Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Participants
Self-reported factors
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Variables | Men(n = 3345) | t/χ2 | P | Women (n = 3774) | t/χ2 | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normotension (n = 2267) | Hypertension (n = 1078) | Normotension (n = 2492) | Hypertension (n = 1282) | |||||
Age (years) | 60.5 ± 9.55 | 63.41 ± 9.53 | −8.231 | 0.000 | 58.07 ± 9.19 | 63.5 ± 10.39 | −16.433 | 0.000 |
Educational levels | ||||||||
Illiterate | 311 (65.20) | 166 (34.80) | 8.758 | 0.033 | 1025 (60.51) | 669 (39.49) | 45.920 | 0.000 |
Less than elementary school | 1661 (67.91) | 785 (32.09) | 1267 (69.54) | 555 (30.46) | ||||
High school | 197 (74.34) | 68 (25.66) | 142 (79.78) | 36 (20.22) | ||||
Above vocational school | 98 (62.42) | 59 (37.58) | 58 (72.50) | 22 (27.50) | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 194 (56.73) | 148 (43.27) | 21.288 | 0.000 | 345 (53.41) | 301 (46.59) | 55.387 | 0.000 |
Married | 2073 (69.03) | 930 (30.97) | 2147 (68.64) | 981 (31.36) | ||||
Place of residence | ||||||||
Rural | 1553 (69.77) | 673 (30.23) | 12.108 | 0.001 | 1591 (66.60) | 798 (33.40) | 0.930 | 0.335 |
Urban | 714 (63.81) | 405 (36.19) | 901 (65.05) | 484 (34.95) | ||||
Cigarette smoking | ||||||||
No | 1320 (68.18) | 616 (31.82) | 0.395 | 0.821 | 2292 (66.36) | 1162 (33.64) | 2.105 | 0.349 |
Former smoke | 384 (66.90) | 190 (33.10) | 51 (60.71) | 33 (39.29) | ||||
Current smoke | 563 (67.43) | 272 (32.57) | 149 (63.14) | 87 (36.86) | ||||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
No | 1026 (67.37) | 497 (32.63) | 0.686 | 0.710 | 2172 (65.44) | 1147 (34.56) | 6.263 | 0.044 |
Less than once a month | 239 (69.68) | 104 (30.32) | 135 (74.18) | 47 (25.82) | ||||
More than once a month | 1002 (67.75) | 477 (32.25) | 185 (67.77) | 88 (32.23) | ||||
Eating habit | ||||||||
≤ 2 meals per day | 32 (66.67) | 16 (33.33) | 3.447 | 0.178 | 35 (67.31) | 17 (32.69) | 0.676 | 0.713 |
3 meals per day | 1945 (68.39) | 899 (31.61) | 2125 (66.26) | 1082 (33.74) | ||||
≥ 4 meals per day | 290 (64.02) | 163 (35.98) | 332 (64.47) | 183 (35.53) | ||||
Social and leisure activities | ||||||||
No | 1106 (67.27) | 538 (32.73) | 0.367 | 0.545 | 1250 (66.35) | 634 (33.65) | 0.169 | 0.681 |
Yes | 1161 (68.25) | 540 (31.75) | 1242 (65.71) | 648 (34.29) | ||||
Accidental injury | ||||||||
No | 314 (73.02) | 116 (26.98) | 6.228 | 0.013 | 181 (70.7) | 75 (29.30) | 2.673 | 0.102 |
Yes | 1953 (67.00) | 962 (33.00) | 2311 (65.69) | 1207 (34.31) | ||||
Physical exercises | ||||||||
No physical exercise | 435 (65.81) | 226 (34.19) | 1.471 | 0.479 | 1492 (64.73) | 813 (35.27) | 4.543 | 0.103 |
Less than regular physical exercises | 417 (68.47) | 192 (31.53) | 483 (67.74) | 230 (32.26) | ||||
Regular physical exercises | 1415 (68.19) | 660 (31.81) | 517 (68.39) | 239 (31.61) | ||||
History of cardiovascular disease | ||||||||
No | 2065 (68.97) | 929 (31.03) | 14.634 | 0.000 | 2187 (67.46) | 1055 (32.54) | 13.740 | 0.000 |
