Background
Methods
EQ-5D instrument and telephone survey
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of enrolled patients
Characteristics | Influenza outpatients (n = 529) | Influenza inpatients (n = 249) | Total (n = 778) |
---|---|---|---|
Median age, years (IQR) a
| 8 (5–20) | 4 (2–7) | 7 (3–15) |
Age group, years | |||
< 5 | 122 (23.1%) | 141 (56.6%) | 263 (33.8%) |
5–15 | 246 (46.5%) | 80 (32.1%) | 326 (41.9%) |
16–59 | 146 (27.6%) | 24 (9.6%) | 170 (21.9%) |
≥ 60 | 15 (2.8%) | 4 (1.6%) | 19 (2.4%) |
Male | 281 (53.1%) | 144 (57.8%) | 425 (54.6%) |
Risk status b
| |||
Low-risk | 412 (77.9%) | 118 (47.4%) | 530 (68.1%) |
High-risk | 117 (22.1%) | 131 (52.6%) | 248 (31.9%) |
Area | |||
Urban area | 438 (82.8%) | 166 (66.7%) | 604 (77.6%) |
Rural area | 91 (17.2%) | 83 (33.3%) | 174 (22.4%) |
Region | |||
East China | 271 (51.2%) | 113 (45.4%) | 384 (49.4%) |
Central China | 122 (23.1%) | 78 (31.3%) | 200 (25.7%) |
West China | 136 (25.7%) | 58 (23.3%) | 194 (24.9%) |
Hospital c
| |||
Level 3 | 298 (56.3%) | 177 (69.7%) | 475 (60.7%) |
Level 2 | 119 (22.5%) | 58 (22.8%) | 177 (22.6%) |
Level 1 and lower | 112 (21.2%) | 19 (7.5%) | 131 (16.7%) |
Virus type | |||
Untyped d
| 307 (58.0%) | 183 (73.5%) | 490 (63.0%) |
Influenza A | 164 (31.0%) | 30 (12.0%) | 194 (24.9%) |
Influenza B | 58 (11.0%) | 36 (14.5%) | 94 (12.1%) |
EQ-5D dimension results
HRQoL of influenza patients
n | VAS | Health utility | QALD loss a
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||
Influenza outpatient | |||||||
Unweighted | 529 | 68.93 (19.08) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | 0.6142 (0.2006) | 0.6430 (0.5630, 0.7350) | 1.62 (1.84) | 1.08 (0.46, 2.04) |
Weightedb
| 529 | 68.20 (35.98) | 66.18 (42.05, 87.34) | 0.6087 (0.3518) | 0.5678 (0.3333, 0.7532) | 1.69 (2.52) | 0.94 (0.39, 1.94) |
Influenza inpatient | |||||||
Unweighted | 249 | 65.94 (20.61) | 70.00 (50.00, 80.00) | 0.5851 (0.2197) | 0.6430 (0.4770, 0.7290) | 3.51 (4.25) | 2.17 (1.00, 4.45) |
Weightedb
| 249 | 64.07 (29.03) | 60.83 (43.45, 78.22) | 0.5616 (0.2799) | 0.5588 (0.3846, 0.6925) | 3.63 (5.53) | 2.03 (0.80, 3.93) |
n | VAS | Health utility | QALD loss a
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Multiple linear regression (95% CI) b
| Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Multiple linear regression (95% CI) b
| Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Multiple linear regression (95% CI) b
| ||
Total | 529 | 68.93 (19.08) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | 0.6142 (0.2006) | 0.6430 (0.5630,0.7350) | 1.62 (1.84) | 1.09 (0.46,2.04) | |||
Age group (years) | ||||||||||
0–4 | 122 | 71.39 (20.06) | 75.00 (60.00, 80.00) | Reference | 0.6286 (0.1963) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | Reference | 1.72 (1.84) | 1.48 (0.65,2.15) | Reference |
