Background
Materials and methods
Data collection
Data analysis
Test methodologies
Murine (in vivo) models | Strains | Parasite name | Origin | Assay description | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CQ-sensitive | NK 173 | Plasmodium berghei | Not reported | Not reported | |
ANKA | P. berghei | Not reported | Not reported | ||
Plasmodium vinckei petteri | Not reported | Not reported | |||
In vitro models | |||||
CQ-sensitive | 3D7 | P. falciparum | Not reported | Parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay | |
Not reported | Parasite growth inhibition assay | [43] | |||
Not reported | Translation inhibitory assay | [44] | |||
D6 | P. falciparum | Sierra Leone | Incorporated G-3H hypoxanthine assay | ||
Parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay | |||||
Non-radioactive Malaria SYBR Green I assay | |||||
Modified non-radioactive Malaria SYBR Green I assay | |||||
D10 | P. falciparum | Not reported | pLDH assay | ||
F32 | P. falciparum | Tanzania | Not reported | ||
FCA20 | P. falciparum | Ghana | Not reported | ||
K1 | P. falciparum | Thailand | Modified [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay and [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | ||
NF54 | P. falciparum | Not reported | [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | ||
CQ-resistant | Dd2 | P. falciparum | Not reported | Non-radioactive Malaria SYBR Green I assay | |
FcM29 | P. falciparum | Cameroon | Not reported | ||
FcB1 | P. falciparum | Colombia | [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | [41] | |
K1 | P. falciparum | Thailand | Modified [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay and [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | ||
W2 | P. falciparum | Indochina | Modified non-radioactive Malaria SYBR Green I assay | ||
Incorporated G-3H hypoxanthine assay | |||||
Non-radioactive Malaria SYBR Green I assay | |||||
NF54 | P. falciparum | [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | [41] | ||
CQ- and pyrimethamine-resistant | K1 | P. falciparum | Thailand | Modified [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay and [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | |
NF54 | P. falciparum | Thailand | [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | [54] | |
Multidrug-resistant | Dd2 | P. falciparum | Not reported | [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | |
K1 | P. falciparum | Thailand | Parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay | ||
NF54 | P. falciparum | Not reported | [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | ||
W2 | P. falciparum | Indochina | [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay | ||
W2mef | P. falciparum | Not reported | [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay |
Promising anti-malarial compounds derived from the African flora
Alkaloids
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plasmodial strain (activities) | Plant species (Family), Taxon IDb | Part of the plant studied | Place of harvest (Locality, Country) | Author, references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aporphines | 1 to 2 | K1 (8.24 and 2.90 μM, respectively) | Annickia kummeriae (Annonaceae), NCBI:txid225831 | Leaves | Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania | Malebo et al. [58] |
Furoquinolines | 3a to 6 | FcB1 (from 162.47 to 298.16 μM) | Teclea nobilis (Rutaceae), NCBI:txid1220089 | Fruits and leaves | Kamwenge district, Uganda | Lacroix et al. [59] |
