Background
Methods
Objectives
Search strategy and selection criteria
Definitions
Results
Search results
Author, study location (ref) | Study year | Population | Age | Number | Follow-up period (timing of follow-up visits) | Mean or median follow-up | Anatomical site | Outcomes (definition used for any/HR-HPV)c
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tobian, Uganda [19] | 2003–2007 | HIV + ve/-ve men | 15–49 | 999 | 2 years (6, 12, 24 m) | Mean 14.4 m | Penile | Inc (TS, total) Clr (TS) |
Kjaer, Denmark [63] | 2000–2003 | Military servicemen | 18–19 | 374 | 6 m (6 m) | Range 5.4–7.8 m | Penile | Inc (NTS) |
Backes, Kenya [17] | 2002–2005 | Uncircumcised men | 17–24 | 966 | 1 year (6, 12 m) | Median 12.1 m | Penile | Inc (NTS, first) |
Mbulawa, South Africa [22] | Not reported | HIV + ve/-ve men | 19–67 | 486 | 2 years (6, 12, 18, 24 m) | - | Penile | Inc (TS, first) Clr (TS)a
|
Videla, Spain [23] | 2005–2009 | HIV + ve men | 20- > 69 | 733 | 5 years (annual) | Median 24 m | Penile, anal, oral | Inc (NTS, first) Clr (NTS) |
Wikström A, Sweden [21] | Not reported | MSW, sexually active without clinical HPV | 18–54 | 235 | (1–5 visits) | Mean 3.5 m between visits | Penile | Inc (TS) Clr/Pers (TS) |
Gray, Uganda [18] | 2003–2006 | HIV-ve married men | 15–49 | 840 | 24 m (6, 12, 24 m) | - | Penile | Inc Clr |
Serwadda, Uganda [16] | 2003–2007 | HIV + ve men | 15–49 | 210 | 24 m (24 m) | - | Penile | Inc (TS) Clr |
Grabowski, Uganda [24] | 2003–2007 | HIV + ve/-ve men | 15–49 | 936 | 24 m (6, 12, 24 m) | - | Penile | Pers (TS) |
Giuliano, Brazil, Mexico, USA [53] | 2005–2009 | HIV-ve men | 18–70 | 1159 | 4 years (every 6 m) | Median 27.5 m | Penile | Inc (NTS, first) Clr (TS) |
Darwich, Spain [20] | 2005–2009 | HIV + ve men | 20- > 69 | 606 | 5 years (annual) | Median 24 m | Penile, anal | Incb
Clr |
de Pokomandy, Canada [38] | 2002–2007 | HIV + ve MSM | 21–66 | 247 | 3 years (every 6 m) | Mean 30.8 m | Anal | Inc Clr |
Nyitray, Brazil, Mexico, USA [35] | 2005–2009 | Men | 18–70 | MSM:156 MSW:954 | 6 m (6 m) | Median 6.7 m | Anal | Inc (TS) Clr (TS) Pers (TS) |
Goodman, Hawaii, USA [36] | 1998–2003 | Sexually active women | 18–85 | 431 | 5 years (every 4 m) | Mean 16 m | Anal | Inc (NTS, first) Clr (TS) |
Shvetsov, Hawaii [39] | 1998–2003 | Sexually active women | 18–85 | 431 | 5 years (every 4 m) | Mean 16 m | Anal | Clr (TS) |
Moscicki, USA [40] | 1990- > 2004 | Sexually active women | 13–21 | 75 | 3–9.5 years (every 4 m) | Mean 84.5 m | Anal | Clr (TS, 2+ neg) |
Mullins, USA [37] | 1996–2001 | HIV + ve and HIV-ve at risk | 12–18 | 496 | 6 years (annual) | Mean 22.4 m | Anal | Inc (NTS, first) |
Glick, USA [33] | 2009–2010 | MSM | 16–30 | 94 | 1 year (every 6 m) | - | Anal | Inc (NTS, unclear) Clr (TS) |