Yes | 206 (58.69) | 145 (41.31) | 314 (59.02) | 218 (40.98) | ||||
Hepatitis history | ||||||||
No | 2170 (67.77) | 1032 (32.23) | 0.914 | 0.339 | 2413 (66.18) | 1233 (33.82) | 2.532 | 0.112 |
Yes | 102 (71.33) | 41 (28.67) | 93 (72.66) | 35 (27.34) | ||||
Antilipidemic therapy | ||||||||
No | 2174 (68.13) | 1017 (31.87) | 4.029 | 0.045 | 2388 (67.14) | 1169 (32.86) | 33.645 | 0.000 |
Yes | 93 (60.39) | 61 (39.61) | 104 (47.93) | 113 (52.07) | ||||
Antidiabetic drugs | ||||||||
No | 2195 (67.96) | 1035 (32.04) | 1.454 | 0.228 | 2395 (66.51) | 1206 (33.49) | 8.021 | 0.005 |
Yes | 72 (62.61) | 43 (37.39) | 97 (56.07) | 76 (43.93) | ||||
Anti-hypertensive therapy | ||||||||
No | 2187 (69.49) | 960 (30.51) | 72.177 | 0.000 | 2386 (67.31) | 1159 (32.69) | 42.364 | 0.000 |
Yes | 80 (40.40) | 118 (59.60) | 106 (46.29) | 123 (53.71) | ||||
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 5.21 ± 0.68 | 5.29 ± 0.85 | −2.966 | 0.003 | 5.27 ± 0.81 | 5.37 ± 0.95 | −3.648 | 0.000 |
HbA1c (%) | 2.85 ± 7.4 | 3.46 ± 8.74 | −2.110 | 0.035 | 2.12 ± 4.98 | 3.10 ± 7.17 | −4.922 | 0.000 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 108.35 ± 32.73 | 113.93 ± 39.51 | −4.304 | 0.000 | 108.43 ± 34.39 | 115.26 ± 44.62 | −5.209 | 0.000 |
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 111.23 ± 33.92 | 115.58 ± 35.82 | −3.408 | 0.001 | 119.98 ± 33.79 | 122.7 ± 38.35 | −2.239 | 0.025 |
High density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 51.22 ± 16.17 | 50.19 ± 16.35 | 1.719 | 0.086 | 52.2 ± 14.16 | 50.15 ± 14.4 | 4.205 | 0.000 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 84.26 ± 17.04 | 79.00 ± 18.48 | 8.122 | 0.000 | 87.63 ± 17.01 | 80.39 ± 18.51 | 12.016 | 0.000 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.52 ± 3.64 | 23.65 ± 3.69 | −8.372 | 0.000 | 23.59 ± 3.89 | 24.67 ± 4.5 | −7.653 | 0.000 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.73 ± 11.55 | 155.77 ± 22.4 | −61.346 | 0.000 | 118.93 ± 11.82 | 159.23 ± 31.47 | −56.586 | 0.000 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.23 ± 9.30 | 88.88 ± 12.55 | −45.640 | 0.000 | 71.27 ± 9.05 | 86.79 ± 11.9 | −44.687 | 0.000 |
Serum uric acid (mg/dl) | 4.87 ± 1.24 | 5.20 ± 1.33 | − 7.077 | 0.000 | 3.93 ± 1.04 | 4.24 ± 1.16 | −8.407 | 0.000 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 120.58 ± 100.65 | 133.51 ± 111.81 | −3.349 | 0.001 | 129.26 ± 82.88 | 154.49 ± 112.79 | −7.798 | 0.000 |
Variables | Men (n = 3345) | Women (n = 3774) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic blood pressure partial r(P-value) | Diastolic blood pressure partial r(P-value) | Systolic blood pressure partial r(P-value) | Diastolic blood pressure partial r(P-value) | |
Educational levels | 0.003 (0.873) | 0.028 (0.113) | −0.029 (0.077) | − 0.022 (0.180) |
Marital status | 0.064 (0.000) | 0.050 (0.004) | 0.045 (0.007) | 0.010 (0.529) |
Place of residence | 0.080 (0.000) | 0.083 (0.000) | 0.024 (0.138) | 0.014 (0.394) |
Cigarette smoking | 0.009 (0.590) | − 0.028 (0.107) | − 0.007 (0.656) | 0.003 (0.858) |
