Background
Methods
Participants
Measures
Statistical procedures
-
Robust three-way analyses were calculated in R [42] by applying the procedure t3way [41, 43], a heteroscedastic method for trimmed means with estimates of standard errors and degrees of freedom adjusted for the amount of trimming, unequal variances and unequal sample sizes. This method provides a test value ('Q') which can be used to test null-hypotheses of main effects and interactions and adjusted critical values ('crit.') for the 1-alpha quantile of a chi-square distribution.
-
Robust post-hoc pairwise comparisons were computed in R [42] by using the bootstrap procedure linconb6 [44], an expansion of the procedure lincon [43], which allows unequal variances; 599 bootstrap samples were taken by default; familywise 95% confidence intervals, corresponding to a 5% probability of making at least one Type I error when performing multiple tests, were calculated.
-
The residuals of linear regression analyses on age [45] were used instead of raw scores in order to adjust statistics for age effects.
-
Effect sizes are reported in units of standard deviations, calculated by converting the T-scores (Conners' questionnaires), the prorated IQ, and the standard scores of the IQ subscales, or by use of the scores of a British normative sample in the case of the SDQ [46].
Results
Conners questionnaires
Parent ratings | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age
|
Centre1°
|
Status° |
Gender° |
Centre × Status° |
Centre × Gender° |
Status × Gender° |
Centre × Status × Gender° | ||||||||||||||||
rho
|
p
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
| |
A
| 0.063 | 0.002 | 69.2 | 22.9 | *** | 595.9 | 4.01 | *** | 0.55 | 4.01 | 103 | 22.9 | *** | 17.9 | 22.9 | 16.5 | 4.01 | *** | 22.0 | 22.9 | |||
B
| 0.002 | 0.919 | 13.8 | 22.7 | 881.2 | 4.05 | *** | 28.7 | 4.05 | *** | 81.4 | 22.7 | *** | 6.87 | 22.7 | 70.3 | 4.05 | *** | 10.6 | 22.7 | |||
C
| 0.099 | 0.000 | 12.3 | 20.8 | 2001 | 3.94 | *** | 1.71 | 3.94 | 69.0 | 20.8 | *** | 8.43 | 20.8 | 53.1 | 3.94 | *** | 14.3 | 20.8 | ||||
D
| 0.076 | 0.001 | 16.8 | 25.0 | 82.1 | 4.05 | *** | 3.84 | 4.05 | 42.5 | 25.0 | ** | 8.42 | 25.0 | 14.6 | 4.05 | *** | 11.8 | 25.0 | ||||
E
| -0.073 | 0.000 | 168.0 | 23.8 | *** | 76.06 | 4.11 | *** | 1.74 | 4.11 | 32.8 | 23.8 | ** | 14.1 | 23.8 | 1.67 | 4.11 | 17.7 | 23.8 | ||||
F
| -0.002 | 0.938 | 31.4 | 24.7 | * | 371.3 | 4.03 | *** | 6.41 | 4.03 | * | 43.0 | 24.7 | ** | 24.0 | 24.7 | 15.6 | 4.03 | *** | 26.6 | 24.7 | * | |
G
| 0.020 | 0.312 | 21.6 | 24.7 | 69.78 | 4.03 | *** | 8.75 | 4.03 | ** | 12.4 | 24.7 | 14.2 | 24.7 | 6.22 | 4.03 | * | 6.69 | 24.7 | ||||
H
| 0.053 | 0.008 | 32.3 | 20.7 | ** | 1327 | 4.00 | *** | 19.5 | 4.00 | *** | 109 | 20.7 | *** | 9.5 | 20.7 | 90.6 | 4.00 | *** | 20.5 | 20.7 | ||
I
| 0.080 | 0.000 | 17.1 | 21.3 | 1343 | 3.99 | *** | 4.94 | 3.99 | * | 95.3 | 21.3 | *** | 3.08 | 21.3 | 59.0 | 3.99 | *** | 7.79 | 21.3 | |||
J
