Skip to main content
Erschienen in: World Journal of Urology 4/2017

30.06.2016 | Topic Paper

The rationale and the role of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma

verfasst von: Umberto Capitanio, Bradley C. Leibovich

Erschienen in: World Journal of Urology | Ausgabe 4/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

Although the role of lymph node dissection (LND) is well defined in many urological settings, uncertainty regarding need for LND still exists for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of the current review is to highlight the rationale for performing or omitting LND at the time of renal surgery.

Methods

Data were identified through a search of PubMed and Web of Science, including studies published in the last 20 years in core clinical journals. The review is based on evidence synthesis from a peer-review process of the two authors after a structured data search.

Results

Neither imaging, nor predictive tools or molecular/genetic markers accurately identify which patients may warrant a LND. In patients with clinical T1abN0 and absence of unfavorable clinical and pathological characteristics, LND does not appear to offer benefit in terms of staging and cancer control. Conversely, LND can be considered in selected cases (larger tumors, locally advanced diseases or when unfavorable pathological characteristics are likely, as high Fuhrman grade, sarcomatoid features or tumor necrosis) due to the non-negligible risk of associated nodal metastases and possible benefit in terms of cancer control.

Conclusions

Although LND does not provide any benefit in the majority of RCC cases (mainly T1abN0M0 cases), it remains an important consideration in intermediate-/high-risk patients for staging purposes, given an increased risk of LNI, and for potential benefit in terms of cancer control. Additional data are urgently needed to improve the accuracy of nodal staging tools and to evaluate the potential role of salvage LND.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Blom JH, van Poppel H, Marechal JM, Jacqmin D, Schroder FH, de Prijck L et al (2009) Radical nephrectomy with and without lymph-node dissection: final results of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) randomized phase 3 trial 30881. Eur Urol 55:28–34CrossRefPubMed Blom JH, van Poppel H, Marechal JM, Jacqmin D, Schroder FH, de Prijck L et al (2009) Radical nephrectomy with and without lymph-node dissection: final results of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) randomized phase 3 trial 30881. Eur Urol 55:28–34CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kates M, Lavery HJ, Brajtbord J, Samadi D, Palese MA (2012) Decreasing rates of lymph node dissection during radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 19:2693CrossRefPubMed Kates M, Lavery HJ, Brajtbord J, Samadi D, Palese MA (2012) Decreasing rates of lymph node dissection during radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 19:2693CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Studer UE, Birkhauser FD (2009) Lymphadenectomy combined with radical nephrectomy: to do or not to do? Eur Urol 55:35–37CrossRefPubMed Studer UE, Birkhauser FD (2009) Lymphadenectomy combined with radical nephrectomy: to do or not to do? Eur Urol 55:35–37CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Parker A (1935) Studies on the main posterior lymph channels of the abdomen and their connections with the lymphatics of the genitourinary system. Am J Anat 56:409CrossRef Parker A (1935) Studies on the main posterior lymph channels of the abdomen and their connections with the lymphatics of the genitourinary system. Am J Anat 56:409CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Brouwer OR, Noe A, Olmos RA, Bex A (2013) Lymphatic drainage from renal cell carcinoma along the thoracic duct visualized with SPECT/CT. Lymphat Res Biol 11:233–238CrossRefPubMed Brouwer OR, Noe A, Olmos RA, Bex A (2013) Lymphatic drainage from renal cell carcinoma along the thoracic duct visualized with SPECT/CT. Lymphat Res Biol 11:233–238CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Karmali RJ, Suami H, Wood CG, Karam JA (2014) Lymphatic drainage in renal cell carcinoma: back to the basics. BJU Int 114:806–817CrossRefPubMed Karmali RJ, Suami H, Wood CG, Karam JA (2014) Lymphatic drainage in renal cell carcinoma: back to the basics. BJU Int 114:806–817CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Assouad J, Riquet M, Foucault C, Hidden G, Delmas V (2006) Renal lymphatic drainage and thoracic duct connections: implications for cancer spread. Lymphology 39:26–32PubMed Assouad J, Riquet M, Foucault C, Hidden G, Delmas V (2006) Renal lymphatic drainage and thoracic duct connections: implications for cancer spread. Lymphology 39:26–32PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Lughezzani G, Capitanio U, Jeldres C, Isbarn H, Shariat SF, Arjane P et al (2009) Prognostic significance of lymph node invasion in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a population-based perspective. Cancer 115:5680–5687CrossRefPubMed Lughezzani G, Capitanio U, Jeldres C, Isbarn H, Shariat SF, Arjane P et al (2009) Prognostic significance of lymph node invasion in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a population-based perspective. Cancer 115:5680–5687CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Vasselli JR, Yang JC, Linehan WM, White DE, Rosenberg SA, Walther MM (2001) Lack of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy predicts survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:68–72CrossRefPubMed