Hernandez, USA [34] | 1998–2000 | HIV + ve MSM | Mean 45 | 369 | 2 years (every 6 m) | - | Anal | Inc (TS, total) |
Lu, Arizona USA [31] | 2003–2005 | Men | 18–44 | 285 | 2 years (every 6 m) | Median 15.5 m | Male genital (shaft, coronal sulcus, glans, scrotum) | Inc (TS, total) Clr (TS) |
Hernandez, Hawaii [59] | 2004–2006 | Circ, UnC men | 18–79 | 357 | 2.5 years (every 2 m) | Mean 14 m | Male genital (coronal sulcus, glans, shaft, scrotum) | Clr (TS, 2+ neg) |
Giuliano, Arizona USA [25] | 2003–2005 | Men | 18–44 | 290 | 2 years (every 6 m) | Mean 15.5 m | Male genital (coronal sulcus, glans, shaft, scrotum) | Inc (NTS, first & total) Pers (NTS) Clr (NTS) |
Morales, Mexico [26] | 2003–2004 | MSW | Median 36 | 351 | 3 years (every 4 m) | Median 19.8 m | Male genital (scrotum, shaft, balano-preputial groove, urinary meatus) | Inc (NTS, unclear) Clr (TS) |
Partridge, USA [29] | 2003–2006 | MSW university students | 18–20 | 240 | 3 years (every 4 m) | Median 12.9 m | Male genital (glans &urethral meatus, shaft, scrotum) | Inc (NTS, first) |
Lajous, Mexio [27] | 2000–2003 | Male soldiers | 16–40 | 336 | 1 year (1 year) | - | Male genital (shaft, coronal sulcus, scrotum urethral meatus) | Inc (NTS) Clr (TS) Pers (TS) |
Albero, Brazil, Mexico, USA [28] | 2005–2009 | HIV-ve men | 18–70 | 4033 | 4 years (every 6 m) | Median 17.5 m | Male genital (shaft, coronal sulcus, glans, scrotum) | Inc (NTS, first) Clr (TS, 2+ neg) |
Winer, USA [43] | 1990–2000 | Female university students | 18–20 | 444 | 10 year (every 4 m) | Mean 41.2 m | Vulvovaginal | Inc (NTS, first) |
Edelstein, USA [45] | 2008–2010 | Male university students | Median 20 | 212 | 1.5 years (every 4 m) | Median 10.7 m | Oral (rinse/OP swab) | Inc (NTS, first) |
Kero, Finland [48] | Not reported | Male partners of pregnant women | 19–46 | 131 | 7 years (2, 6, 12, 24, 36 m & 7 years) | Mean at visit 1: 1.8 m, visit 2: 5.9 m, visit 3: 12.1 m, visit 4: 24.7 m, visit 5: 36.8 m, visit 6: 77.0 m | Oral (scraping) | Inc |
Kero, Finland [30] | 2006–2008 | Pregnant women and their male partners | Women: 19–46 Men: 20–52 | 46 women, 46 men | 7 years (7 years) | - | Oral (scraping), male genital (penis/urethra) | Inc (NTS) Clr (TS) |
Kero, Finland [46] | Not reported | Males partners of pregnant women | 20–52 | 129 men | 7 years (2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 7 years) | Mean in 74 HPV + ve 43.8 m | Oral (scraping) | Inc (NTS, first) Clr (TS) |
Louvanto, Finland [51] | Not reported | Women with persistent cervical HPV (≥24 months) and HPV-ve controls | Mean 25.2–26.4 | 43 cases 52 controls | 6 years (possibly annual) | Mean 65.2 m (cases) 38.4 m (controls) | Oral (scraping) | Clr(TS) |
Rintala, Finland [50] | 2006–2008 | Pregnant women and their male partners | Women: 19–46 Men: 20–52 | 331 women, 131 men | 2 years (2, 6, 12, 24 m) | Mean 26.9 m (women) 25.9 m (men) | Oral (scraping) | Inc (NTS, first) Clr (NTS) |
