were discharged with a creatinine of 1.88 mg / dl (±1.0 mg / dl). The differences of creatinine and GFR between the patients with tacrolimus and with cyclosporine were not significant.
We were able to find a case-matched non-transplanted control for 84 of above mentioned 101 transplanted patients. Due to the performed surgical treatment it was not possible to find a suitable case-matched control for 17 patients (see also methods and Additional file 1). They were not considered for further case-matched analysis.
Table 3
Case-control-comparison: Description of patients and course of creatinine and GFR (Pre- and postoperative creatinine was not measured in all patients)
Transplanted (n = 84)
Control (n = 84)
p
Age [years, mean ± SD]
59.0 ± 9.0
60.5 ± 15.5
0.349
Gender [male/female %]
61.9/38.1
56.0/44.0
0.444
Dialysis-dependent renal failure, n [%]
8 (9.0)
0 (0)
0.004
Acute renal failure, n [%]
15 (17.9)
2 (2.4)
0.001
Permanent renal failure, n [%]
11 (13.1)
0 (0)
0.001
Preoperative
Transplanted (n = 82)
Control (n = 83)
p
Creatinine [mg / dl, mean ± SD]
1.93 ± 0.88
1.04 ± 1.36
< 0.001
GFRa [ml / min / 1.73m2 ± SD]
43.29 ± 22.22
84.08 ± 23.63
< 0.001
1. Postoperative day
Transplanted (n = 83)
Control (n = 74)
p
Creatinine [mg / dl, mean ± SD]
2.57 ± 1.28
1.12 ± 0.73
< 0.001
GFRa [ml / min / 1.73m2, mean ± SD]
32.05 ± 18.35
75.24 ± 25.64
< 0.001
Discharge
Transplanted (n = 82)
Control (n = 79)
p
Creatinine [mg /dl, mean ± SD]
1.78 ± 0.94
0.90 ± 0.43
< 0.001
GFRa [ml / min/ 1.73m2, mean ± SD]
53.85 ± 26.55
90.94 ± 23.13
< 0.001
After 6 months
Transplanted (n = 58)
Control (n = 44)
p
Creatinine [mg / dl, mean ± SD]
2.05 ± 0.90
1.12 ± 0.69
< 0.001
GFRa [ml / min / 1.73m2, mean ± SD]
41.40 ± 21.84
76.64 ± 26.58
< 0.001
SD Standard deviation, aGFR was calculated via CKD-EPI equation
Bold entries are significant
Descriptive statistics, course of creatinine and GFR as well as the incidence of renal dysfunction of 84 renal transplant recipients and 84 control patients are shown in Table 3. Transplanted patients had a significant higher creatinine (p < 0.01, shown in Figs. 1 and 2) and transplanted patients had a significantly higher rate of acute (18% vs. 2%, p = 0.001) and permanent (13% vs. 0%, p = 0.001) renal failure postoperatively, compared to non-transplanted patients. Additionally, the rate of postoperative dialysis was significantly increased in transplanted patients (9% vs. 0%, p = 0.004).
Fig. 1
Course of creatinine
Fig. 2
Course of GFR
×
×
Discussion
Our study evaluated the graft outcome of 101 renal transplant recipients, providing new insights into the outcome of transplanted patients undergoing graft-unrelated surgery. It is not surprising that kidney-transplanted patients have an increased creatinine in comparison with non-transplanted patients. However, the increased rate of postoperative kidney failure and mortality in transplanted patients is striking. So far, recent literature shows only results of low numbers of transplant recipients or single case studies. Sharma et al. investigated the outcome of 36 renal or liver transplant recipients undergoing cardiac surgery and compared the results with non-transplanted patients. Three patients in the transplant group had demand on dialysis compared to one patient in the control group [11]. Reshef et al. reported the results of 37 solid organ transplant recipients after emergency surgery of the colon and found a renal failure in four patients (vs. one patient in non-transplanted control group) [12]. Contrary to that, Kaluza et al. studied the kidney function of 54 transplanted patients (kidney, kidney-pancreas) after various graft-unrelated surgical procedures and concluded that kidney function remained stable in all patients [13] and Rivas et al. reported no renal complications after laparoscopic colectomy of three transplanted patients [14]. Nyame et al. reported the case of one patient after kidney-pancreas-transplantation, who underwent anterior pelvic exenteration without perioperative renal complications [15]. The results of the other studies are inhomogeneous and due to small sample sizes hard to evaluate.