5–15 | 246 | 69.65 (18.40) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | −2.56 (−6.79, 1.80) | 0.6216 (0.1921) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7290) | −0.0119 (−0.0525, 0.0332) | 1.47 (1.53) | 1.09 (0.50,1.98) | −0.13 (−0.52, 0.20) |
16–59 | 146 | 65.53 (19.71) | 70.00 (50.00, 80.00) | −5.88 (−10.73, −0.94)f
| 0.5939 (0.2165) | 0.6430 (0.4575,0.7290) | −0.0329 (−0.0840, 0.0175) | 1.77 (2.31) | 0.92 (0.40,2.33) | 0.13 (−0.33, 0.66) |
≥ 60 | 15 | 70.33 (10.77) | 70.00 (65.00, 72.50) | 0.22 (−6.55, 7.65) | 0.5733 (0.2109) | 0.6430 (0.4130,0.7290) | −0.0424 (−0.1525, 0.0760) | 1.84 (1.47) | 1.27 (0.92,3.00) | 0.01 (−0.79, 0.84) |
Gender |
p = 0.0041 |
p = 0.0441 | ||||||||
Female | 248 | 67.05 (20.51) | 70.00 (50.00, 80.00) | Reference | 0.584 (0.2164) | 0.6430 (0.4510,0.7290) | Reference | 1.79 (1.95) | 1.30 (0.52,2.17) | Reference |
Male | 281 | 70.59 (17.58) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | 3.26 (−0.01, 6.39) | 0.6408 (0.1818) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | 0.0565 (0.0216, 0.0900)f
| 1.47 (1.73) | 1.09 (0.39,1.98) | −0.32 (−0.62, −0.02)f
|
Risk status c
|
p = 0.0097 |
p < 0.001 | ||||||||
Low-risk | 412 | 69.88 (18.87) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | Reference | 0.6267 (0.1948) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | Reference | 1.42 (1.63) | 0.95 (0.39,1.98) | Reference |
High-risk | 117 | 65.58 (19.50) | 70.00 (50.00, 80.00) | −4.36 (−8.20, −0.55)f
| 0.5698 (0.2147) | 0.6430 (0.3650,0.7290) | −0.0573 (−0.1029, −0.0158)f
| 2.33 (2.32) | 1.74 (0.88,2.87) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.39)f
|
Area | ||||||||||
Urban | 438 | 68.28 (19.49) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | Reference | 0.6075 (0.2041) | 0.6430 (0.5432,0.7290) | Reference | 1.67 (1.89) | 1.16 (0.50,2.07) | Reference |
Rural | 91 | 72.09 (16.68) | 75.00 (60.00, 80.00) | 2.71 (−1.84, 6.50) | 0.646 (0.1802) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | 0.0339 (−0.0080, 0.0728) | 1.40 (1.56) | 0.92 (0.39,1.97) | −0.26 (−0.63, 0.13) |
Region |
p = 0.0373 | |||||||||
East China | 271 | 68.79 (19.43) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | Reference | 0.6162 (0.1905) | 0.6430 (0.5440,0.7290) | Reference | 1.53 (1.80) | 1.09 (0.43,1.99) | Reference |
Central China | 122 | 69.48 (19.56) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | 0.08 (−4.43, 4.21) | 0.6298 (0.217) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7470) | 0.0064 (−0.0404, 0.0512) | 1.50 (1.80) | 1.09 (0.16,2.03) | 0.01 (−0.32, 0.48) |
West China | 136 | 68.74 (18.04) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | −1.26 (−4.87, 2.77) | 0.596 (0.2051) | 0.6430 (0.5372,0.7290) | −0.0287 (−0.0705, 0.0082) | 1.92 (1.94) | 1.37 (0.65,2.52) | 0.45 (0.11, 0.89)f
|
Hospital d
| ||||||||||
Level 3 | 298 | 67.23 (19.67) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | Reference | 0.6006 (0.2171) | 0.6430 (0.4922,0.7335) | Reference | 1.82 (2.13) | 1.30 (0.46,2.17) | Reference |