Pickard, USA [49] | 2009–2010 | University students | 18–30 | 1000 | 3 m (3 m) | - | Oral (rinse) | Inc (TS) Clr (TS) Pers (TS) |
D’Souza, USA [15] | 2004–2005 | HIV + ve and high-risk HIV-ve adult women | Not reported | 199 | 6 m (6 m) | - | Oral (rinse) | Inc (TS) Clr (NTS) |
Kurose, Japan [52] | 2000–2002 | Healthy volunteers | 3–85 | 662 | 2.5 years (2.5 years) | - | Oral (scraping) | Clr (TS) Pers (TS) |
Darwich, Spain [47] | 2005–2009 | HIV + ve men | Median 41 | 733 | 5 years (annual) | Median 24 m | Oral (scraping/rinse) | Clr (TS) |
Kreimer, Brazil, Mexico, USA [44] | 2007–2009 | HIV-ve men | 18–70 | 1626 | 4 years (every 6 m) | Median 12.7 m | Oral (rinse) | Inc (NTS, first) Clr (TS) |
Penile HPV infections
Incidence
Author (ref) | Population, age (years) | Incidence | Clearance | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | Any HPV | HR | 16 | 18 | Type of Infection | Unit of clearance | Any HPV | HR | 16 | 18 | ||
Penile | ||||||||||||
Tobian [19] | HIV-ve, 15–49 HIV + ve,15–49 | per 100py | 32.9 (TS) (30.0–36.0) 66.5 (60.4–72.2) | 4.2 (3.1–5.6) 10.4 (6.9–14.7) | 3.7 (2.6–5.0) 8.0 (5.1–11.8) | Prevalent | per 100py | 170.2 (TS) (156.7–184.4) 114.7 (103.3–129.1) | 168.2 (130.0–213.9) 70.3 (47.1–101.0) | 178.3 (125.6–245.8) 122.8 (83.4–174.3) | ||
Gray [18] | HIV-ve I, 15–49 HIV-ve C, 15–49 | per 100py | - | 19.7 (15.3–24.9) 29.4 (24.6–34.9) | 3.7 (1.0–6.3) 4.9 (3.1–7.6) | 1.7 (0.6–3.7) 5.6 (3.6–8.4) | Prevalent | per 100py | 190.9 (118.2–291.8) 167.6 (113.9–237.8) | 285.7 (158.4–466.8) 157.9 (88.4–260.4) | ||
Serwadda [16] | HIV + ve I, 15–49 HIV + ve C, 15–49 | % at 24 m | - | 42.0 (TS) (31.1–55.5) 57.0 (46.3–67.2) | 5.8 (1.6–14.2) 14.9 (7.7–25.0) | 4.3 (0.9–12.0) 11.1 (5.2–20.1) | Prevalent | % at 24 m | 66.7 (34.9–90.1) 63.2 (38.4–83.7) | 72.7 (39.0–94.0) 91.7 (61.5–99.8) | ||
Kjaer [63] | Military, 18–29 | % at 6 m | 13.8 (NTS) (8.6–19.0) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Backes [17] | UnC, 17–24 | per 100py | All: 59.2 (NTS, first) (51.6–67.6) Glans: 53.3 (46.1–60.5) Shaft: 25.9 (22.3–30.0) | All: 37.3 (32.0–43.2) Glans: 32.8 (28.1–38.0) Shaft: 15.7 (13.1–18.7) | All: 13.1 (10.7–15.6) Glans: 10.3 (8.3–12.7) Shaft: 5.3 (3.8–7.0) | All: 4.3 (3.1–5.9) Glans: 3.7 (2.6–5.3) Shaft: 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mbulawa [22] | All, 18–66 HIV-ve, 18–66 HIV + ve 18–66 | per 100py | 66.8 (TS, first) (52.3–83.0) 62.3 (47.2–79.5) 96.5 (57.1–163.2) | 35.7 (28.1–45.4) 29.2 (21.9–39.1) 72.9 (47.2–112.8) | 3.8 (2.2–6.5) | 4.0 (2.4–6.8) | Incident | per 100py | 114.1 (TS) (100.0–129.7) 128.2 (115.4–141.9) 96.4 (83.8–110.1) | 123.9 (106.2–144.7) | 121.5 (74.8–197.4) | 160.0 (109.4–234.0) |