7 | Dd2 (IC50 = 35 μM) | Melicope madagascariensis (Rutaceae), NCBI:txid1487113 | Stem bark | Antsasaka forest of Moramanga, Madagascar | Rasamison et al. [60] | |
Indoles | 8a to 13 and 15 | 3D7 (from 0.41 to 110.58 μM) | Strychnos icaja (Loganiaceae), NCBI:txid1040889 | Stem bark | Bertoua, Cameroon | Tchinda et al. [61] |
14 | FCA20 (0.617 μM) | Strychnos icaja (Loganiaceae), NCBI:txid1040889 | Roots | Kasongo-Lunda, DR Congo | ||
W2 (0.085 μM) | ||||||
Indolosesquiterpenes | 16a and 17a | NF54 (7.6 μM and 29.1 μM, respectively) | Polyalthia oliveri (Annonaceae), NCBI:txid105756 | Stem bark | Mount Kala, Cameroon | Kouam et al. [64] |
Naphthylisoquinolines | 18a and 19a | NF54 (0.043 and 0.055 μM, respectively) | Ancistrocladus sp. (Ancistrocladaceae), NCBI:txid 63071 | Leaves | Mbandaka, DR Congo | Lombe et al. [65] |
20a, 21`a, 22a and 23 to 25 | NF54 (from 0.090 to 6.54 μM) | Ancistrocladus ileboensis (Ancistrocladaceae), NCBI:txid1367080 | Leaves and root bark | Bambange, DR Congo | Li et al. [66] | |
K1 (0.228 μM for compound 19) | ||||||
26a, 27a, 28a and 29a | NF54 (from 0.84 to 22.2 μM) | Ancistrocladus ealaensis (Ancistrocladaceae), NCBI:txid714098 | Twigs and leaves | Mbandaka, DR Congo | Tshitenge et al. [67] | |
K1 (from 1.4 to 8.2 μM) | ||||||
Protoberberines | 30 to 33 | K1 (from 0.22 to 0.71 μM) | Annickia kummeriae (Annonaceae), NCBI:txid225831 | Leaves | Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania | Malebo et al. [58] |
34 | K1 (IC50 = 318.66 μM) | Polyalthia longifolium var. pendula (Annonaceae), NCBI:txid235806 | Stem | Tikrom, near Kumasi, Ghana | Gbedema et al. [68] | |
Pyridinones | 35 | K1 (IC50 = 81.28 μM) | Polyalthia longifolium var. pendula (Annonaceae), NCBI:txid235806 | Stem | Tikrom, near Kumasi, Ghana | Gbedema et al. [68] |
Others | 36 | K1 (IC50 = 32.12 μM) | Canthium multiflorum (Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid58501 | Aerial part | Obala, along River Sanaga, Cameroon | Kouam et al. [69] |
Aporphines
Furoquinolines
Indoles
Indolosesquiterpenes
Naphthylisoquinolines
Protoberberines
Pyridinones
Other alkaloids
Flavonoids
Flavanones and flavones
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plasmodial strain (activities) | Plant species (Family), Taxon IDb | Part of the plant studied | Place of harvest (locality, country) | Author, references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavanones and flavones | 37 to 43 | D6 (from 11.26 to 56.31 μM) | Senecio roseiflorus (Compositae-Asteraceae), NCBI:txid1886451 | Leaves | Mount Kenya Forest, Meru, Kenya | Kerubo et al. [76] |
W2 (from 15.48 to 87.50 μM) | ||||||
44 to 46 | D6 (from 11.30 to 14.00 μM) | Tephrosia villosa (Leguminosae-Fabaceae), NCBI:txid62125 | Roots | Manyani, TaitaTaveta County, Kenya | Muiva-Mutisya et al. [77] | |
W2 (from 13.10 to 20.40 µM) | ||||||
47 and 48 | F32 (from 2.18 to 21.13 μM) | Allanblackia floribunda (Guttiferae- Clusiaceae), NCBI:txid469914 | Whole plant | Mount Kala, Cameroon | Azebaze et al. [78] | |
FcM29 (from 1.75 to 22.59 μM) | ||||||
49 | W2mef (19.37 μM) | Peperomia vulcanica (Piperaceae), NCBI:txid1719589 | Whole plant | Mount Cameroon, Cameroon | Ngemenya et al. [79] | |
Dd2 (3.18 μM) | ||||||
Glycoflavonoids | 50 and 51 | D6 (97.1 and 42.9 μM, respectively) | Ekebergia capensis (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid124949 | Leaves | Gakoe Forest, Kiambu County, Kenya | Irungu et al. [80] |
W2 (105.8 μM) | ||||||
