NLR and RDW have been proved to be a good indicator of the prognosis of a variety of diseases, such as cancer, coronary heart disease and pulmonary embolism.

Higher NLR levels in hypertensive patients aged over 80 admitted to the hospital are good predictors for all-cause mortality 90 days after admission.

The role of inflammatory and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases has been extensively investigated in multiple studies. Many of them have shown a strong and consistent relationship between cardiovascular diseases and inflammation markers, such as, C-reactive protein (CRP) [1]. Both the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the red blood cell distribution (RDW) are novel, inexpensive and easily accessible inflammatory markers which have been shown to be associated with various cardiovascular diseases [2, 3].

The NLR is a ratio of two different yet complementary immune pathways, which serves as a marker of poor general health and physiological stress. Indeed, it has been proved to be a good indicator of the prognosis of a variety of diseases, especially in patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) [4]and cancer [5]. Regarding the RDW, the considerable available evidence suggests that the clinical use of the RDW may be broadened beyond the conventional boundaries of erythrocyte disorders, in particular for assisting the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ischemic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) [6].

Hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases in the elderly patients. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and are the hotspot of hypertension research lately. Patients over 80 years of age are a special group population, usually coming with coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, which means that a variety of risk factors superposition together. It was found out there is a certain difference existed between old patients who are aged above 80 and ordinary senile patients indeed through our clinical experience. Such very elderly patients showed differences in the clinical manifestations, treatment response and prognosis and needed more attention. For such kind of patients admitted for all kinds of reasons, whether inflammation markers, such as NLR as well as RDW, can be a predictor for all-cause mortality is still not clear. Accordingly, we designed this preliminary study to investigate the role of these inflammation makers in the evaluation of the prognosis of hypertensive patients.

The aim of this study was to identify independent inflammation predictors of all-cause mortality in hospitalized elderly hypertensive patients, so that such high-risk patients can be identified with sufficient diagnostic accuracy to justify close monitoring or even initiation of secondary prevention hypertension.

The current study was conducted at Chinese People’s Liberation Army general hospitals with full ethical approval of the Human Investigation Committee in 2010. In addition, informed consent was obtained from all patients.

This study included patients with hypertension who were diagnosed using the criteria listed in Chinese Hypertension Prevention Guide (2010) [7], hospitalized from January 2011 to December 2013, and aged >80 y. These patients were identified based on previous medical history. Patients with malignant tumors were excluded from the study.

Data on demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, lifestyle (smoking, drinking) and basic medical history, were based on a questionnaire survey of the patients, as well as past medical records. The data collected included history of coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetic mellitus (DM), chronic heart failure, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease and anemia. General health parameters, such as height, weight, which were used to calculate body mass index, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, respiratory rate were determined inenrolled patients.

Routine blood tests, including leukocyte, red blood cells, neutrophils (N), lymphocyte (L), red blood cell distribution (RDW), hemoglobin (Hgb), platelet, platelet distribution (PDW) were performed on admission for all the patients. In addition, clinical tests of blood biochemistry, liver and kidney function and inflammatory markers, such as C- reactive protein, were carried out in the Central Laboratory of our hospital.

Since most recent events occurred within 3 months after admission through the review of literature [2] and our clinical experience, we determine that all the included patients were followed up for up to 90 days. The follow-up time was set at 7, 14, 30 and 90 days after admission. All patients were followed up by both telephone interviews and medical record review. The end of the follow-up was the death of all causes. Cause of death was ascertained from the death record, i.e. a legal document including time, site and other information.

Continuous data are expressed as means ± standard deviation. The unpaired Student’s t-test and chi-square test were used for comparisons of continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted to evaluate the association between the NLR and the all-cause mortality at follow-up. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis were used to identify predictors of death. The cut-off point with a maximum combined sensitivity and specificity was selected based on the area under curve (AUC) value from the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis. AP-value of 0.05 or less for the two-sided probability was considered to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software (SPSS-22.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

The main finding of the present study was that elevated NLR on admission was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in 90 day for hospitalized hypertensive patients over the age of 80. With the increase of NLR, the incidence of all-cause death increased (3rd quartiles: RR = 9.646, P = 0.041and 4th quartiles: RR = 16.451, P = 0.007). Regarding the ROC analysis, an admission NLR higher than 2.97 was found to predict all-cause mortality with a sensitivity of 92.6% and a specificity of 52.5% (AUC = 0.714, P = 0.00). To our knowledge this is the first report of such findings in such patient population.

Inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, and thus inflammatory biomarkers have received considerable attention. RDW and NLR have recently emerged as potential new biomarkers that discriminate individuals at risk for future adverse events in patients with cardiovascular disease, which were both inexpensive and easily accessible [8, 9]. Simple indicators that can provide a wealth of information for clinical hypertension deserve more attention.

