Background
Method
Study design
Participants and study setting
Study instruments
Measures and scale construction
Alcohol and marijuana use
Multiple partners
Psychosocial correlates
Measures and example items | Number of items | Min Score | Max Score | Cronbach’s Alpha (α)/Pearson’s r |
---|---|---|---|---|
Attitudes towards behaving as a responsible man. | 2 | 1 | 5 | .59 |
- A responsible man is someone who has to discipline his wife/partner when necessary using physical force | ||||
- A responsible man is someone who forces himself on his partner when they do not feel like having sex | ||||
Subjective norms towards behaving as a responsible man. | 2 | 1 | 5 | .73 |
- Most of your community members think that a responsible man is someone who has to discipline his wife/partner when necessary using physical force. | ||||
- Most men I know think that a responsible man is someone who has to discipline his wife/partner when necessary using physical force. | ||||
Perceived Behavioural Control towards behaving as a responsible man. | 2 | 1 | 5 | .42 |
- How confident are you that you will be able to look after your partner’s wellbeing? | ||||
- How confident are you that you will be able to support your partner and children financially? | ||||
Intentions towards behaving as a responsible man. | 1 | 1 | 5 | - |
- I intend to discipline my wife/partner when necessary using physical force in the next 3 months | ||||
Attitudes towards reducing overall alcohol and drug intake | 6 | 1 | 5 | .84 |
-Reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is something that is wise | ||||
-Reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is something that is pleasant | ||||
-Reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is something that is good | ||||
-Reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is something that is valuable | ||||
-Reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is something that is safe | ||||
-Reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is something that is natural | ||||
Subjective Norms towards reducing overall alcohol and drug intake | 5 | 1 | 5 | .84 |
-Most people who are important to me think that reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most men who are important to me think that reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most of my peers who are important to me think that reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most community members who are important to me think that reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most family members who are important to me think that reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
Perceived Behavioural Control towards reducing overall alcohol and drug intake | 3 | 1 | 5 | .66 |
-For me to reduce overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months is possible | ||||
- If I wanted to reduce overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months I could do it with ease | ||||
- How much control do you believe you have in reducing overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months | ||||
Intentions towards reducing overall alcohol and drug intake | 6 | 1 | 5 | .93 |
-I intend to reduce overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months | ||||
-I intend to reduce overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months even if I am offered free alcohol and/or drugs | ||||
-I intend to reduce overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months even if people are calling me derogatory names | ||||
-I intend to reduce overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months even if i acquire material wealth | ||||
-I intend to reduce overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months even if my friends dare me | ||||
-I intend to reduce overall drug and alcohol intake to only 1 day a week in the next 3 months even if my drinking partners dare me | ||||
Attitudes towards avoiding sex when you are intoxicated | 5 | 1 | 5 | .91 |
-Avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is wise | ||||
-Avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is pleasant | ||||
-Avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is good | ||||
-Avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is valuable | ||||
-Avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is safe | ||||
Subjective Norms towards avoiding sex when you are intoxicated | 5 | 1 | 5 | .84 |
-Most people who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most men who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most of my peers who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most community members who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most family members who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
Perceived Behavioural Control towards avoiding sex when you are intoxicated | 3 | 1 | 5 | .66 |
- For me to avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is possible | ||||
- If I wanted to avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months I could do it with ease | ||||
- How much control do you believe you have in avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months | ||||
Intentions towards avoiding sex when you are intoxicated | 6 | 1 | 5 | .92 |
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if I am offered free alcohol and/or drugs | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if people are calling me derogatory names | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if I acquire material wealth | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if my friends dare me | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex when under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if my drinking partners dare me | ||||