52 and 53 | Gardenia ternifolia (Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid1237590; Crossopteryx febrifuga (Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid170354; and Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), NCBI:txid126435 | Stem barks and leaves | Kinshasa, DR Congo | Tshitenge et al. [26] | ||
54 | F32 (15.98 and 40.36 μM, respectively, at 24 h and 72 h) | Allanblackia floribunda (Guttiferae- Clusiaceae), NCBI:txid469914 | Whole plant | Mount Kala, Cameroon | Azebaze et al. [78] | |
FcM29 (11.69 and 33.24 µM , respectively, at 24 h and 72 h) | ||||||
Isoflavones | 55 to 70 | W2 (from 14.9 to 53.1 μM) | Millettia oblata ssp. teitensis (Leguminosae-Fabaceae), NCBI:txid53625 | Stem bark | Taita Hill Forest, Kenya | Derese et al. [81] |
63a | D6 (from 13.3 to 48.7 μM) | |||||
71a to 74 | 3D7 and Dd2 (70 to 90% inhibition at 40 μM) | Millettia dura (Leguminosae-Fabaceae), NCBI:txid62119 | Root bark | Kisarawe, Tanzania | Marco et al. [82] | |
Retonoids | 75 to 77 | D6 (18.71 µM for compound 75 and 9.60 μg/mL for a mixture of compounds 76 and 77) | Tephrosia villosa (Leguminosae-Fabaceae), NCBI:txid62125 | Roots | Manyani, Taita Taveta County, Kenya | Muiva-Mutisya et al. [77] |
W2 (28.64 µM for compound 75 and 22.60 μg/mL for a mixture of compounds 76 and 77) |
Glycoflavonoids
Isoflavones
Retonoids
Phenolics and quinones
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plasmodial strain (activities) | Plant species (Family), Taxon IDb | Part of the plant studied | Place of harvest (locality, country) | Author, references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ellagic acid derivative (phenolics) | 78 | D6 (8.01 µM) | Terminalia brownii (Combretaceae), NCBI:txid1548809 | Stem bark | Machakos County, Kenya | Machumi et al. [84] |
W2 (8.01 µM) | ||||||
Phenolic glycosides (phenolics) | 79 and 80 | Gardenia ternifolia (Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid1237590; Crossopteryx febrifuga (Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid170354; and Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), NCBI:txid126435 | Stem barks and leaves | Kinshasa, DR Congo | Tshitenge et al. [26] | |
Anthraquinones (quinones) | 81a, 82 to 92 | D6 (from 0.47 to 23.25 μM) | Kniphofia foliosa (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid214838 | Rhizomes | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Induli et al. [85] |
89 | W2 (from 0.35 to 18.42 μM ) | |||||
93 | D6 (7.73 μM) | Kniphofia foliosa (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid214838 | Roots | Gedo, Ethiopia | Abdissa et al. [86] | |
W2 (2.22 μM) | ||||||
89a | D6 (9.40 μM) | Kniphofia foliosa (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid214838 | Roots | Gedo, Ethiopia | Abdissa et al. [86] | |
W2 (14.58 μM) | ||||||
82 | 3D7 (0.7 μM) | Kniphofia foliosa (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid214838 | Leaves | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Feilcke et al. [89] | |
90a and 91a | K1 (0.17 and 0.26 μm, respectively) | Bulbine frutescens (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid210954 | Roots | Chiromo Campus Garden, Kenya | Bringmann et al. [87] | |
94 to 96 | D6 (19.66 to 82.80 μM) | Aloe pulcherrima (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid25641 | Roots | Saka Chokorsa, Ethiopia | Abdissa et al. [88] | |
W2 (64.46 to 141.95 μM) | ||||||
86 | 3D7 (1.9 μM) | Kniphofia foliosa (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid214838 | Leaves | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Feilcke et al. [89] | |