Vasselli JR, Yang JC, Linehan WM, White DE, Rosenberg SA, Walther MM (2001) Lack of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy predicts survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 166:68–72CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, Chao DH, Han KR, Said J et al (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes: role of lymph node dissection. J Urol 169:2076–2083CrossRefPubMed Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, Chao DH, Han KR, Said J et al (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes: role of lymph node dissection. J Urol 169:2076–2083CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Saitoh H, Nakayama M, Nakamura K, Satoh T (1982) Distant metastasis of renal adenocarcinoma in nephrectomized cases. J Urol 127:1092–1095PubMed Saitoh H, Nakayama M, Nakamura K, Satoh T (1982) Distant metastasis of renal adenocarcinoma in nephrectomized cases. J Urol 127:1092–1095PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Capitanio UB, Blute F, Mulders ML, Patard P, Russo JJ, Russo P, Studer UE, Van Poppel H (2011) Lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 60:1212CrossRefPubMed Capitanio UB, Blute F, Mulders ML, Patard P, Russo JJ, Russo P, Studer UE, Van Poppel H (2011) Lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 60:1212CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hulten L, Rosencrantz M, Seeman T, Wahlqvist L, Ahren C (1969) Occurrence and localization of lymph node metastases in renal carcinoma. A lymphographic and histopathological investigation in connection with nephrectomy. Scand J Urol Nephrol 3:129–133CrossRefPubMed Hulten L, Rosencrantz M, Seeman T, Wahlqvist L, Ahren C (1969) Occurrence and localization of lymph node metastases in renal carcinoma. A lymphographic and histopathological investigation in connection with nephrectomy. Scand J Urol Nephrol 3:129–133CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnsen JA, Hellsten S (1997) Lymphatogenous spread of renal cell carcinoma: an autopsy study. J Urol 157:450–453CrossRefPubMed Johnsen JA, Hellsten S (1997) Lymphatogenous spread of renal cell carcinoma: an autopsy study. J Urol 157:450–453CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Blute ML, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Zincke H (2004) A protocol for performing extended lymph node dissection using primary tumor pathological features for patients treated with radical nephrectomy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 172:465–469CrossRefPubMed Blute ML, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Zincke H (2004) A protocol for performing extended lymph node dissection using primary tumor pathological features for patients treated with radical nephrectomy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 172:465–469CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Capitanio U, Jeldres C, Patard JJ, Perrotte P, Zini L, de La Taille A et al (2009) Stage-specific effect of nodal metastases on survival in patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 103:33–37CrossRefPubMed Capitanio U, Jeldres C, Patard JJ, Perrotte P, Zini L, de La Taille A et al (2009) Stage-specific effect of nodal metastases on survival in patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 103:33–37CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Crispen PL, Breau RH, Allmer C, Lohse CM, Cheville JC, Leibovich BC et al (2011) Lymph node dissection at the time of radical nephrectomy for high-risk clear cell renal cell carcinoma: indications and recommendations for surgical templates. Eur Urol 59:18–23CrossRefPubMed Crispen PL, Breau RH, Allmer C, Lohse CM, Cheville JC, Leibovich BC et al (2011) Lymph node dissection at the time of radical nephrectomy for high-risk clear cell renal cell carcinoma: indications and recommendations for surgical templates. Eur Urol 59:18–23CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Capitanio U, Suardi N, Matloob R, Roscigno M, Abdollah F, Di Trapani E et al (2014) Extent of lymph node dissection at nephrectomy affects cancer-specific survival and metastatic progression in specific sub-categories of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). BJU Int 114:210–215CrossRefPubMed Capitanio U, Suardi N, Matloob R, Roscigno M, Abdollah F, Di Trapani E et al (2014) Extent of lymph node dissection at nephrectomy affects cancer-specific survival and metastatic progression in specific sub-categories of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). BJU Int 114:210–215CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Feuerstein MA, Kent M, Bazzi WM, Bernstein M, Russo P (2014) Analysis of lymph node dissection in patients with ≥7-cm renal tumors. World J Urol 32:1531–1536CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Feuerstein MA, Kent M, Bazzi WM, Bernstein M, Russo P (2014) Analysis of lymph node dissection in patients with ≥7-cm renal tumors. World J Urol 32:1531–1536CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Terrone C, Guercio S, De Luca S, Poggio M, Castelli E, Scoffone C et al (2003) The number of lymph nodes examined and staging accuracy in renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 91:37–40CrossRefPubMed Terrone C, Guercio S, De Luca S, Poggio M, Castelli E, Scoffone C et al (2003) The number of lymph nodes examined and staging accuracy in renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 91:37–40CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Bekema HJ, Maclennan S, Imamura M, Lam TB, Stewart F, Scott N et