Introduction
Methods
Results
Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases
Study | Country | Source | Sample Size | Prevalence | Incidence per person 1000 years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myocardial infarction | |||||
Abbott et al. [8] | USA | Framingham Study | 113 | 19.47 | |
Chen et al. [14] | Taiwan | Ho-Ping Gout Database, inpatients | 22,572 | 1.74 | |
Essex et al. [15] | USA | Humedica database | 65,329 | 1.71 | |
Janssens et al. [16] | Netherlands | GP Database | 1859 | 2.04 | |
Kuo et al. [3] | Taiwan | Taiwanese National Health Insurance database | 26,556 | 1.74 | 2.2 |
Seminog et al. (HES) [10] | UK | Hospital Episode Statistics for England | 202,033 | 5.44 | |
Seminog et al. (ORLS) [10] | UK | Oxford Record Linkage Study | 3174 | 2.8 | |
Singh et al. MI [17] | USA | Medicare 5% claims data | 94,809 | 1.32 | 4.1 |
Clarson et al. [18] | UK | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 8386 | M 9.27, F 6.11 | |
Cerebrovascular accident | |||||
Janssens et al. [16] | Netherlands | GP Database | 1859 | 1.56 | |
Seminog et al. (HES) [10] | UK | Hospital Episode Statistics for England | 202,033 | 4.93 | |
Seminog et al. (ORLS) [10] | UK | Oxford Record Linkage Study | 3174 | 9.45 | |
Clarson et al. [18] | UK | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 8386 | M 7.45, F 13.71 | |
Colantonio et al. [11] | USA | REGARDS cohort | 187 | 9.3 | |
Heart failure | |||||
Essex et al. [15] | USA | Humedica database | 65,329 | 5.41 | |
Francis-Sedlak et al. [19] | USA | Humanan Research Database | 6831 | 22.82 | |
Janssens et al. [16] | Netherlands | GP Database | 1859 | 1.67 | |
Lin et al. [20] | Taiwan | N/A | 108 | 23.15 | |
Colantonio et al. [11] | USA | REGARDS cohort | 187 | 13.1 | |
Venous thromboembolism | |||||
Chiu et al. [21] | Taiwan | Taiwanese National Health Insurance database | 35,959 | 1.02 | 1.348 |
Kubota et al. [22] | USA | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study | 647 | 6.18 | |
Raisch et al. ABSTRACT [23] | USA | Veterans Affairs national database | 156,809 | 1.62 | |
Li et al. [24] | Canada | Population Data BC Database | 130,708 | 1.58 | 2.63 |
Sultan et al. [25] | UK | Primary Care and NHS Hospital databases | 62,234 | 2.38 | 3.73 |
Huang et al. [26] | Taiwan | National Health Insurance Research database | 57,981 | 0.526 | |
Cardiovascular mortality | |||||
Disveld et al. [27] | Netherlands | Gout Arnhem-Liemers Cohort | 700 | 7.71 | |
Kuo et al. [28] | Taiwan | Health screening programme in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital | 1311 | 2.09 | |
Stack et al. [29] | USA | Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | 468 | 23.1 | |
Hypertension | |||||
Essex et al. [15] | USA | Humedica database | 65,329 | 17.79 | |
Francis-Sedlak et al. [19] | USA | Humanan Research Database | 6831 | 84.22 | |
Meek et al. [30] | Netherlands | Arthritis Center Twente (outpatients) and the Doetinchem Cohort | 129 | 83 | |
Pan et al. [31] | China | Singapore Chinese Health Study | 573 | 52.54 | |
Angina | |||||
Abbott et al. [8] | USA | Framingham Study | 113 | 20.35 | |
Janssens et al. [16] | Netherlands | GP Database | 1859 | 0.97 | |
Clarson et al. [18] | UK | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 8386 | M 11.80, F 12.32 | |
Transient ischaemic attack | |||||
Janssens et al. [16] | Netherlands | GP Database | 1859 | 0.81 | |
Clarson et al. [18] | UK | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 8386 | M 6.04, F 9.34 | |
Atrial fibrillation | |||||
Francis-Sedlak et al. [19] | USA | Humanan Research Database | 6831 | 21.48 | |
Kim et al. [32] | USA | United Health Care database | 70,015 | 1.47 | 7.19 |
Singh et al. AF [13] | USA | Medicare 5% claims data | N/A | 43.4 | |
Peripheral vascular disease | |||||
Janssens et al. [16] | Netherlands | GP Database | 1859 | 1.51 | |
Clarson et al. [18] | UK | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 8386 | M 5.60, F 7.09 | |
Any coronary heart disease | |||||
Clarson et al. [18] | UK | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 8386 | M 28.46, F 9.11 | |
Colantonio et al. [11] | USA | REGARDS cohort | 187 | 16.0 | |
Aortic stenosis | |||||
Chang et al. [33] | USA | Outpatients | 112 | 21.43 | |
Aortic aneurysm | |||||
Janssens et al. [16] | Netherlands | GP Database | 1859 | 0.91 | |
Cardiovascular disease | |||||
Janssens et al. [34] | Netherlands | Continuous Morbidity Registration | 170 | 25.88 |
Prevalence compared with controls