Alcohol consumption | 0.017 (0.334) | 0.044 (0.011) | −0.052 (0.002) | −0.045 (0.007) |
Eating habit | −0.028 (0.107) | −0.047 (0.008) | − 0.011 (0.521) | − 0.052 (0.002) |
Social and leisure activities | − 0.009 (0.589) | − 0.002 (0.928) | 0.014 (0.380) | 0.009 (0.585) |
Accidental injury | −0.041 (0.019) | −0.043 (0.013) | − 0.026 (0.115) | −0.008 (0.627) |
Physical exercises | 0.020 (0.245) | 0.001 (0.942) | −0.010 (0.546) | 0.006 (0.735) |
History of cardiovascular disease | 0.050 (0.005) | 0.064 (0.000) | 0.039 (0.018) | 0.039 (0.019) |
Hepatitis history | −0.014 (0.409) | −0.009 (0.622) | − 0.020 (0.235) | −0.039 (0.019) |
Antilipidemic therapy | 0.036 (0.039) | 0.046 (0.009) | 0.063 (0.000) | 0.076 (0.000) |
Antidiabetic drugs | 0.049 (0.005) | 0.023 (0.187) | 0.073 (0.000) | 0.033 (0.047) |
Anti-hypertensive therapy | 0.152 (0.000) | 0.147 (0.000) | 0.106 (0.000) | 0.084 (0.000) |
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 0.024 (0.177) | 0.007 (0.704) | 0.030 (0.070) | 0.022 (0.172) |
HbA1c (%) | 0.064 (0.000) | 0.070 (0.000) | 0.048 (0.004) | 0.073 (0.000) |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 0.093 (0.000) | 0.078 (0.000) | 0.040 (0.015) | 0.082 (0.000) |
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 0.083 (0.000) | 0.065 (0.000) | 0.022 (0.182) | 0.034 (0.039) |
High density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | −0.054 (0.002) | −0.048 (0.006) | −0.085 (0.000) | − 0.111 (0.000) |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | −0.090 (0.000) | − 0.045 (0.009) | − 0.023 (0.156) | −0.042 (0.010) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.218 (0.000) | 0.221 (0.000) | 0.165 (0.000) | 0.221 (0.000) |
Serum uric acid (mg/dl) | 0.122 (0.000) | 0.096 (0.000) | 0.084 (0.000) | 0.102 (0.000) |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 0.111 (0.000) | 0.109 (0.000) | 0.103 (0.000) | 0.143 (0.000) |
Variables | Men (n = 3345) | Women (n = 3774) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic blood pressure β(P-value) | Diastolic blood pressure β (P-value) | Systolic blood pressure β (P-value) | Diastolic blood pressure β (P-value) | |
Age (years) | 0.144 (0.000) | −0.119 (0.000) | 0.224 (0.000) | −0.057 (0.011) |
Educational levels | – | – | −0.043 (0.014) | − 0.036 (0.042) |
Marital status | 0.081 (0.000) | 0.070 (0.000) | 0.058 (0.001) | – |
Place of residence | 0.049 (0.004) | 0.052 (0.003) | – | – |
Cigarette smoking | 0.048 (0.005) | – | – | – |
Alcohol consumption | – | 0.047 (0.008) | −0.036 (0.023) | – |
Eating habit | – | −0.055 (0.001) | – | − 0.064 (0.000) |
Social and leisure activities | −0.034 (0.041) | – | – | – |
Accidental injury | −0.034 (0.036) | − 0.039 (0.019) | – | – |
Physical exercises | – | – | – | – |
History of CVD | – | 0.034 (0.047) | – | – |
Hepatitis history | – | – | – | −0.039 (0.015) |
Antilipidemic therapy | – | – | – | 0.036 (0.034) |
Antidiabetic drugs | – | −0.043 (0.021) | 0.050 (0.004) | – |