97a | NF54 (weak activity) | Diospyros canaliculata (Ebenaceae), NCBI:txid13492 | Stem bark | Kribi, Cameroon | Lenta et al. [90] | |
Anthrones (quinones) | 98 to 101 | Suppression of parasitaemia from 36.8 to 66.8% at doses of 100 to 400 mg/kg /day | Aloe percrassa (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid1593100 | Leaf latex | Edagahamus, Ethiopia | Geremedhin et al. [91] |
Naphthohydroquinones (quinones) | 102a, 103a, 104a, 105a and 106a | D6 (from 19.59 to 36.03 μM) | Pentas bussei (syn: Rhodopentas bussei, Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid387051 | Roots | Mombasa, Kenya | Endale et al. [92] |
W2 (60.08 to 144.43 μM) | ||||||
Other quinones | 107 | W2mef (52.25 μM) | Peperomia vulcanica (Piperaceae), NCBI:txid1719589 | Whole plant | Mount Cameroon, Cameroon | Ngemenya et al. [79] |
108a | D6 (19.28 μM) | Neoboutonia macrocalyx (Euphorbaceae), NCBI:txid316724 | Stem bark | Kibale National Park, Uganda | Namukobe et al. [93] | |
W2 (14.17 μM) |
Ellagic acid derivatives
Phenolic glycosides
Anthraquinones
Anthrones
Naphthohydroquinones
Other quinones
Steroids
Ergostane phytosterols
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plasmodial strain (activities) | Plant species (Family), Taxon IDb | Part of the plant studied | Place of harvest (City, Country) | Author, references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ergostane phytosterols | 109a, 110a, and 111 | 3D7 (IC50 values range from 11.2 to 22.0 µM) | Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae), NCBI:txid289695 | Stem bark | Mount Kala, Cameroon | Douanla et al. [94] |
W2 ( IC50 values range from 11.2 to 22.0 µM) | ||||||
112 | W2mef (IC50 value = 53.45 µM) | Peperomia vulcanica (Piperaceae), NCBI:txid1719589 | Whole plant | Mount Cameroon, Cameroon | Ngemenya et al. [79] | |
113 | W2 (IC50 value = 153.79 µM) | Polyalthia longifolium var. pendula (Annonaceae), NCBI:txid235806 | Stem | Tikrom, near Kumasi, Ghana | Gbedema et al. [68] | |
113 | W2 (IC50 value = 172.9 µM) | Turraea robusta (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid1899148 | Stem bark | Nairobi, Kenya | Irungu et al. [95] | |
D6 (IC50 value = 68.3 µM) | ||||||
Phytosterol glucosides | 114 to 116 | D6 and W2 (from weak to moderate activities) | Turraea nilotica (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid992803 | Stem bark | Nairobi, Kenya | Irungu et al. [95] |
Phytosterol glucosides
Terpenoids
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plasmodial strain (activities) | Plant species (Family), Taxon IDb | Part of the plant studied | Place of harvest (Locality, Country) | Author, references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clerodane diterpenes | 117 to 119 | K1 (IC50 values range from 9.59 to 18.41 µM) | Polyalthia longifolium var. pendula (Annonaceae), NCBI:txid235806 | Stem | Tikrom, near Kumasi, Ghana | Gbedema et al. [68] |
Daphnane diterpenoids | 120 | FcB1 (IC50 value = 19.02 µM) | Neoboutonia macrocalyx (Euphorbaceae), NCBI:txid316724 | Stem bark | Kibale National Park, Uganda | Namukobe et al. [96] |
121 and 122 | D6 (IC50 values = 65.14 and 6.96 µM, respectively) | Neoboutonia macrocalyx (Euphorbaceae), NCBI:txid316724 | Stem bark | Kibale National Park, Uganda | Namukobe et al. [93] | |
W2 (IC50 values = 57.82 and 4.10 µM, respectively) | ||||||
Iridoid diterpenoid | 123 | K1 (IC50 value = 171.68 µM) | Canthium multiflorum (Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid58501 | Aerial part | Obala, along River Sanaga, Cameroon | Kouam et al. [69] |