| 0.125 | 0.000 | 65.7 | 23.4 | *** | 299.7 | 4.11 | *** | 0.44 | 4.11 | 79.4 | 23.4 | *** | 15.7 | 23.4 | 12.9 | 4.11 | ** | 18.5 | 23.4 | |||
K
| 0.099 | 0.000 | 17.8 | 21.8 | 1133 | 4.00 | *** | 1.68 | 4.00 | 104 | 21.8 | *** | 6.29 | 21.8 | 50.2 | 4.00 | *** | 11.8 | 21.8 | ||||
L
| 0.045 | 0.027 | 15.9 | 22.3 | 1057 | 3.98 | *** | 27.8 | 3.98 | *** | 108 | 22.3 | *** | 6.95 | 22.3 | 78.0 | 3.98 | *** | 15.3 | 22.3 | |||
M
| 0.072 | 0.000 | 14.8 | 21.1 | 1850 | 3.96 | *** | 3.90 | 3.96 | 66.1 | 21.1 | *** | 6.79 | 21.1 | 46.7 | 3.96 | *** | 11.2 | 21.1 | ||||
N
| 0.070 | 0.001 | 10.0 | 20.6 | 1823 | 3.95 | *** | 17.5 | 3.95 | *** | 101 | 20.6 | *** | 8.14 | 20.6 | 84.9 | 3.95 | *** | 16.9 | 20.6 | |||
Mean
§
| 0.0628 | 36.2 | 22.6 | 922.1 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 4.0 | 74.7 | 22.6 | 10.7 | 22.6 | 42.9 | 4.0 | 15.1 | 22.6 | ||||||||
Teacher ratings
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Age
|
Centre
°
|
Status
°
|
Gender
°
|
Centre × Status
°
|
Centre × Gender
°
|
Status × Gender
°
|
Centre × Status × Gender
°
| ||||||||||||||||
rho
|
p
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
| |
A
| 0.060 | 0.004 | 85.5 | 25.1 | *** | 159.7 | 4.22 | *** | 0.68 | 4.22 | 19.5 | 25.1 | 8.28 | 25.1 | 4.90 | 4.22 | * | 11.2 | 25.1 | ||||
B
| 0.122 | 0.000 | 55.2 | 23.8 | *** | 235.1 | 3.97 | *** | 9.94 | 3.97 | ** | 12.1 | 23.8 | 16.3 | 23.8 | 18.4 | 3.97 | *** | 10.5 | 23.8 | |||
C
| 0.114 | 0.000 | 32.9 | 22.1 | ** | 560.0 | 3.96 | *** | 33.7 | 3.96 | *** | 10.4 | 22.1 | 19.8 | 22.1 | 29.8 | 3.96 | *** | 18.5 | 22.1 | |||
D
| 0.151 | 0.000 | 30.3 | 26.1 | * | 43.42 | 4.27 | *** | 1.06 | 4.27 | 4.6 | 26.1 | 5.82 | 26.1 | 1.64 | 4.27 | 9.6 | 26.1 | |||||
E
| -0.024 | 0.254 | 104 | 22.2 | *** | 39.09 | 4.02 | *** | 6.82 | 4.02 | * | 8.8 | 22.2 | 9.66 | 22.2 | 1.54 | 4.02 | 6.90 | 22.2 | ||||
F
| 0.057 | 0.006 | 30.3 | 25.1 | * | 146.2 | 4.20 | *** | 6.23 | 4.20 | * | 24.9 | 25.1 | 40.3 | 25.1 | ** | 6.63 | 4.20 | * | 37.1 | 25.1 | ** | |
H
| 0.134 | 0.000 | 74.0 | 21.3 | *** | 647.7 | 3.95 | *** | 30.9 | 3.95 | *** | 8.8 | 21.3 | 24.97 | 21.3 | * | 44.3 | 3.95 | *** | 16.4 | 21.3 | ||
I
| 0.115 | 0.000 | 43.1 | 21.0 | *** | 622.8 | 3.98 | *** | 27.0 | 3.98 | *** | 11.6 | 21.0 | 27.2 | 21.0 | * | 43.1 | 3.98 | *** | 14.4 | 21.0 | ||
J
| 0.087 | 0.000 | 48.3 | 22.7 | *** | 224.2 | 3.96 | *** | 0.01 | 3.96 | 36.5 | 22.7 | ** | 51.4 | 22.7 | *** | 2.58 | 3.96 | 59.4 | 22.7 | *** | ||
K
| 0.102 | 0.000 | 59.4 | 21.0 | *** | 618.4 | 3.94 | *** | 14.1 | 3.94 | *** | 11.5 | 21.0 | 27.6 | 21.0 | * | 30.1 | 3.94 | *** | 17.6 | 21.0 | ||
L
| 0.145 | 0.000 | 77.7 | 21.2 | *** | 496.8 | 3.90 | *** | 24.6 | 3.90 | *** | 5.6 | 21.2 | 35.9 | 21.2 | ** | 32.9 | 3.90 | *** | 17.3 | 21.2 | ||
M
| 0.083 | 0.000 | 34.2 | 21.4 | ** | 639.1 | 3.93 | *** | 39.1 | 3.93 | *** | 11.2 | 21.4 | 13.0 | 21.4 | 38.6 | 3.93 | *** | 16.4 | 21.4 | |||
N
| 0.147 | 0.000 | 69.3 | 20.9 | *** | 844.9 | 3.91 | *** | 57.2 | 3.91 | *** | 8.2 | 20.9 | 22.9 | 20.9 | * | 55.7 | 3.91 | *** | 16.8 | 20.9 | ||
Mean