Cardiovascular disease | Study | Measure of effect | Effect size | 95% confidence interval |
---|---|---|---|---|
Myocardial infarction | Clarson et al. [18] | HR for MI risk adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol, Charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities and medication | M 1.12, F 0.97 | M 1.00–1.27, F 0.77–1.22 |
Seminog et al. (HES) [10] | RR for MI adjusted for age, sex, time, area of residence and deprivation | 1.82 | 1.78–1.85 | |
Seminog et al. (ORLS) [10] | RR for MI adjusted for age, sex, time, area of residence and deprivation | 1.95 | 1.57–2.40 | |
Kuo et al. [3] | HR for incidence adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities | 1.23 | 1.11–1.36 | |
Singh et al. MI [17] | HR for incidence adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities and medication | 2.08 | 1.95–2.21 | |
Cerebrovascular accident | Clarson et al. [18] | HR for CVA risk adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol, Charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities and medication | M 0.93, F 1.34 | M 0.81–1.06, F 1.15–1.57 |
Seminog et al. (HES) [10] | RR for CVA adjusted for age, sex, time, area of residence and deprivation | 1.71 | 1.68–1.75 | |
Seminog et al. (ORLS) [10] | RR for CVA adjusted for age, sex, time, area of residence and deprivation | 1.91 | 1.70–2.14 | |
Colantonio et al. [11] | HR for prevalence adjusted for age, sex, race, region of residence, income, education, alcohol, smoking, BMI, physical activity, dietary patterns, comorbidities and medication | 0.83 | 0.48–1.43 | |
Venous thromboembolism | Chiu et al. [21] | HR for DVT risk | 1.38 | 1.18–1.62 |
Sultan et al. [25] | HR for VTE risk adjusted for age, sex, BMI, alcohol, smoking, time, deprivation, hospital admission and medication | 1.25 | 1.15–1.35 | |
Kubota et al. [22] | HR for VTE risk adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, smoking and comorbidity | 1.33 | 0.95–1.86 | |
Huang et al. [26] | HR for incidence adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities | 1.66 | 1.37–2.01 | |
Li et al. [24] | HR for incidence adjusted for age, sex, healthcare utilisation, Charlson comorbidities index, comorbidities and medications | 1.22 | 1.13–1.32 | |
Heart failure | Colantonio et al. [11] | HR for prevalence adjusted for age, sex, race, region of residence, income, education, alcohol, smoking, BMI, physical activity, dietary patterns, comorbidities and medication | 1.97 | 1.22–3.19 |
Cardiovascular mortality | Stack et al. [29] | HR for prevalence adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI and comorbidities | 1.58 | 1.13–2.19 |
Disveld et al. [27] | Standardized mortality rate | 6.75 | 4.64–8.86 | |
Atrial fibrillation | Kim et al. [32] | HR for incidence adjusted age, sex, comorbidities, medication and healthcare utilisation | 1.21 | 1.11–1.33 |
Singh et al. AF [13] | HR for incidence adjusted for age, sex and medication | 1.92 | 1.88–1.96 | |
Angina | Clarson et al. [18] | HR for angina risk adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol, charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities and medication | M 1.02, F 1.28 | M 0.92–1.13, F 1.09–1.51 |
Transient ischaemic attack | Clarson et al. [18] | HR for transient ischaemic attack risk adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol, charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities and medication | M 1.02, F 1.26 | M 0.88–1.18, F 1.05–1.53 |
Peripheral vascular disease | Clarson et al. [18] | HR for peripheral vascular disease risk adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol, charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities and medication | M 1.18, F 1.89 | M 1.01–1.38, F 1.50–2.38 |
Hypertension | Pan et al. [31] | HR for hypertension risk adjusted for age, sex, year, education, BMI, alcohol, smoking, physical activity and diabetes | 1.18 | 1.02–1.37 |
Meek et al. 2013 [30] | OR for prevalence adjusted for age and sex | 2.7 | 1.7–4.3 | |
Any coronary heart disease | Clarson et al. [18] | HR for coronary heart disease risk adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol, charlson comorbidity index, comorbidities and medication | M 1.08, F 1.25 | M 1.01–1.15, F 1.12–1.39 |
Colantonio et al. [11] | HR for prevalence adjusted for age, sex, race, region of residence, income, education, alcohol, smoking, BMI, physical activity, dietary patterns, comorbidities and medication | 1.21 | 0.79–1.84 | |
Aortic stenosis | Chang et al. [33] | OR for prevalence matched for age | 2.08 | 1.00–4.32 |