Background
Method
Translation and cross-cultural adaption
Participants
Instruments
Psychological inflexibility towards pain
Pain intensity
Pain acceptance
Pain catastrophizing
Fear of movement
Pain-related disability
Anxiety and depression
Statistical analysis
Results
Item analyses and internal consistency
Itema | M | SD | Difficulty | Item-whole correlationb | α if removed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avoidance | 32.01 | 11.35 | .57 c | .71 c | - | |
1. | I cancel planned activities when I am in pain. | 4.18 | 1.53 | .60 | .65 | .90 |
2. | I say things like ‘I don’t have any energy’, ‘I am not well enough’. ‘I don’t have time’, ‘I don’t dare’, ‘I have too much pain’, ‘I feel bad’, or ‘I don’t feel like it’. | 4.40 | 1.69 | .63 | .61 | .91 |
4. | Because of my pain, I no longer plan for the future. | 3.30 | 1.99 | .47 | .70 | .90 |
5. | I avoid doing things when there is a risk it will hurt or make things worse. | 4.28 | 1.78 | .61 | .69 | .90 |
7. | I don’t do things that are important to me to avoid pain. | 3.93 | 1.84 | .56 | .70 | .90 |
8. | I postpone things because of my pain. | 4.43 | 1.65 | .63 | .84 | .89 |
10. | It’s not me that controls my life, it’s may pain. | 3.68 | 2.04 | .53 | .72 | .90 |
11. | I avoid planning activities because of my pain. | 3.82 | 1.88 | .55 | .80 | .89 |
Fusion | 20.84 | 6.20 | .74 b | .20 b | - | |
3. | I need to understand what is wrong in order to move on. | 3.83 | 4.88 | .55 | .07 | .63 |
6. | It is important to understand what causes my pain. | 5.71 | 1.44 | .82 | .33 | .11 |
9. | I would do almost anything to get rid of my pain. | 5.85 | 1.51 | .84 | .18 | .20 |
12. | It is important that I learn to control my pain. | 5.45 | 1.63 | .78 | .23 | .16 |
Factor structure
Correlations with age, sex and pain-related measures
M | SD | Correlation with Avoidance | Correlation with Fusion | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | – | – | .05 | .03 |
Age | 51.01 | 10.47 | –.17* | –.10 |
Pain duration (years) | 12.71 | 10.86 | –.21* | –.26** |
Current paina | 4.90 | 2.41 | .24** | .06 |
Average pain last 4 weeksa | 5.50 | 2.07 | .22** | .17* |
TSK | 36.04 | 7.85 | .58*** | .27*** |
PCS | 19.73 | 12.06 | .56*** | .41*** |
Rumination | 6.63 | 4.14 | .52*** | .42*** |
Magnification | 3.58 | 2.68 | .46*** | .42*** |
Helplessness | 9.52 | 6.23 | .52*** | .32*** |
PDI | 34.21 | 14.65 | .46*** | .31*** |
QBPDS | 39.97 | 20.11 | .42*** | .14 |
CPAQ total | 60.34 | 20.75 | –.81*** | –.43*** |
Activity Engagement | 34.11 | 12.67 | –.69*** | –.22** |
Pain Willingness | 26.23 | 10.76 | –.74*** | –.55*** |
HADS Anxiety | 10.01 | 3.46 | .37*** | .22** |
HADS Depression | 10.22 | 3.86 | .48*** | .12 |
PIPS and established instruments (TSK and CPAQ)
B | SE B | β | ΔR2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | .040* | |||
Constant | 36.246 | 7.234 | − | |
Age | −0.186 | 0.105 | −.132 | |
Sex | 4.358 | 2.424 | .134 | |
Step 2 | .310*** | |||
Constant | 14.783 | 8.501 | − | |