§
| 0.0958 | 57.3 | 22.6 | 406.0 | 4.0 | 19.3 | 4.0 | 13.3 | 22.6 | 23.3 | 22.6 | 23.9 | 4.0 | 19.4 | 22.6 |
Status effects (siblings vs. probands)
Family status by gender interactions
Gender effects and centre by gender interactions
Study-centre effects and centre by status interactions
Post hoc pairwise comparisons between study-centres
Informant effects and interactions
Effects of gender and informant° | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Informant | Status × Informant | Gender × Informant | Status × Gender × Informant | |||||
Q
|
P
|
Q
|
P
|
Q
|
p
|
Q
|
p
| |
A
| 7.909 | 0.005 | 11.428 | 0.001 | 0.050 | 0.823 | 0.745 | 0.388 |
B
| 12.200 | 0.000 | 116.045 | 0.000 | 1.458 | 0.228 | 16.505 | 0.000 |
C
| 0.001 | 0.970 | 75.375 | 0.000 | 19.397 | 0.000 | 0.495 | 0.482 |
D
| 1.190 | 0.276 | 1.767 | 0.184 | 1.173 | 0.279 | 2.029 | 0.155 |
E
| 0.436 | 0.509 | 6.123 | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.896 | 1.694 | 0.193 |
F
| 6.333 | 0.012 | 38.783 | 0.000 | 0.530 | 0.467 | 2.896 | 0.089 |
H
| 0.004 | 0.949 | 15.906 | 0.000 | 2.979 | 0.085 | 0.698 | 0.404 |
I
| 0.217 | 0.641 | 41.139 | 0.000 | 6.117 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.989 |
J
| 1.391 | 0.239 | 0.035 | 0.852 | 0.004 | 0.947 | 0.429 | 0.513 |
K
| 0.002 | 0.967 | 15.127 | 0.000 | 2.110 | 0.147 | 0.025 | 0.874 |
L
| 3.218 | 0.073 | 70.426 | 0.000 | 0.146 | 0.702 | 8.148 | 0.004 |
M
| 0.050 | 0.823 | 43.202 | 0.000 | 15.097 | 0.000 | 1.631 | 0.202 |
N
| 0.207 | 0.649 | 75.474 | 0.000 | 6.687 | 0.010 | 1.400 | 0.237 |
Strengths and difficulties questionnaire
Age effects
Parent ratings | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Centre° | Status° | Gender° |
Centre × Status° |
Centre × Gender° |
Status × Gender° |
Centre × Status × Gender° | ||||||||||||||||
rho
|
P
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Cri
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
.Cri
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
| |
CP
| -0.023 | 0.265 | 44.6 | 24.3 | *** | 344.1 | 4.04 | *** | 8.06 | 4.04 | ** | 36 | 24.3 | ** | 12.4 | 24.3 | 10.0 | 4.04 | ** | 10.2 | 24.3 | ||
EP
| 0.020 | 0.334 | 19.6 | 23.4 | 122.8 | 3.98 | *** | 1.0 | 3.98 | 27.0 | 23.4 | * | 15.70 | 23.4 | 2.6 | 3.98 | 29.8 | 23.4 | * | ||||
H
| -0.046 | 0.022 | 26.7 | 19.9 | ** | 1653 | 3.89 | *** | 58.90 | 3.89 | *** | 151.3 | 19.9 | *** | 15.52 | 19.9 | 40.6 | 3.89 | *** | 14.9 | 19.9 | ||
PB(i)
| 0.030 | 0.133 | 152 | 22.9 | *** | 69.35 | 4.41 | *** | 32.34 | 4.41 | *** | 48.1 | 22.9 | *** | 14.0 | 22.9 | 5.56 | 4.41 | * | 14.6 | 22.9 | ||
PP
| 0.021 | 0.520 | 23.6 | 24.7 | 200.0 | 4.23 | *** | 2.26 | 4.23 | 28.6 | 24.7 | * | 16.0 | 24.7 | 3.8 | 4.23 | 20.5 | 24.7 | |||||
AvP
| -0.008 | 0.681 | 16.3 | 22.2 | 937.71 | 3.95 | *** | 16.82 | 3.95 | *** | 90.3 | 22.2 | *** | 20.1 | 22.2 | 25.83 | 3.95 | *** | 19.36 | 22.2 | |||
SCQ
| 0.009 | 0.673 | 699.9 | 24.0 | *** | 107.9 | 4.31 | *** | 6.88 | 4.31 | * | 78 | 24.0 | *** | 15.6 | 24.0 | 3.6 | 4.31 | 15.8 | 24.0 | |||