Labdane diterpenoids | 124 | Suppression of Plasmodium berghei at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg with chemosuppression values of 50.13, 65.58 and 73.16%, respectively. | Otostegia integrifolia (syn: Rydingia integrifolia, Lamiaceae), NCBI:txid483857 | Leaves | Chancho, Central Ethiopia | Endale et al. [97] |
Norcassane furanoditerpene | 125 | 3D7 (IC50 value = 2.20 μM) | Caesalpinia bonducella (Caesalpiniaceae), NCBI:txid53845 | Roots | Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania | Nondo et al. [98] |
Dd2 (IC50 value = 4.16 μM) | ||||||
Sesquiterpenoids | 126a, 127a, 128a, 129a, and 130a | W2 (IC50 values range from 1.71 to 2.63 µM) | Salacia longipes (Celastraceae), NCBI:txid662028 | Seeds | Mount Kala, Cameroon | Mba’ning et al. [99] |
131a | NF54 (IC50 value = 15.69 μM) | Scleria striatinux (Cyperaceae), NCBI:txid1916803 | Rhizomes | Oku, Cameroon | Nyongbela et al. [100] | |
K1 (IC50 value = 13.54 μM) |
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plasmodial strain (activities) | Plant species (Family), Taxon IDb | Part of the plant studied | Place of harvest (Locality, Country) | Author, references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acyclic triterpenes | 132 and 133 | D6 (IC50 values = 27.1 and 56.1 µM, respectively) | Ekebergia capensis (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid124949 | Leaves | Gakoe forest, Kiambu County, Kenya | Irungu et al. [80] |
W2 (IC50 values = 66.9 and 64.3 µM, respectively) | ||||||
Apotirucallane triterpenoids | 134a, 135a, 136a, 137a, 138a, 139a, and 140 to 142 | NF54 (IC50 values range from 0.67 to 19.3 µM) | Entandrophragma congoense (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid2590899 | Bark | Nkomokui, Cameroon | Happi et al. [101] |
Cycloartane triterpenes | 143 to 150 | FcB1 (all IC50 values < 11 μM, the lowest value being 1.48 μM) | Neoboutonia macrocalyx (Euphorbaceae), NCBI:txid316724 | Stem bark | Kibale National Park, Uganda | Namukobe et al. [96] |
aAll new | ||||||
Lanostane triterpene | 151a | D6 (IC50 value = 257.8 nM) | Ganoderma sp. (Ganodermataceae), NCBI:txid5314 | Whole organism | Egypt | Wahba et al. [102] |
W2 (IC50 value = 2000.0 nM) | ||||||
Limonoids | 152 | D6 (IC50 value = 84.7 µM) | Ekebergia capensis (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid124949 | Leaves | Gakoe forest, Kiambu County, Kenya | Irungu et al. [80] |
W2 (IC50 value = 150.2 µM) | ||||||
153 to 157 | D6 (IC50 values range from 2.4 to 36.6 µM) | Turraea robusta (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid1899148 | Root bark | Nairobi, Kenya | Irungu et al. [95] | |
W2 (from 1.1 to 40.5 µM) | ||||||
Oleanane triterpenes | 158 to 161 | D6 (IC50 values range from 38.8 to 205.0 µM) | Ekebergia capensis (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid124949 | Leaves | Gakoe forest, Kiambu County, Kenya | Irungu et al. [80] |
W2 (IC50 values range from 76.7 to 179.4 µM) | ||||||
160 and 162 | 3D7 (IC50 values = 59.4 and 32.4 µM, respectively) | Keetia leucantha (Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid 43504 | Twigs | Adjarra-Ouémé, Benin Republic | Bero et al. [103] | |
162, 163 and 164 | D10 (IC50 values range from 3.81 to 15.54 μM) | Mimusops caffra (Sapotaceae), NCBI:txid362720 | Leaves | Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa | Simelane et al. [104] | |
Tirucallane-type triterpenoids | 165a , 166a and 167 | NF54 (IC50 values range from 2.4 to 6.1 µM) | Entandrophragma congoense (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid2590899 | Bark | Nkomokui, Cameroon | Happi et al. [105] |