HIV + ve MSM, 20- > 69 HIV + ve MSW, 20- > 69 | per 100py | 11.6 (NTS, first) (8.8–14.9) 5.1 (2.4–9.4) | - | 1.7 (0.8–2.9) 1.4 (0.4–3.7) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) 0.4 (−) | Prevalent | per 100py | 27.1 (NTS) (20.0–35.6) 23.6 (14.8–35.6) | - | 29.4 (15.1–51.4) 29.5 (10.8–64.2) | 40.0 (8.2–116.9) 14.6 (−) | |
Wikström [21] | MSW, 18–54 | % at 3.5ma
| 17.1 (TS) (9.4–27.5) | 11.4 (5.6–19.9) | 4.5 (1.3–11.2) | 0 (0–4.1) | Prevalent | % at 3.5ma- | 41.7 (TS) (15.2–72.3) | 42.9 (9.9–81.6 | 20 (0.5–71.6) | 100 (1 case only) |
Giuliano [53] | HIV-ve, 18–70 | per 100py | 46.1 (NTS, first) (41.2–51.6) | 26.7 (23.8–29.9) | 5.3 (4.3–6.4) | 2.3 (1.7–3.0) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Genital | ||||||||||||
Giuliano [25] (coronal sulcus, glans, shaft, scrotum) | Men, 18–44 | per 100py | 46.1 (NTS, Total) (41.8–61.2) 35.3 (NTS, first) (27.4–44.9) | 25.0 (19.2–31.9) 18.6 (13.4–25.0) | 5.8 (3.4–9.2) | 1.0 (0.2–2.9) | Prevalent | % at 6 m % at 12 m % at 18 m | 55.5 (NTS) 74.8 89.3 | 58.3 81.0 100 | - | - |
Morales [26] (scrotum, shaft, balano-preputial groove, urinary meatus) | MSW, median 36 | per 100py | 14.8 (NTS, unclear) (11.8–18.2) | 6.7 (4.9–8.9) | 1.7 (0.8–2.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Partridge [29] (glans &urethral meatus, shaft, scrotum) | MSW, 18–20 | % at 24 m | 62.4 (NTS, first) (52.6–72.2) | 47.9 (38.6–58.0) | 19.5 (14.0–27.2) | 7.5 (4.1–13.6) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Lajous [27] (shaft, coronal sulcus, scrotum urethral meatus) | Male soldiers, 16–40 | per 100py | 21.5 (NTS) (15.6–28.7) | 14.3 (9.8–19.9) | 2.8 (1.3–5.3) | 1.6 (0.5–3.6) | Prevalent | % at 12 m | 70.6 (TS) (61.9–78.4) | 69.0 (59.0–77.9) | 68.8 (41.3–89.0) | 100 (66.4–100) |
Albero [28] (shaft, coronal sulcus, glans, scrotum) | HIV-ve men UnC, 18–70 HIV-ve men Circ, 18–70 | per 100py | 50.5 (NTS, first) (46.4–54.9) 45.6 (41–50.5) | 28.4 (26.2–30.8) 28.7 (25.9–31.8) | 5.8 (5–6.6) 6.6 (5.6–7.8) | 2.5 (2–3) 2.9 (2.3–3.7) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Kero [30] (penis/urethra) | Male partners of pregnant women, 20–52 | % at 7 years | 32.3 (NTS) (16.7–51.4) | - | - | - | Prevalent | % at 7 years | 88.9 % (TS) (51.8–99.7) | - | - | - |
Clearance and persistence
% (95 % CI) persistent at end of time frame | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Reference | Population, age (years) | Infection type | Time-frame (months) | Any HPV | HR | 16 | 18 |
Penile | Wikström; Sweden [21] | MSW, 18–54 | Prevalent/ Incident | 3.5 | 50 (23–77) | 57 (18–90) | 75 (19–99) | 0 (0–98) |
Grabowski; Uganda [24] | HIV- men, 15–49 HIV+ men, 15–49 | Prevalent Prevalent | 6 12 24 6 12 24 | 31 (27–37) 25 (20–30) 12 (9–16) 43 (37–48) 28 (23–34) 29 (25–34) | ||||