Teacher ratings
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Age
|
Centre°
|
Status°
|
Gender°
|
Centre × Status
°
|
Centre × Gender
°
|
Status × Gender
°
|
Centre × Status × Gender
°
| ||||||||||||||||
rho
|
P
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Cri
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
.Cri
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
| |
CP
| -0.005 | 0.809 | 52.5 | 24.5 | *** | 120.9 | 4.37 | *** | 15.53 | 4.37 | *** | 7 | 24.5 | 5.9 | 24.5 | 1.0 | 4.37 | 16.6 | 24.5 | ||||
EP
| 0.068 | 0.001 | 23.0 | 24.8 | 52.2 | 4.09 | *** | 3.2 | 4.09 | 2.6 | 24.8 | 9.43 | 24.8 | 4.2 | 4.09 | * | 8.9 | 24.8 | |||||
H
| -0.058 | 0.005 | 38.6 | 20.9 | *** | 602 | 3.92 | *** | 60.33 | 3.92 | *** | 10.1 | 20.9 | 24.59 | 20.9 | * | 11.9 | 3.92 | *** | 9.3 | 20.9 | ||
PB(i)
| 0.038 | 0.062 | 53.1 | 22.7 | *** | 95.2 | 4.01 | *** | 40.64 | 4.01 | *** | 21.1 | 22.7 | 19.80 | 22.7 | 2.8 | 4.01 | 7.4 | 22.7 | ||||
PP
| 0.028 | 0.175 | 41 | 23.8 | ** | 127.33 | 4.18 | *** | 1.60 | 4.18 | 9.9 | 23.8 | 14.4 | 23.8 | 1.43 | 4.18 | 13.8 | 23.8 | |||||
AvP
| 0.000 | 0.991 | 69.4 | 23.4 | *** | 361.5 | 4.11 | *** | 17.75 | 4.11 | *** | 6.8 | 23.4 | 24.2 | 23.4 | * | 8.1 | 4.11 | ** | 7.4 | 23.4 |
Average Problem scale
Effects of family status (probands vs. siblings)
Effects of gender
Family status interactions with gender
Main effects of study-centre and its interactions
Effects of the informant and the interactions
Effects of informant (with gender or status)° | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Informant
|
Status × Informant
|
Gender × Informant
|
Status × Gender × Informant
| |||||
Q
|
p
|
Q
|
p
|
Q
|
p
|
Q
|
p
| |
CP
| 6.049 | 0.014 | 65.184 | 0.000 | 2.184 | 0.140 | 3.104 | 0.078 |
EP
| 12.008 | 0.001 | 41.739 | 0.000 | 0.745 | 0.388 | 2.344 | 0.126 |
H
| 2.601 | 0.107 | 8.616 | 0.003 | 0.308 | 0.579 | 0.211 | 0.646 |
PB
| 1.946 | 0.163 | 44.041 | 0.000 | 4.097 | 0.043 | 0.982 | 0.322 |
PP
| 0.347 | 0.556 | 0.308 | 0.579 | 2.976 | 0.085 | 0.466 | 0.495 |
AvP
| 3.897 | 0.049 | 31.646 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.964 | 2.336 | 0.127 |
Social communication questionnaire
Intelligence
Effects of age
Age effects
|
Centre effects° |
Gender effects° |
Status effects° | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N |
rho
|
p
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit
|
Sig
|
Q
|
Crit |
Sig
| ||||||||||||
IQ
| 1828 | -0.106 | 0.000 | 91.7 | 23.4 | *** | 4.49 | 4.19 | * | 7.5 | 4.2 |
*
| |||||||||||
V §
| 1844 | -0.137 | 0.000 | 136.2 | 21.7 | *** | 8.58 | 4.01 | ** | 10.9 | 4.0 | ** | |||||||||||
S §
| 1788 | -0.117 | 0.000 | 86.9 | 21.6 | *** | 3.76 | 4.17 | 5.1 | 4.2 | * | ||||||||||||
PC §
| 1788 | -0.060 | 0.012 | 110.6 | 21.5 | *** | 8.78 | 4.03 | ** | 0.7 | 4.0 | ||||||||||||
BD §
| 1845 | -0.007 | 0.777 | 30.5 | 19.9 | ** | 2.67 | 3.97 | 7.7 | 4.0 | ** | ||||||||||||
DS §
| 1820 | 0.002 | 0.918 | 42.7 | 21.7 | *** | 0.41 | 4.03 | 16.3 | 4.0 | *** |