Protolimonoids | 168 to 170 | D6 (IC50 values range from 36.8 to 48.2 µM) | Turraea nilotica (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid992803 | Stem bark | Nairobi, Kenya | Irungu et al. [95] |
W2 (IC50 values range from 37.2 to 77.0 µM) | ||||||
Other triterpenoids (hopane-type and cycloartane-type) | 171 | NF54 (IC50 value = 112.94 μM) | Diospyros canaliculata (Ebenaceae), NCBI:txid13492 | Stem bark | Kribi, Cameroon | Lenta et al. [90] |
172 | NF54 (IC50 value = 97.73 μM) | Erythrina caffra (Papilionaceae), NCBI:txid3842 | Stem bark | Pietermaritzburg, South Africa | Chukwujekwu et al. [106] | |
173 | FcB1( IC50 value = 2.15 µM) | Neoboutonia macrocalyx (Euphorbaceae), NCBI:txid316724 | Stem bark | Kibale National Park, Uganda | Namukobe et al. [96] |
Clerodane diterpenes
Daphnane diterpenes
Iridoids, labdanes, and norcassane furanoditerpenes
Sesquiterpenoids
Acyclic triterpenes
Apotirucallane triterpenoids
Cycloartane triterpenes
Lanostane triterpene and limonoids
Oleanane triterpenes
Tirucallane-type triterpenoids
Protolimonoids
Other triterpenoids
Other compound classes
Compound subclass | Isolated metabolites | Plasmodial strain (activities) | Plant species (Family), Taxon IDa | Part of the plant studied | Place of harvest (Locality, Country) | Author, references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amide | 174 | 3D7 (IC50 value = 39.04 µM) | Zanthoxylum heterophyllum (Rutaceae), NCBI:txid1908418 | Leaves | Langevin, Reunion Island | Ledoux et al. [107] |
Coumarins | 175 | 3D7 (viability percentage = 101.15) | Diospyros conocarpa (Ebenaceae), NCBI:txid13492 | Leaves, trunk, and roots | Ntouessong and Nkoemvone, Cameroon | Fouokeng et al. [108] |
176, 177 and 178 | NF54 (IC50 values vary from 2.17 to 60.09 µM) | Diospyros canaliculata (Ebenaceae), NCBI:txid13492 | Stem bark | Kribi, Cameroon | Lenta et al. [90] | |
Ester | 179 | NF54 (IC50 value = 42.59 µM) | Erythrina caffra (Papilionaceae), NCBI:txid3842 | Stem bark | Pietermaritzburg, South Africa | Chukwujekwu et al. [106] |
Lactones | 180 | NF54 (IC50 value = 109.99 µM) | Vangueria infausta spp. infausta (Rubiaceae), NCBI:txid164485 | Roots | Mutale Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa | Bapela [109] |
181 | D10 (IC50 value = 24.70 µM) | Lippia javanica (Verbenaceae), NCBI:txid925357 | Leaves | Thathe Vondo village, Limpopo Province, South Africa | Ludere et al. [110] | |
Naphthalene derivatives | 182 and 183 | D6 (IC50 value = 10.52 µM for compound 182) | Kniphofia foliosa (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid214838 | Rhizomes | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Induli et al. [85] |
W2 (IC50 value = 6.32 µM for compound 182) | ||||||
3D7 (IC50 value = 67.32 µM for compound 183) | ||||||
182 | D6 (IC50 value = 10.48 µM) | Kniphofia foliosa (Asphodelaceae), NCBI:txid214838 | Roots | Gedo, Ethiopia | Abdissa n [86] | |
W2 (IC50 value = 6.28 µM) | ||||||
Spirobisnaphthalene | 184 | NF54 (IC50 value = 73.28 µM) | Entandrophragma congoense (Meliaceae), NCBI:txid2590899 | Bark | Nkomokui, Cameroon | Happi et al. [101] |
Xanthones | 185 to 187 | F32/24h (IC50 values range from 1.16 to 70.33 µM) | Allanblackia floribunda (Guttiferae- Clusiaceae), NCBI:txid469914 | Whole plant | Mount Kala, Cameroon | Azebaze et al. [78] |
F32/72h (from 0.91 to 50.23 µM) | ||||||
FCM29/24h (from 0.83 to 17.93 µM) | ||||||
FCM29/24h (from 0.68 to 67.22 µM) |