Indeed, increased RDW was found to be an independent predictor of mortality in patients with heart failure [10], further studies showed that the RDW is a prognostic indicator for patients with HF caused by coronary heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy [11]. The RDW is also an independent predictor of the coronary artery calcification, suggesting that it might be a useful marker for predicting CAD [12]. Elevated RDW levels, may be an independent risk marker for non-valvular AF [13]. Accordingly, the RDW is considered to be a good indicator of the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, but few studies have been carried out in hypertensive patients. Sarikaya et al. [14] found that the RDW levels were higher in hypertensive patients with AF. An increased RDW level in such patients with hypertension may alert physician on the development or presence of AF. Tanindi et al. [15] found that higher RDW values are strongly correlated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures. But in our study revealed that, though the RDW level showed difference between surviving and death, Cox proportional hazard analyses indicated higher RDW level wasn’t accompanied with an increased risk of all-cause mortality 90 days after admission.

Unlike many other inflammatory markers and bioassays, the NLR is an inexpensive and readily available marker which is a combination of two independent markers of inflammation, providing us with additional information. It also can be an index for of sympathetic/parasympathetic tone balance. A higher level of NLR could indicate a higher ratio of sympathetic/parasympathetic tone [16]. So it may provide us with more information in cardiovascular disease. Recently, many studies focused on the NLR and their association with adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease, but most of these studies focused on CAD or heart failure, especially in patients with ACS. High NLR levels, white blood cell counts, and neutrophil counts at admission are independently correlated with stent restenosis after primary PCI [17, 18]. In ST elevation myocardial infarction patients, the frequency of ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT/VF) at the first day was associated with higher neutrophil count (P < 0.001) and higher NLR level (P < 0.001) [19]. Average NLR was a useful and powerful predictor of mortality and adverse-outcomes in Chinese patients presenting with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction [20]. Benites et al. [21]found intermediate and high NLR tertiles remained significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.14 and HR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.83) in advanced heart failure. Cut-off value of 5.1 for NLR could predict death in HF patients with 75% sensitivity and 62% specificity during a 12.8-month follow-up period on average, thus NLR was considered to be used to predict mortality during the follow-up of HF patients [22].

Fewer studies have focused on NLR and hypertension. A study on resistance hypertension showed that NLR level was increased in hypertension patients and the resistance hypertension group had a significantly higher NLR than the control hypertension group (P = 0.03) [23]. Hypertensive patients with high homocysteine(HCY) had increased NLR and it positively correlated with HCY but not with blood pressure [24]. Also, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the ascending aortic diameter and NLR (r = 0.524, P < 0.001), which indicated that it plays a role in the pathogenesis of aneurysm of the ascending aorta in hypertensive patients [25]. In addition, hypertensive patients with diastolic dysfunction had higher values of NLR compared with subjects without diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore higher grades of diastolic dysfunction were associated with higher levels of NLR [26]. And patients with non-dipper hypertension had significantly higher NLR and PLR compared to dipper hypertension, which has not been reported previously [27]. All these findings suggest that higher NLR values may link to poor clinical outcome in subtypes of hypertension, which make us believed that NLR could be used for risk stratification and it may be a good predictor for the prognosis of hypertension. Now our research first confirms such points. We found that a higher quartile of NLR was tend to have a higher incidence of death, and increased NLR quartile will increased the risk of all-cause death (3rd quartiles: RR = 9.646, 95% confidence interval 1.302–34.457, P = 0.041and 4th quartiles:RR = 16.451, 95% confidence interval 2.137–66.643, P = 0.007). So we believed that high NLR level was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in hypertensive patients over 80 years of age, which provided us convenient and preliminary screening tool.

NLR can be easily calculated from complete blood cell count performed in nearly every patient. With this knowledge, NLR may lead physicians to identify high risk patients who require closer care because of increased risks of all-cause death easily. And will help us to use the medical resources more efficient. Together with other index, the specificity may improve. Our results may provide a simple and effective tool of preliminary screening for such kind of patients, which is the most important value of research. We also see that NLR have high sensitivity but low specificity, which hint us that high NLR level is just a preliminary tool and it may be necessary to combine with other indicators to provide more accurate evaluation information.

The limitations of the present study are as follows. (1) This was a single center study that included a relatively small number of patients. (2) Only one measurement of admission full blood count and calculation of RDW and NLR was included in the analysis.

We found that higher NLR levels in hypertensive patients admitted to the hospital are good predictors for all-cause mortality 90 days after admission. This indicated that NLR, which is easily determinable, broadly available and inexpensive markers, could be used to identify patients at high risk for adverse endpoints. However, these findings must be confirmed on a study with a larger patient population.