Anti-hypertensive therapy | 0.126 (0.000) | 0.124 (0.000) | 0.097 (0.000) | 0.075 (0.000) |
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | – | – | – | – |
HbA1c (%) | – | – | – | – |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 0.052 (0.017) | – | – | – |
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 0.068 (0.000) | 0.050 (0.004) | – | – |
High density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | – | – | – | – |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | −0.091 (0.000) | −0.048 (0.035) | – | −0.045 (0.043) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.193 (0.000) | 0.194 (0.000) | 0.129 (0.000) | 0.193 (0.000) |
Serum uric acid (mg/dl) | 0.047 (0.013) | – | 0.040 (0.028) | – |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 0.068 (0.001) | 0.064 (0.002) | 0.061 (0.002) | 0.084 (0.000) |
R2 | 0.132 (0.000) | 0.106 (0.000) | 0.120 (0.000) | 0.081 (0.000) |
Characteristics | Men (n = 3345) | Women (n = 3774) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic blood pressure β(P-value) | Diastolic blood pressure β(P-value) | Systolic blood pressure β(P-value) | Diastolic blood pressure β(P-value) | |
Age (years) | 0.350 (0.000) | −0.159 (0.000) | 0.692 (0.000) | 0.711 (0.000) |
Educational levels | – | – | −1.694 (0.013) | −1.740 (0.012) |
Marital status | 6.149 (0.000) | 2.975 (0.000) | 4.244 (0.001) | – |
Place of residence | 2.141 (0.009) | 1.444 (0.002) | – | – |
Cigarette smoking | 1.432 (0.002) | – | – | – |
Alcohol consumption | – | 0.753 (0.001) | −1.911 (0.016) | – |
Eating habit | – | −1.917 (0.001) | – | −1.53 (0.196) |
Social and leisure activities | −1.681 (0.027) | – | – | |
Accidental injury | −2.445 (0.030) | −1.737 (0.008) | – | – |
Physical exercises | – | – | – | – |
History of CVD | – | 1.508 (0.039) | – | −3.082 (0.198) |
Hepatitis history | – | – | – | 4.841 (0.011) |
Antilipidemic therapy | – | – | – | |
Antidiabetic drugs | – | −1.691 (0.169) | 6.722 (0.001) | 11.466 (0.000) |
Anti-hypertensive therapy | 12.729 (0.000) | 7.142 (0.000) | 11.542 (0.000) | – |
C-reactive protein | – | – | – | – |
HbA1c (%) | – | – | – | – |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 0.034 (0.002) | – | – | – |
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 0.042 (0.000) | 0.019 (0.003) | – | – |
High density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | – | – | – | – |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | −0.131 (0.000) | −0.032 (0.041) | – | −0.040 (0.200) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.176 (0.000) | 0.686 (0.000) | 0.975 (0.000) | 0.984 (0.000) |
Serum uric acid (0 = ≤7 mg/dL in men and ≤ 6 mg/dL in women, 1= > 7 mg/dL in men and > 6 mg/dL in women) | −2.252 (0.353) | −1.723 (0.223) | −2.424 (0.391) | −1.907 (0.508) |
Triglycerides (0 = < 150 mg/dL 1 = ≥150 mg/dL) | − 1.695 (0.571) | −0.560 (0.748) | − 2.387 (0.535) | −2.272 (0.558) |
Serum uric acid * Triglycerides | − 1.090 (0.726) | −1.026 (0.572) | − 0.692 (0.861) | −0.794 (0.842) |