Anal | Nyitray; Brazil, Mexico, USA [35] | MSM, 18–70 MSW, 18–70 | Prevalent Prevalent | 6 6 | 59 (48–70) 32 (24–41) | 51 (36–66) 24 (14–37) | 73 (39–94) 0 (0–16) | 38 (9–76) 0 (0–84) |
Male Genital | Lajous; Mexico [27] | Male soldiers, 16–40 | Prevalent | 12 | 29.4 (21.6–38.2) | 31.0 (22.1–41.0) | 31.3 (11.0–58.7) | 0 (0–33.6) |
Oral | Pickard; USA [49] | Male/female students, 18–30 | Prevalent | 3 | 38 (19–59) | 42 (15–72) | 0 (0–98) | |
Kurose; Japan [52] | Male/female volunteers, 3–85 | Prevalent | 30 | 50 (9–93) | 0 (0–98) | 0 (0–98) | - |
Cervical infections in comparable populations
Ref, site | Population, age (years) | Incidence (95 % CI) | Clearance (95 % CI) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | Any | HR | 16 | 18 | Inf. type | Unit | Any | HR | 16 | 18 | ||
Darwich; Spain; Penile [20] | HIV + ve MSM, 20- > 69 | Per 100py | - | - | 1.7 (0.8–2.9) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | Prev | Per 100py | - | - | 29.4 (15.1–51.4) | 40.0 (8.2–116.9) |
HIV + ve MSW, 20- > 69 | Per 100py | - | - | 1.4 (0.4–3.7) | 0.3 (ND) | Prev | Per 100py | - | - | 29.5 (10.8–64.2) | 14.6 (−) | |
Videla; Spain; Cervical [64] | HIV + ve women, 20–64 | % at 36 m | - | - | 9 (3.4–18.5) | 7 (2.6–14.6) | Prev | % at 36 m | - | - | 46 (26.6–66.6) | 29 (3.7–71.0) |
Comment: Study period 1999–2003 for women v. 2005–2009 for men | ||||||||||||
Mbulawa; South Africa; Penile [22] | HIV + ve/-ve Men in a relationship, 19–67 | Per 100py | 66.8 (TS, first) (52.3–83.0) | 35.7 (28.1–45.4) | 3.8 (2.2–6.5) | 4.0 (2.4–6.8) | Prev/Inc | Per 100py | 114.1 (TS) (100–130.7) | 124.9 (106.2–144.7) | 121.5 (74.8–197.4) | 160.0 (109.4–234.0) |
Mbulawa; South Africa; Cervical [22] | HIV + ve/-ve Women in a relationship, 18–66 | Per 100py | 40.7 (TS) (31.7–52.2) | 18.7 (13.8–25.7) | 2.4 (1.3–4.7) | 1.4 (0.6–3.3) | Prev/Inc | Per 100py | 80.3 (TS) (68.4–94.2) | 74.7 (61.3–91.4) | 38.9 (16.7–90.5) | 127.9 (85.2–94.2) |
Comment: Incidence and clearance significantly higher in men v. women. In type- adjusted analyses, incidence remained higher in men by age group and HIV status; clearance remained higher in men by age group and HIV + ve (96.4 versus 66.0/100 person-years), but not HIV-ve (128.1 versus 132.1/100 person-years) | ||||||||||||
Giuliano; USA (Arizona); Male genital [25] | Adult men, 18–44 | Per 100py | 46.1 (NTS, total) (41.8–61.2) 35.3 (NTS, first) (27.4–44.9) | 25.0) (19.2–31.9) 18.6) (13.4–25.0) | 5.3 (3.4–9.2) | 1.0 (0.2–2.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Giuliano; USA (Arizona); Cervical [32] | Women attending gynecology clinic,18–35 | Per 100py | 35.3 (NTS, first) (24.7–48.8) | - | 7.1 (3.7–12.1) | 1.0 (0.1–3.5) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Comment: Study period 2003–2005 for men v. 1996–1999 for women; follow-up at 6, 12, and 24 months for men v. 4 and 10 months for women. Med time to clearance anal v. cervical: 5.9 m (5.7–6.1) v. ~9 m for any HPV; 5.8 m (5.5–6.1) v. 8.5 m for HR-HPV. PGMY09/11 assay used to detect types 61, 62, 64, 67, 69, 72, 81, IS39, and CP6108 in anal but not cervical samples | ||||||||||||
