Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic autoinflammatory skin disease characterised by the development of abscesses and nodules in intertriginous sites such as the axilla and groin. |
Anaerobic bacteria, such as Prevotella and Porphyromonas, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus were commonly identified microorganisms in HS lesions. Studies used culture, 16S RNA or a combination of these two modalities to identify which organisms were present. |
There is limited research examining the gut microbiome in HS. One very small study found an alteration in the gut microbiome in patients with HS compared to healthy controls, and the other study found no difference in the HS group compared to those in the psoriasis, IBD, psoriasis and IBD, and HS and IBD groups. |
There were no studies identified which examined the oral microbiome in HS. |
Further research is required to help us understand how the microbiome and alterations in its composition contribute to disease pathogenesis in HS. This may help identify potential future therapeutic targets. |
Digital Features
Introduction
Methods
Results
The Cutaneous Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Study | Participants and methods | Anatomical location | Most common bacteria and other main findings |
---|---|---|---|
Riverain-Gillet et al. (2020) [21] | 60 patients and 17 controls Swabs and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing | Axilla, inguinal folds and gluteal cleft | Increased anaerobes (such as Prevotella), Actinomyces, Campylobacter ureolyticus and Mobilinucus Reduced commensals including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Cutibacterium acnes and other coagulase-negative staphylococci |
Naik et al. (2019) [22] | 12 patients and 5 controls Swabs and 16S | Axilla, gluteal crease, inguinal crease and inframammary fold | Increased gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobes. Reduced Cutibacterium Microbiome in Hurley stage I disease similar to healthy controls |
Ring et al. (2019) [23] | 32 patients Swabs of HS tunnels during deroofing and 16S | Axilla and groin | Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Corynebacterium |
Guet-Revillet et al. (2017) [24] | 65 patients Swabs, aspirates and biopsies for affected areas. Swabs for unaffected areas. Cultures and 454 high-throughput sequencing | Axilla, inguinal fold, gluteal fold, buttocks, thighs and breast | Prevotella and Porphyromonas. Increased anaerobes and reduced aerobes. Fusobacterium and Parvimonas predominated in Hurley stage III lesions |
Ring et al. (2017) [25] | 30 patients and 24 controls Biopsies of affected and unaffected areas. 16 and 18S | Groin and axilla. All biopsies included a hair follicle | Increased Corynebacterium, Porphyromonas and Peptoniphilus. Reduced Propionibacterium |
Guet-Revillet et al. (2014) [26] | 82 patients Metagenomics and culture | Inguinal fold, perineal, buttocks, thigh, gluteal fold, axilla, breast, trunk and neck | Stage I lesions: Staphylococcus lugdensis. Stage II–III lesions: mixed anaerobes, anaerobic actinomycetes and streptococci of the milleri group |
Jahns et al. (2014) [2] | 27 patients IF and FSH hybridisation on retrospective histological samples | Arm, axilla, buttocks, genitals and other | 63% had bacterial colonisation. 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-positive cocci were seen in 71% of samples with biofilms and/or microcolonies. Two cases of Propionibacterium acnes-associated biofilms |
Study | Participants and methods | Methods | Most common bacteria and other main findings |
---|---|---|---|
Benzecry et al. (2018) [27] | 46 patients Swabs | Axilla, inframammary folds, pubis, genital, groin, intergluteal fold, buttocks and perineum | Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus |
Bettoli et al. (2018) [28] | 137 patients Swabs | Axilla, groin and perianal region | Proteus, E. coli, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus haemolyticus |
Jamalpour, Saki and Nozari (2018) [29] | 26 patients Swabs | Axilla, groin, scalp, neck, buttock, back, intermammary and perineal region | Staphylococcus aureus, diptheroids and E. coli |
Nikolakis et al. (2017) [30] | 50 patients Swabs | Axilla, mammary, inguino-femoral, buttock, perianal and other | In stage I, S. aureus, obligate anaerobic gram-negative rods and enterococci. In stage II, Enterobacteriaceae, obligate gram-negative rods and coagulase-negative staphylococci. In stage III disease, obligate anaerobic gram-negative rods, Enterobacteriaceae, streptococci and S. aureus |
Thomas et al. (2016) [31] | 76 patients with recalcitrant HS Collection methodology not specified | Axilla, groin, perineum, gluteal, perianal, abdomen, thigh, mons pubis, labia, vulva, breast, inframammary fold, neck, chest, scrotum, face and occiput | Corynebacterium species, S. epidermidis, S. aureus and Prevotella |
Hessam et al. (2016) [32] | 113 patients Swabs | Axilla, groin, gluteal and perineum | Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, S. aureus, Proteus mirabilis and E. coli |
Katoulis et al. (2015) [33] | 22 patients Percutaneous needle aspiration | Axilla, breast, perianal, groin, rectum, buttocks and scalp | Staphylococcus and P. mirabilis |
Matusiak, Bieniek and Szepietowski (2014) [34] | 69 patients Swabs | Axilla and perineum | S. epidermidis, P. mirabilis, S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis |
Sartorius et al. (2012) [35] | 10 patients Biopsies and agar gel cultures from deeper layers post CO2 laser ablation | Axilla and groin | Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, anaerobic gram-positive cocci and Corynebacterium species |
Lapins, Jarstrand and Emtestam (1999) [36] | 25 patients Biopsies and swabs from deeper layers post CO2 laser ablation | Axilla and perineal region | Coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus and Peptostreptococcus. Peptostreptococcus, P. acnes, Lactobacillus species, Prevotella, other Bacteroides species, enterococci, group C haemolytic streptococci and Enterobacteriaceae were also encountered in the deepest layer (level 3) |
Brook and Frazier (1999) [37] | 17 patients Aspirates or swabs | Axilla | S. aureus, Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Streptococcus pyogenes and Prevotella melaninogenica |
Jemec et al. (1996) [38] | 41 patients Aspirates | Axilla, inframammary fold and genital region | S. epidermidis, S. aureus and polymicrobial culture |
Highet et al. (1988) [39] | 32 patients Swabs | Perineal region | Streptococcus milleri, S. aureus and anaerobic streptococci |
The Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Paper | Participants | Methods | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|
Kam et al. (2020) [40] | 3 patients and 3 controls | Faecal samples and 16S | Increased abundance of Bilophila and Holdemania; decreased abundance of Firmicutes, Lachnobacterium and Veillonella in patients with HS compared to controls |
Eppinga et al. (2016) [41] | 17 HS, 17 HS and IBD, 29 psoriasis, 31 IBD and 13 psoriasis and IBD patients and 33 controls | Faecal samples and quantitative polymerase chain reaction | Intestinal microbiome in the psoriasis, IBD, psoriasis and IBD, and HS and IBD groups was characterised by a decrease in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and increase in E. coli, but that this was not seen in the HS-only group |