Attitudes towards avoiding sex with people who are intoxicated | 5 | 1 | 5 | .94 |
-Avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is wise | ||||
-Avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is pleasant | ||||
-Avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is good | ||||
-Avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is valuable | ||||
-Avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is something that is safe | ||||
Subjective Norms towards avoiding sex with people who are intoxicated | 5 | 1 | 5 | .88 |
-Most people who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most men who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most of my peers who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most community members who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
-Most family members who are important to me think that avoiding engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is a good thing | ||||
Perceived Behavioural Control towards avoiding sex with people who are intoxicated | 3 | 1 | 5 | .79 |
- For me to avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months is possible | ||||
- If I wanted to avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of alcohol in the next 3 months I could do it with ease | ||||
- How much control do you believe you have in avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of alcohol in the next 3 months | ||||
Intentions towards avoiding sex with people who are intoxicated | 6 | 1 | 5 | .93 |
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if I am offered free alcohol and/or drugs | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if people are calling me derogatory names | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if I acquire material wealth | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if my friends dare me | ||||
- I intend to avoid engaging in sex with people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the next 3 months even if my drinking partners dare me |
Analysis
Results
Socio-demographic profile of the participants
Characteristic
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
---|---|---|
Age
| ||
(18–20)
|
226
|
64.6 %
|
(21–25)
|
85
|
24.3 %
|
(26–30)
|
30
|
8.6 %
|
(31–35)
|
7
|
2.0 %
|
Levels of education
| ||
Primary
|
1
|
.3 %
|
Standard 6
|
33
|
9.4 %
|
Standard 8
|
156
|
44.6 %
|
Matric
|
100
|
28.6 %
|
Tertiary (Technikon)
|
25
|
7.1 %
|
Tertiary (University)
|
18
|
5.1 %
|
No formal education
|
0
|
0 %
|
Participants not employed
|
335
|
95.7 %
|
Participants living on their own
|
34
|
9.7 %
|
Participants living with at least one parent
|
108
|
30.8 %
|
Participants living with a relative
|
42
|
12 %
|
Substance use and sexual behaviours
Predictors of intention to avoid sex when intoxicated
Step1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | b | β | b | β | b | β | b | β | |
Avoid sex when intoxicated
| |||||||||
Attitude | .227** | -.00 | -.00 | -.07 | -.09 | -.06 | -.08 | -.07 | -.08 |
Subjective norm | .460** | .37 | .38*** | .19 | .20*** | .20 | .20*** | .20 | .20*** |
Perceived behavioural control | .312** | .21 | .19*** | .20 | .18*** | .20 | .18*** | .19 | .17*** |
Reduce alcohol and marijuana use
| |||||||||
Attitude | .226** | .08 | .07 | .07 | .07 | .07 | .06 | ||
Subjective norm | .492** | .15 | .14*** | .14 | .13** | .13 | .13** | ||
Perceived behavioural control | .171** | -.04 | -.03 | -.04 | -.03 | -.04 | .03 | ||
Intention | .580** | .40 | .39*** | .41 | .40*** | .41 | .39*** | ||
Responsible manhood
| |||||||||
Attitude | .107* | .03 | .05 | .03 | .05 | ||||
Subjective norm | .011 | .03 | .06 | .03 | .07 | ||||
Perceived behavioural control | .122* | .00 | .13 | .00 | .00 | ||||
Intention | .145** | -.00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | ||||
Demographic and past behaviour | |||||||||
Age | -.048 | -.10 | -.07 | ||||||
Level of education | .035 | .04 | .04 | ||||||
Relationship status | -.095 | -.07 | -.03 | ||||||
Marijuana use | .027 | .00 | .00 | ||||||
Alcohol use | -.059 | -.02 | -.01 | ||||||
Number sex partners | -.047 | .02 | .01 | ||||||
Constant | 1.79 | 0.36 | −0.11 | 0.04 | |||||
Adjusted R Square | .22*** | .42*** | .42 | .41 |
Predictors of intention to avoid sex with people who are intoxicated
Step1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | b | β | b | β | b | β | b | β | |
Avoid sex intoxicated people
| |||||||||
Attitude | .167** | -.01 | -.01 | -.02 | -.03 | -.02 | -.02 | -.02 | -.02 |
Subjective norm | .413** | .30 | .31*** | .17 | .18*** | .16 | .17*** | .16 | .17*** |
Perceived behavioural control | .213** | .17 | .19*** | .13 | .14*** | .12 | .13*** | .12 | .14*** |
Reduce alcohol and marijuana use
| |||||||||
Attitude | .290** | .17 | .16*** | .18 | .17*** | .16 | .15*** | ||
Subjective norm | .378** | .15 | .14*** | .14 | .13*** | .15 | .13*** | ||
Perceived behavioural control | .114* | -.11 | -.09 | -.12 | -.10 | -.12 | -.09 | ||
Intention | .479** | .34 | .33*** | .35 | .34*** | .35 | .33*** | ||
Responsible manhood
| |||||||||
Attitude | .125* | .04 | .08 | .04 | .08 | ||||
Subjective norm | .060 | .03 | .06 | .03 | .06 | ||||
Perceived behavioural control | .118* | .02 | .05 | .02 | .04 | ||||
Intention | .100 | -.01 | -.01 | .01 | -.01 | ||||
Demographic and past behaviour | |||||||||
Age | .014 | -.01 | .00 | ||||||
Level of education | .075 | .05 | .05 | ||||||
Relationship status | -.066 | -.01 | .00 | ||||||
Marijuana use | .018 | .04 | -.06 | ||||||
Alcohol use | -.076 | -.01 | -.01 | ||||||
Number sex partners | .008 | -.00 | -.00 | ||||||
Constant | 2.35 | 7.35 | .06 | .07 | |||||
Adjusted R Square | .17*** | .37*** | .37 | .37 |