Background
Problems in the study of prejudice towards people with MI
Nomological network
Antecedents
Consequences
Study aims
-
Hypothesis 1: Prejudice associated with MI is multidimensional.
-
Hypothesis 2: The prejudice towards people with MI as measured by the PPMI scale relates to antecedents of higher RWA and SDO, and lower agreeableness, openness to experience, empathy, and contact.
-
Hypothesis 3: The consequences of MI prejudice are disliking and disrespect for people with specific MI and discriminatory behaviours.
Study 1
Method
Participants
Materials and procedure
Results and discussion
Exploratory factor analysis
Correlational analysis
PPMI | Fear/Avoidance | Malevolence | Authoritarianism | Unpredictability | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
r
|
sr
|
r
|
sr
|
r
|
sr
|
r
|
sr
| |
SDO | .55** | .50*** | .17*** | .63*** | .39*** | .44*** | .09* | .18*** | −.14** |
RWA | .51*** | .40*** | .02 | .45*** | .22*** | .46*** | .18*** | .34*** | .10* |
Empathic concern | −.21*** | −.19** | −.07 | −.42*** | −.37*** | −.14* | .03 | .07 | .21*** |
Perspective taking | −.20*** | −.18** | −.06 | −.26*** | −.14* | −.16** | −.03 | −.07 | .04 |
Extraversion | −.04 | −.10 | −.15** | −.09 | −.07 | .04 | .13* | .05 | .09 |
Agreeableness | −.18** | −.18*** | −.01 | −.32** | −.28*** | −.10 | .05 | .05 | .16** |
Openness to experience | −.30*** | −.22*** | .02 | −.25*** | −.10 | −.30*** | −.16** | −.21*** | −.06 |
Conscientiousness | −.04 | −.03 | .00 | −.05 | −.03 | −.05 | −.03 | .00 | .03 |
Neuroticism | .09 | .06 | −.01 | .11 | .09 | .06 | .00 | .05 | .02 |
Disliking PWSMI | .42*** | .44*** | .25*** | .40*** | .16** | .34*** | .06 | .14* | −.13** |
Disrespect PWSMI | .38*** | .39*** | .21*** | .38*** | .19*** | .28*** | .02 | .14* | −.10 |
Contact | −.37*** | −.41*** | −.28*** | −.28*** | −.07 | −.24*** | .05 | −.22*** | −.00 |
Social desirability | −.04 | −.07 | −.09 | .01 | .05 | −.02 | .01 | −.02 | .02 |
Past behaviour | .13* | .12* | .04 | .20** | .15** | .11 | .02 | −.00 | −.09 |
Study 2
Method
Participants
Materials and procedure
Item | Study 2 | Study 3 |
---|---|---|
Fear/Avoidance | ||
I would find it hard to talk to someone who has a mental illness | .62 | .63 |
I would be less likely to become romantically involved with someone if I knew they were mentally ill | .51 | .45 |
It is best to avoid people who have mental illness | .76 | .55 |
I would feel unsafe being around someone who is mentally ill | .81 | .67 |
I would be just as happy to invite a person with mental illness into my home as I would anyone else* | .76 | .77 |
I would feel relaxed if I had to talk to someone who was mentally ill* | .70 | .75 |
I am not scared of people with mental illness* | .74 | .68 |
In general, it is easy to interact with someone who has mental illness* | .67 | .61 |
Malevolence | ||
People who are mentally ill are avoiding the difficulties of everyday life | .63 | .35 |
People with mental illness should support themselves and not expect handouts | .58 | .34 |
People who develop mental illness are genetically inferior to other people | .59 | .45 |
People with mental illness do not deserve our sympathy | .49 | .53 |
We, as a society, should be spending much more money on helping people with mental illness* | .48 | .61 |
People who become mentally ill are not failures in life* | .41 | .62 |
We need to support and care for people who become mentally ill* | .62 | .75 |
Under certain circumstances, anyone can experience mental illness* | .42 | .67 |
Authoritarianism | ||
People who are mentally ill need to be controlled by any means necessary | .67 | .56 |
Those who have serious mental illness should not be allowed to have children | .57 | .57 |
People who are mentally ill should be forced to have treatment | .49 | .45 |
People who are mentally ill should be free to make their own decisions* | .51 | .70 |
People who are mentally ill should be allowed to live their life any way they want* | .50 | .66 |
Society does not have a right to limit the freedom of people with mental illness* | .39 | .61 |
Unpredictability | ||
The behaviour of people with mental illness is unpredictable | .75 | .74 |
People with mental illness often do unexpected things | .79 | .75 |
In general, you cannot predict how people with mental illness will behave | .75 | .77 |
The behaviour of people with mental illness is just as predictable as that of people who are mentally healthy* | .55 | .47 |
People with mental illness behave in ways that are foreseeable* | .65 | .25 |
I usually find people with mental illness to be consistent in their behaviour* | .67 | .37 |
Results and discussion
CFA
Correlations
Ordinal logistic regression (OLR) analysis
Study 3
Method
Participants
Materials and procedure
Results and discussion
CFA
Correlations
PPMI | Fear/Avoidance | Malevolence | Authoritarianism | Unpredictability | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
r
|
sr
|
r
|
sr
|
r
|
sr
|
r
|
sr
| |
SDO | .52** | .38*** | −.003 | .60*** | .51*** | .41*** | .08* | .14** | .07 |
RWA | .39*** | .24*** | −.14*** | .29*** | .17*** | .42*** | .25*** | .29*** | .16*** |
Agreeableness | −.16** | −.20*** | −.19*** | −.23** | −.14** | −.05 | .11* | .08 | .11* |
Openness to Experience | −.15*** | −.16*** | −.11* | −.19** | −.12** | −.08 | .05 | .01 | .04 |
People Who Have Schizophrenia | −.43*** | −.44*** | −.25*** | −.27*** | −.08* | −.31*** | .03 | −.26*** | −.10* |
People Who Have Depression | −.44*** | −.41*** | −.17*** | −.42*** | −.24*** | −.32*** | −.01 | −.13** | −.01 |
People Who Have Never Had MI | −.06 | −.06 | −.03 | −.26*** | −.23*** | −.004 | .05 | .18*** | .14** |
Contact | −.20*** | −.41*** | −.26*** | −.10* | .04 | −.13** | .06 | −.08 | .03 |