Sexually active women, 18–85 | Per 100py | 56.3 (NTS, first) (48.5–65.0) | 23.4 (19.2–28.3) | 3.0 (1.8–4.8) | 2.3 (1.2–3.9) | Inc | Per 100py | 89.3 (TS) (67.8–115.4) | 110.0 (83.3–142.4) | 141.2 (73.0–246.7) | 130.0 (47.6–282.8) | |
Goodman; USA (Hawaii); Cervical [41] | Sexually active women, 18–85 | Per 100py | 15.6 (NTS, first) (12.9–18.7) | 11.1 (9.0–13.6) | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 0.6 (0.2–1.2) | Inc | Per 100py | 85.1 (TS) (64.2–110.4) | 92.0 (67.8–122.0) | 86.4 (41.4–158.9) | 69.7 (14.4–203.6) |
Comment: 431 of 972 women in cervical analysis as per availability of anal sample, complete questionnaire data, and valid HPV testing results. Med time to clearance anal v. cervical: 7.8 m (5.2–9.2) v. 8.5 m (5.8–12.6) for any HPV; 4.9 m (4.3–8.0) v. 8.0 m (5.5–11.8) for HR HPV; 4.3 m (3.4–11.4) v. 9.5 m (4.4–23.8) for HPV16; 6.9 (4.6–12.0) v. 14.0 (4.8–ND) for HPV18 | ||||||||||||
Moscicki;USA; (California); Anal [40] | Sexually active women, 13–21 | - | - | - | - | - | Prev | % at 12 m | - | 29.7 (TS 2 + neg) (19.0–41.7) | - | - |
Moscicki;USA (California); Cervical [42] | Sexually active women, 13–22 | - | - | - | - | - | Prev | % at 12 m | - | ~35 % (NTS) | - | - |
Comment: Anal and cervical analyses conducted on two partially overlapping cohorts of 75 and 531 women, respectively. Clearance defined as time to first of 2 consecutive negative results; data for any HPV not presented as cervical assay detected only 5 of 19 low-risk types detected by anal infection assay. HPV types 68, 69, 73, and 82 defined as HR types in analysis of anal but not cervical infection; ~35 % clearance at 12 m for cervical infections estimated from provided Kaplan-Meier curves | ||||||||||||
Winer; USA; Vulvovaginal [43] | Female university students, 18–20 | 100py | 16.0 (NTS, first) (13.7–18.6) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Winer; USA; Cervical [43] | Female university students, 18–20 | 100py | 12.7 (NTS, first) (10.8–14.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Comment: Separate vulvovaginal and cervical swabs collected from 444 initially HPV-DNA-negative women. 35.4 % of infections were present at both sites | ||||||||||||
Kero, Finland, Male Genital [30] | Partners of pregnant women, 20–52 | % at 7 years | 32.3 (NTS) (16.7–51.4) | - | - | - | Prev | % at 7 years | 90 (TS) (55.5–99.7) | - | - | - |
Kero; Finland; Oral [30] | Pregnant women, 19–46 | % at 7 years | 14.0 (NTS) (5.3–27.9) | - | - | - | Prev | % at 7 years | 100 (TS) (29.2–100) | - | - | - |