However, regarding our results we assume that kidney transplant recipients are at a clearly increased risk for postoperative renal dysfunction and death. We could demonstrate that patients with preoperatively worse renal function, conditions requiring emergency surgery and, possibly, female gender were risk factors for impaired renal function postoperatively. A kidney-friendly perioperative treatment, which focuses at the preservation of graft function, is essential for a good graft outcome. Due to the results of our risk analysis special attention should be paid to patients with a limited graft function preoperatively and with a longer time since transplantation. Interestingly, female patients in our study showed a higher risk for postoperative renal dysfunction. Even if gender differences in postoperative complication rates are often discussed, we found no plausible explanation for this observation.
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To our knowledge, the study is the first to investigate the postoperative graft function of kidney transplant recipients after graft-unrelated surgery in relation to the chosen immunosuppression. The results suggest that the individual immunosuppressant may influence the postoperative graft outcome. Several publications of the recent years reported advantages of tacrolimus over cyclosporine regarding nephrotoxicity, graft rejection and side effects. Krämer et al. performed a six-month randomized controlled trial and evaluated data of 286 patients with tacrolimus treatment vs. 271 patients with cyclosporine treatment [8]. During 24 month of follow-up the composite endpoint consisting of acute rejection, death or graft loss occurred significantly more frequently in patients with cyclosporine treatment. Other studies showed a negative effect of cyclosporine on renal function and blood pressure compared to tacrolimus [16‐18]. Therefore, a negative postoperative renal outcome of patients with cyclosporine seems plausible. Interestingly, in our study tacrolimus only treated patients had the worst outcome, which is contrary to what one might expect. We tried to find a reason for this observation and analyzed the patients in detail. All patients were treated with steroids and one had an additional therapy with azathioprine. 3 patients died due to an abdominal sepsis, one had a fulminant pulmonary embolism with following intractable bleeding. Just one patient had emergency surgery. Deceased patients had also a renal dysfunction. We also analyzed gender, age and comorbidities, but we found no plausible explanation for our observation and assume that it might be a consequence of the small sample size of only 10 patients. Furthermore, it is surprising that just the combination of tacrolimus and MMF showed a supposedly protective effect on renal function and mortality. Contrary to that, the combination of cyclosporine and MMF was worse than tacrolimus and MMF and also worse than cyclosporine only treatment. Comparing patients with MMF and without MMF, we found merely a positive trend for the outcome of MMF treated patients. As above mentioned, just the combination with tacrolimus reached the level of statistical significance. It has to be considered that this might reflect only the harmful effect of other immunosuppressants and is not related to beneficial effects of tacrolimus and MMF. In the end it is just a comparison between nephrotoxic substances. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the chosen immunosuppressant might be important for the postoperative renal outcome. Documentation errors and lack of randomization always limit the results of retrospective evaluation. Due to that and to the exploratory character of our study, the results must be interpreted with care. Future prospective studies have to investigate whether it might be helpful to shift patients with cyclosporine and MMF treatment to tacrolimus and MMF before elective surgery to prevent postoperative renal dysfunction.
Conclusion
The choice of immunosuppressant might have an impact on graft function and survival of kidney transplant recipients after graft-unrelated surgery, but further investigations are needed.
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Ingrid Späth and Josef Schiefele, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, for help with preparation of raw data and to Saskia Lederer and Christopher Hayes for writing assistance.
Funding
None
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Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Study was approved by local ethical committee (EK: 203/17).
Consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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