Level 2 | 119 | 71.18 (17.39) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | 3.61 (−0.53, 7.19) | 0.6364 (0.1575) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | 0.0259 (−0.0160, 0.0625) | 1.23 (1.10) | 0.92 (0.48,1.6) | −0.46 (−0.80, −0.15)f
|
Level 1 and lower | 112 | 71.06 (18.89) | 72.50 (60.00, 85.00) | 2.96 (−1.50, 7.42) | 0.6266 (0.1944) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | 0.0188 (−0.0250, 0.0607) | 1.51 (1.56) | 1.11 (0.49,2.07) | −0.25 (−0.63, 0.08) |
Virus type | ||||||||||
Untyped e
| 307 | 67.59 (19.59) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | Reference | 0.6072 (0.2052) | 0.6430 (0.5440,0.7350) | Reference | 1.67 (1.92) | 1.09 (0.50,2.04) | Reference |
Influenza A | 164 | 70.21 (17.98) | 70.00 (60.00, 80.00) | 3.22 (−0.60, 6.54) | 0.6242 (0.1889) | 0.6430 (0.5430,0.7350) | 0.0217 (−0.0147, 0.0580) | 1.56 (1.79) | 1.11 (0.39,2.17) | −0.11 (−0.45, 0.24) |
Influenza B | 58 | 72.41 (18.95) | 70.00 (60.00, 85.00) | 4.31 (−1.54, 9.36) | 0.6227 (0.21) | 0.7290 (0.5690,0.7290) | 0.0137 (−0.0489, 0.0639) | 1.54 (1.54) | 0.92 (0.52,1.95) | −0.12 (−0.55, 0.32) |
N | VAS | Health utility | QALD lossa
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Multiple linear regression (95%CI) b
| Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Multiple linear regression (95%CI) b
| Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Multiple linear regression (95%CI) b
| ||
Total | 249 | 65.94 (20.61) | 70.00 (50.00, 80.00) | 0.5851 (0.2197) | 0.6430 (0.4770,0.7290) | 3.51 (4.25) | 2.17 (1.00,4.45) | |||
Age group (years) |
p = 0.0431 | |||||||||
0–4 | 141 | 65.76 (20.68) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | Reference | 0.5900 (0.2025) | 0.6430 (0.5440,0.7350) | Reference | 3.51 (3.96) | 2.39 (1.12,4.75) | Reference |
5–15 | 80 | 67.00 (19.87) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | 0.28 (−6.44,5.91) | 0.6132 (0.2185) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7305) | 0.0386 (−0.0205,0.0973) | 2.75 (3.27) | 1.95 (0.62,3.45) | −0.91 (−1.93,0.08) |
16–59 | 24 | 63.67 (23.93) | 60.00 (50.00,90.00) | −2.07 (−11.72,7.10) | 0.4913 (0.2828) | 0.5965 (0.2240,0.6645) | −0.0847 (−0.1904,0.0114) | 5.16 (6.07) | 2.59 (1.46,7.11) | 1.49 (−0.69,4.16) |
≥60c
| 4 | 65.00 (17.32) | 65.00 (50.00,80.00) | −2.07 (−11.72,7.10) | 0.4128 (0.2690) | 0.4210 (0.2938,0.5400) | −0.0847 (−0.1904,0.0114) | 8.98 (10.79) | 4.83 (3.49,10.32) | 1.49 (−0.69,4.16) |
Gender | ||||||||||
Female | 105 | 63.27 (21.24) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | Reference | 0.5633 (0.2380) | 0.6430 (0.4280,0.7290) | Reference | 3.64 (4.07) | 2.60 (1.05,4.45) | Reference |
Male | 144 | 67.9 (19.99) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | 5.11 (−0.64,10.66) | 0.6010 (0.2046) | 0.6430 (0.5380,0.7350) | 0.0471 (−0.0110,0.1017) | 3.41 (4.38) | 2.04 (0.91,4.39) | −0.46 (−1.38,0.58) |
