Introduction
Nature & Extent of Child Abuse & Exposure to Parental IPV
Domestic Violence Outcomes
Aim of the Study
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RQ1: Do outcomes differ for young adolescents who are exposed to parental IPV, young adolescents who experienced physical abuse by a parent, and a comparison group…?
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RQ1a: …for anxiety
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RQ1b: …for ways of coping with stress
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RQ1c: …for anger
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RQ1d: …for self-efficacy
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RQ2: How do outcomes (i.e., anxiety, ways of coping with stress, anger, and self-efficacy) relate in all groups (i.e., exposure to parental IPV, physical abuse, and comparison)?
Methodology
Participants, Data Collection, & Procedures
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Category 1: Victims of Physical Abuse (psychological, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated by a parent or caregiver against the subject)
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Category 2: Victims of Exposure to Parental IPV (witnessing psychological, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated by one parent against another)
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Category 3: Comparison Group (no physical abuse or exposure to parental IPV)
Measures
Data Analyses
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RQ1. A one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s Post Hoc Test was conducted to examine whether groups (i.e., victims of physical abuse, victims of exposure to IPV, and comparison group) differ in terms of specified characteristics associated with abuse (separately for every dependent variable to test for unique associations).
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RQ2. Correlation analysis was performed to examine if the selected variables (i.e., anxiety, ways of coping with stress, anger, and self-efficacy) correlate in all groups or whether they are differentiated by type of exposure to domestic violence; correlation analysis (Pearson’s r coefficient with correlation significance t-test) was conducted separately for each group with the use of the z test (with Fisher’s r-to-z transformation) to establish (for pairs) the relevance of differences in correlation coefficients between different groups.
Results
Variables | Victims of physical abuse (N = 30) | Victims of exposure to IPV (N = 30) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
| |
Physical violence | ||||
Hitting | 30 | 22.06 | 27 | 26.73 |
Kicking | 14 | 10.29 | 2 | 1.98 |
Shoving | 11 | 8.09 | 29 | 28.71 |
Pushing | 24 | 17.65 | 24 | 23.76 |
Slapping | 4 | 2.94 | 6 | 5.94 |
Stabbing | – | – | – | – |
Clubbing | 1 | 0.74 | – | – |
Pinching | 1 | 0.74 | – | – |
Kneeing | 8 | 5.88 | 4 | 3.96 |
Punching | 6 | 4.41 | 2 | 1.98 |
Choking | 2 | 1.47 | 2 | 1.98 |
Belting | 28 | 20.59 | 2 | 1.98 |
Wringing hands | 7 | 5.14 | 3 | 2.97 |
Psychological violence | ||||
Threating | 26 | 16.00 | 19 | 13.67 |
Derogatory comments | 25 | 15.33 | 21 | 15.11 |
Cursing | 27 | 16.60 | 29 | 20.86 |
Humiliating | 23 | 14.11 | 19 | 13.67 |
Mocking | 18 | 11.04 | 21 | 15.11 |
Actions to imply the victim guilty | 15 | 9.20 | 13 | 9.35 |
Controlling | 19 | 11.66 | 11 | 7.91 |
Enabling contacts with others | 10 | 6.13 | 6 | 4.32 |
Another type of behavior | ||||
Destroying personal belongings | 11 | 45.83 | 19 | 22.35 |
Devastating flat | 2 | 8.33 | 19 | 22.35 |
Selling family properties | – | – | 15 | 17.64 |
No financial support | – | – | 6 | 7.06 |
Limiting access to money | 1 | 4.17 | 16 | 18.82 |
Forcing to alcohol drinking | 6 | 25.00 | 8 | 9.42 |
Forcing to psychoactive substances intake | 4 | 16.67 | 2 | 2.36 |
Mean Value Analysis (Question 1)
Variables | Victims of physical abuse | Victims of exposure to IPV | Comparison group | ANOVA* | Effect size** | Post Hoc tests*** | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD)
|
M (SD)
|
M (SD)
|
F
|
P
| |||
Anxiety - Trait (STAI X-2) | 40.03 (7.56) | 34.47 (7.28) | 32.67 (7.57) | 7.932 | .001 | .154 | 1–2; 1–3 |
Stress-coping Strategies**** (JSR) | |||||||
Active coping | 5.10 (3.13) | 4.53 (2.42) | 4.90 (2.96) | .304 | .739 | .007 | |
Focus on emotions | 5.30 (3.66) | 3.63 (2.77) | 3.30 (3.41) | 3.162 | .051 | .068 | |
Seeking social support | 4.87 (3.17) | 5.47 (2.99) | 4.30 (2.95) | 1.106 | .335 | .025 | |
Anger Expression (SEG) | |||||||
External anger | 31.47 (8.51) | 30.40 (7.56) | 25.00 (6.61) | 6.241 | .003 | .125 | 1–3; 2–3 |
Internal anger | 27.80 (7.71) | 27.47 (6.38) | 30.60 (4.89) | 2.149 | .123 | .047 | |
Personal Competence (KompOs) | |||||||
Strength (Scale A) | 14.07 (3.04) | 15.77 (3.77) | 16.77 (2.84) | 5.329 | .007 | .109 | 1–3 |
Perseverance (Scale B) | 14.17 (3.31) | 15.87 (3.62) | 18.33 (2.88) | 12.209 | .000 | .219 | 1–3; 2–3 |
Correlation Analysis (Question 2)
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between inward anger and trait anxiety: high, negative correlation in the exposure to parental IPV group (r = −.590, p < .010) with low, non-significant and negative correlation in the physical abuse group
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between personal competence (strength) and coping strategy focused on emotions: high, negative correlation in the exposure to parental IPV group (r = −.474, p < .010) with low, non-significant and positive correlation in the physical abuse group
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between personal competence (perseverance) and seeking social support: low, negative and non-significant correlation in the exposure to parental IPV group with moderate, significant and positive correlation in the physical abuse group (r = .363, p < .05)