Kero; Finland; Cervical [30] | Pregnant women, 19–46 | % at 7 years | 16.7 (NTS) (6.4–32.8) | - | - | - | Prev | % at 7 years | 70 (TS) (34.8–93.3) | - | - | - |
Comment: Analysis based on only 46 men and 46 women returning for follow-up at 84 months. At year 7 the same infecting HPV genotype was detected in 11 % (95 % CI 0.3–48.2) and 30 % (6.7–65.2) of mean and women, respectively. HPV status during interval visits was not taken into account. |
Male genital HPV infections
Incidence
Clearance and persistence
Cervical infections in comparable populations
Anal HPV infections
Author (ref) | Population, age (yrs) | Incidence (per 100py) | Clearance | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any HPV | HR | 16 | 18 | Type of Infection | Unit of clearance | Any HPV | HR | 16 | 18 | ||
Males | |||||||||||
de Pokomandy [38] | HIV + ve MSM, 21–66 | - | - | 13.0 (9.6–17.6) | 5.3 (3.5–8.0) | Prevalent | Per 100py | 14.6 (10.2–21.2) | 24.5 (16.9–35.4) | ||
Nyitray [35] | MSM, 18–70 MSW, 18–70 | 31.1 (TS) (16.6–53.2) 9.7 (7.2–12.8) | 25.4 (14.5–41.2) 4.4 (2.9–6.6) | 5.8 (1.9–13.4) 0.8 (0.2–2.0) | 4.6 (1.2–11.6) 1.1 (0.4–2.3) | Prevalent | % at 6 m- | 57.1 (TS) (50.1–63.8) 70.9 (63.5–77.5) | 55.8 (44.1–67.2) 77.5 (66.0–86.5) | 27.2 (6.0–61.0) 100 (83.9–100) | 62.5 (24.5–91.5) 100 (15.8–100) |
Videla [23] | HIV + ve MSM, 20- > 69 HIV + ve MSW, 20- > 69 | 32.4 (NTS) (23.3–43.7) 7.9 (4.9–15.7) | - | - | - | Prevalent | Per 100py | 12.6 (NTS) (10.2–15.2) 18.4 (12.2–26.5) | - | - | - |
Darwich [20] | HIV + ve MSM, 20- > 69 HIV + ve MSW, 20- > 69 | - | - | 7.1 (5.5–9.5) 5.3 (3.0–8.6) | 3.6 (3.5–5.2) 0.4 (0.1–1.8) | Prevalent | Per 100py | - | 22.4 (17.6–28.1) 18.6 (7.4–38.2) | 31.0 (20.3–45.4) 30.0 (7.8–76.8) | |
Mullins [37] | HIV-ve, 12–18 HIV + ve, 12–18 | 24 (NTS, first) (11–52) 40 (27–61) | 11 (3.4–33) 27 (17–44) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Glick [33] | MSM, 16–30 | 46.2 (NTS, unclear) (45.6–46.9) | 36.7 (36.2–37.3) | 12.4 (12.1–12.6) | 5.5 (5.3–5.6) | Prevalent | % at 1 year | 81.3 (TS) (67.4–91.1) | 66.7 (49.0–81.4) | 50.0 (26.0–74.0) | 66.7 (22.3–95.7) |
Hernandez [34] | HIV + ve MSM, mean 45 | 21.3 (TS, total) (17.7–25.4) | 13.3 (10.5–16.6) | 3.5 (1.8–6.1) | 3.7 (2.1–6.1) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Females | |||||||||||
Sexually active women, 18–44 | 56.3 (NTS, first) (48.5–65.0) | 23.4 (19.2–28.3) | 3.0 (1.8–4.8) | 2.3 (1.2–3.9) | Incident | Per 100py | 89.3 (TS) (67.8–115.4) | 109.9 (83.3–142.4) | 141.2 (73.0–246.7) | 130.0 (47.6–282.8) | |
Moscicki [40] | Sexually active women, 13–21 | - | - | - | - | Prevalent | % at 12 m | - | 29.7 (TS 2 + neg) (19.0–41.7) | 45.0 (27.2–62.1) | 55.6 (21.2–86.3) |
Mullins [37] | HIV-ve women, 12–18 HIV + ve women, 12–18 | 14 (NTS,first) (9.2–22) 30 (24–38) | 5.3 (2.6–11) 12 (8.4–16) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Incidence in men