Age | −0.019 | 0.090 | −.014 | |
Sex | 3.930 | 2.056 | .121 | |
PCS | 0.692 | 0.087 | .570*** | |
TSK | 0.000 | 0.139 | .000 | |
Step 3 | .038** | |||
Constant | 22.476 | 8.864 | − | |
Age | −0.024 | 0.087 | −.017 | |
Sex | 2.673 | 2.044 | .082 | |
PCS | 0.635 | 0.094 | .523*** | |
TSK | −0.195 | 0.151 | −.102 | |
PIPS-Avoidance | 0.334 | 0.108 | .254** | |
PIPS-Fusion | −0.457 | 0.282 | −.108 |
B | SE B | β | ΔR2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | .040* | |||
Constant | 36.246 | 7.234 | − | |
Age | −0.186 | 0.105 | −.132 | |
Sex | 4.358 | 2.424 | .134 | |
Step 2 | .342*** | |||
Constant | 12.032 | 7.236 | − | |
Age | −0.009 | 0.087 | −.006 | |
Sex | 3.391 | 1.970 | .104 | |
PCS | 0.606 | 0.092 | .499*** | |
PIPS-Avoidance | 0.273 | 0.097 | .207** | |
PIPS-Fusion | −0.453 | 0.282 | −.107 | |
Step 3 | .006 | |||
Constant | 22.476 | 9.240 | − | |
Age | −0.024 | 0.087 | −.017 | |
Sex | 2.673 | 2.044 | .082 | |
PCS | 0.635 | 0.094 | .523*** | |
PIPS-Avoidance | 0.334 | 0.108 | .254** | |
PIPS-Fusion | −0.457 | 0.282 | −.108 | |
TSK | −0.195 | 0.151 | −.102 |
B | SE B | β | ΔR2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | .040* | |||
Constant | 36.246 | 7.234 | − | |
Age | −0.186 | 0.105 | −.132 | |
Sex | 4.358 | 2.424 | .134 | |
Step 2 | .328*** | |||
Constant | 24.864 | 7.809 | − | |
Age | −0.010 | 0.088 | −.007 | |
Sex | 3.788 | 1.980 | .116 | |
PCS | 0.558 | 0.096 | .459*** | |
CPAQ | −0.126 | 0.057 | −.174* | |
Step 3 | .017 | |||
Constant | 24.005 | 11.782 | − | |
Age | −0.008 | 0.087 | −.006 | |
Sex | 3.414 | 1.971 | .105 | |
PCS | 0.576 | 0.098 | .474*** | |
CPAQ | −0.071 | 0.079 | −.099 | |
PIPS-Avoidance | 0.192 | 0.132 | .146 | |
PIPS-Fusion | −0.490 | 0.286 | −.116 |
B | SE B | β | ΔR2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | .040* | |||
Constant | 36.246 | 7.234 | − | |
Age | −0.186 | 0.105 | −.132 | |
Sex | 4.358 | 2.424 | .134 | |
Step 2 | .342*** | |||
Constant | 15.939 | 7.734 | − | |
Age | −0.009 | 0.087 | −.006 | |
Sex | 3.391 | 1.970 | .104 | |
PCS | 0.606 | 0.092 | .499*** | |
PIPS-Avoidance | 0.273 | 0.097 | .207** | |
PIPS-Fusion | −0.453 | 0.282 | − .107 | |
Step 3 | .003 | |||
Constant | 24.005 | 11.782 | − | |
Age | −0.008 | 0.087 | −.006 | |
Sex | 3.414 | 1.971 | .105 | |
PCS | 0.576 | 0.098 | .474*** | |
PIPS-Avoidance | 0.192 | 0.132 | .146 | |
PIPS-Fusion | −0.490 | 0.286 | −.116 | |
CPAQ | −0.071 | 0.079 | −.099 |
The contribution of PIPS in the prediction of pain-related disability
M | SD | B | SE B | β | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | – | – | 19.00 | 8.94 | – |
Sex | – | – | 1.43 | 1.97 | .04 |
Age (years) | 51.0 | 10.5 | −0.07 | 0.08 | -.05 |
Average Pain (0–10) | 5.5 | 2.1 | 1.93 | 0.44 | .27*** |
PCS | 19.7 | 12.1 | 0.50 | 0.10 | .41*** |
TSK | 35.9 | 7.7 | −0.19 | 0.14 | -.10 |
HADS-A | 10.0 | 3.5 | −0.48 | 0.31 | -.11 |
HADS-D | 10.2 | 3.9 | 0.41 | 0.29 | .11 |
PIPS-Avoidance | 31.7 | 11.2 | 0.31 | 0.11 | .24** |
PIPS-Fusion | 17.0 | 3.5 | −0.40 | 0.27 | -.09 |