Risk status d
|
p = 0.0347 |
p = 0.0022 |
p < 0.001 | |||||||
Low-risk | 118 | 68.91 (20.75) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | Reference | 0.6340 (0.1774) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350) | Reference | 2.18 (2.26) | 1.63 (0.87,3.04) | Reference |
High-risk | 131 | 63.27 (20.2) | 60.00 (50.00,80.00) | −5.8 (−10.90, −1.00)g | 0.5411 (0.2442) | 0.6300 (0.4155,0.6490) | −0.0943 (−0.1455, −0.0412)g
| 4.71 (5.17) | 3.25 (1.52,6.46) | 2.47 (1.61, 3.62)g
|
Area | ||||||||||
Urban | 166 | 64.27 (20.89) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | Reference | 0.5993 (0.2018) | 0.6430 (0.5488,0.7290) | Reference | 3.20 (3.40) | 2.07 (1.25,4.37) | Reference |
Rural | 83 | 69.3 (19.75) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | 5.11 (−0.34,10.57) | 0.5566 (0.2505) | 0.6430 (0.3840,0.7350) | −0.0390 (−0.1051,0.0197) | 4.14 (5.54) | 2.60 (0.87,4.86) | 0.93 (−0.16,2.24) |
Region | ||||||||||
East China | 113 | 66.58 (21.65) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | Reference | 0.6066 (0.2101) | 0.6430 (0.5200,0.7350) | Reference | 3.36 (4.35) | 1.98 (0.88,4.21) | Reference |
Central China | 78 | 64.5 (19.46) | 65.00 (50.00,80.00) | −2.67 (−9.21,3.46) | 0.5917 (0.2194) | 0.6430 (0.5690,0.7290) | −0.0211 (−0.0895,0.0422) | 3.02 (2.89) | 2.25 (1.01,4.35) | −0.27 (−1.51,0.81) |
West China | 58 | 66.64 (20.29) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | −1.27 (−8.85,5.80) | 0.5343 (0.2337) | 0.5815 (0.3808,0.6430) | −0.0774 (−0.1488, −0.0033)g
| 4.47 (5.35) | 2.64 (1.36,5.44) | 1.21 (−0.34,2.87) |
Hospital e
| ||||||||||
Level 3 | 172 | 65.62 (19.88) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | Reference | 0.6003 (0.1956) | 0.6430 (0.5440,0.7350) | Reference | 3.19 (3.53) | 2.12 (1.04,4.02) | Reference |
Level 2 | 58 | 66.43 (22.89) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | 0.69 (−6.22,7.34) | 0.5339 (0.2797) | 0.6430 (0.3650,0.7290) | −0.0574 (−0.1382,0.0129) | 4.59 (5.96) | 2.57 (1.25,5.5) | 1.33 (−0.10,3.44) |
Level 1 and lower | 19 | 67.37 (20.84) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | 0.80 (−11.79,11.42) | 0.6032 (0.2065) | 0.6430 (0.4955,0.7380) | 0.0100 (−0.0941,0.0998) | 3.08 (3.58) | 1.95 (0.83,4.6) | −0.29 (−1.95,1.76) |
Virus type | ||||||||||
Untyped f
| 183 | 64.96 (19.94) | 70.00 (50.00,80.00) | Reference | 0.5770 (0.2220) | 0.6430 (0.4770,0.7290) | Reference | 3.74 (4.63) | 2.17 (1.07,4.86) | Reference |
Influenza A | 30 | 67.83 (22.12) | 70.00 (52.50,80.00) | 0.63 (−8.18,10.13) | 0.6382 (0.2139) | 0.6430 (0.5875,0.7350) | 0.0575 (−0.0335,0.1317) | 2.35 (2.52) | 1.52 (0.50,3.25) | −1.45 (−2.94, −0.14)g
|
Influenza B | 36 | 69.39 (22.73) | 77.50 (56.00,86.25) | 3.55 (−4.96,11.79) | 0.5821 (0.2119) | 0.6430 (0.4648,0.7290) | −0.0301 (−0.1191,0.0390) | 3.29 (3.07) | 2.71 (1.11,3.98) | 0.25 (−0.91,1.42) |