Incidence in women
Clearance and persistence in men and women
Cervical infections in comparable populations
Vaginal HPV infections
Oral HPV infections
Author (ref) | Population, age (years) | Incidence (95 % CI) | Clearance | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | Any HPV | HR | 16 | 18 | Infection type | Unit of clearance | Any HPV | HR | 16 | 18 | ||
Males | ||||||||||||
Edelstein [45] | Male students, median 20 | % at 1y | 12.3 % (NTS, first) (7.0–21.3) | - | 0.8 (0.1–5.7) | 2.7 (0.7–10.2) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Kero [48] | Male partners of pregnant women, 19–46 | per 100py | - | - | 6.0 (2.9–9.2) | 1.2 (0.2–3.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Kero [30]a
| Male partners of pregnant women, 20–52 | % at 7 years | 14.3 % (NTS) (4.8–30.3) | - | - | - | Prevalent | % at 7 years | 100 % (TS) (64.4–100) | - | - | - |
Kero [46]a
| Male partners of pregnant women, 20–52 | % at 7 years | 69.2 % (TS) (59.5–77.2) | - | - | - | Prevalent | per 100py | 3.8 (TS) (1.6–6.1) | - | 4.9 (2.3–7.4) | 1.4 (0–2.7) |
Rintala [50] | Male partners of pregnant women, 20–52 | % at 24 m | - | ~10 % (NTS, first) | - | - | Prevalent | % at 24 m | - | ~5 % (NTS) | - | - |
Videla [23] | HIV + ve MSM, 20- > 69 HIV + ve MSW, 20- > 69 | per 100py | 6.1 (NTS, first) (4.2–8.4) 5.7 (3.0–9.7) | - | - | - | Prevalent | per 100py | 19.3 (NTS) (12.8–27.7) 15.8 (7.6–29.0) | - | - | |
Darwich [47] | HIV + ve MSM, 20- > 69 HIV + ve MSW, 20- > 69 | per 100py | - | - | 1.0 (0.4–2.0) 2.6 (1.1–5.4) | 0.2 (0–1.0) 0.7 (0.1–2.4) | Prevalent | % at 24 m | 48.3 % (TS) (35.2–61.6) 34 % (17.9–54.3) | - | 22.7 per 100py (11.3–40.6) | 9.1 per 100py (1.8–26.5) |
Kreimer [44] | HIV-ve men, 18–70 | per 100py | 6.7 (NTS, first) (5.5–8.0) | 3.0 (2.2–3.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.0 (0–0.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Women | ||||||||||||
Pickard [49] | Female students, 18–30 | per 100py | 6.8 (TS) (3.7–9.8) | - | - | - | Prevalent | % at 3 m | 60.6 (TS) (42.1–77.1) | 76.9 (46.2–95.0)- | 100 (15.8–100)- | - |
D’Souza [15] | HIV-ve women HIV + ve women | per 100py | 20.4 (TS) (8.4–44.4) 39.6 (25.2–57.6) | - | - | - | Prevalent | % at 6 m | 20.0 (NTS) (0.5–71.6) 40.0 (22.7–59.4) | - | - | - |
Kero [30] | Pregnant women, 19–46 | % at 7 years | 14.3 % (NTS) (5.4–28.5) | - | - | - | Prevalent | % at 7 years | 100 % (TS) (29.2–100) | - | - | - |
Rintala [50] | Pregnant women, 19–46 | % at 24 m | - | ~10 % (NTS, first) | - | - | Prevalent | % at 24 m | - | 0 % (NTS) | - | - |
Men and women | ||||||||||||
Kurose [52] | Male/female volunteers, 3–85 | - | - | - | - | - | Prevalent | % at 30 m | 50.0 (TS) (6.8–93.2) | - | 100 (1 sample only) | - |