al (2013) Systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 64:799CrossRefPubMed Bekema HJ, Maclennan S, Imamura M, Lam TB, Stewart F, Scott N et al (2013) Systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 64:799CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Schafhauser W, Ebert A, Brod J, Petsch S, Schrott KM (1999) Lymph node involvement in renal cell carcinoma and survival chance by systematic lymphadenectomy. Anticancer Res 19:1573–1578PubMed Schafhauser W, Ebert A, Brod J, Petsch S, Schrott KM (1999) Lymph node involvement in renal cell carcinoma and survival chance by systematic lymphadenectomy. Anticancer Res 19:1573–1578PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Margulis V, Wood CG (2008) The role of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma: the pendulum swings back. Cancer J 14:308–314CrossRefPubMed Margulis V, Wood CG (2008) The role of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma: the pendulum swings back. Cancer J 14:308–314CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Godoy G, O’Malley RL, Taneja SS (2008) Lymph node dissection during the surgical treatment of renal cancer in the modern era. Int Braz J Urol 34:132–142CrossRefPubMed Godoy G, O’Malley RL, Taneja SS (2008) Lymph node dissection during the surgical treatment of renal cancer in the modern era. Int Braz J Urol 34:132–142CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Leibovich BC, Blute ML (2008) Lymph node dissection in the management of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin N Am 35:673–678CrossRef Leibovich BC, Blute ML (2008) Lymph node dissection in the management of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin N Am 35:673–678CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Capitanio U, Deho F, Dell’Oglio P, Larcher A, Capogrosso P, Nini A et al (2015) Lymphadenopathies in patients with renal cell carcinoma: clinical and pathological predictors of pathologically confirmed lymph node invasion. World J Urol. doi:10.1007/s00345-015-1747-5 Capitanio U, Deho F, Dell’Oglio P, Larcher A, Capogrosso P, Nini A et al (2015) Lymphadenopathies in patients with renal cell carcinoma: clinical and pathological predictors of pathologically confirmed lymph node invasion. World J Urol. doi:10.​1007/​s00345-015-1747-5
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, Chao DH, Han KR, Said J et al (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Impact on survival and benefits of immunotherapy. Cancer 97:2995–3002CrossRefPubMed Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Dorey F, Chao DH, Han KR, Said J et al (2003) Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Impact on survival and benefits of immunotherapy. Cancer 97:2995–3002CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitson JM, Harris CR, Reese AC, Meng MV (2011) Lymphadenectomy improves survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma and nodal metastases. J Urol 185:1615–1620CrossRefPubMed Whitson JM, Harris CR, Reese AC, Meng MV (2011) Lymphadenectomy improves survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma and nodal metastases. J Urol 185:1615–1620CrossRefPubMed
31.
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Feuerstein MA, Kent M, Bernstein M, Russo P (2014) Lymph node dissection during cytoreductive nephrectomy: a retrospective analysis. Int J Urol 21:874–879CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Feuerstein MA, Kent M, Bernstein M, Russo P (2014) Lymph node dissection during cytoreductive nephrectomy: a retrospective analysis. Int J Urol 21:874–879CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kroeger N, Pantuck AJ, Wells JC, Lawrence N, Broom R, Kim JJ et al (2015) Characterizing the impact of lymph node metastases on the survival outcome for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with targeted therapies. Eur Urol 68:506–515CrossRefPubMed Kroeger N, Pantuck AJ, Wells JC, Lawrence N, Broom R, Kim JJ et al (2015) Characterizing the impact of lymph node metastases on the survival outcome for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with targeted therapies. Eur Urol 68:506–515CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Coll DM, Smith RC (2007) Update on radiological imaging of renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 99:1217–1222CrossRefPubMed Coll DM, Smith RC (2007) Update on radiological imaging of renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 99:1217–1222CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Turkvatan A, Akdur PO, Altinel M, Olcer T, Turhan N, Cumhur T et al (2009) Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with multidetector CT. Diagn Interv Radiol 15:22–30PubMed Turkvatan A, Akdur PO, Altinel M, Olcer T, Turhan N, Cumhur T et al (2009) Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with multidetector CT. Diagn Interv Radiol 15:22–30PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Pushkar P, Agarwal A, Sarin A, Kashyap V (2015) Concurrent RCC with tuberculous para-aortic lymphadenopathy: a pleasant surprise. Can Urol Assoc J 9:E210–E212CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pushkar P, Agarwal A, Sarin A, Kashyap V (2015) Concurrent RCC with tuberculous para-aortic lymphadenopathy: a pleasant surprise. Can Urol Assoc J 9:E210–E212CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Connolly SS, Raja A, Stunell H, Parashar D, Upponi S, Warren AY et al (2015) Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative computed tomography used alone to detect lymph-node involvement at radical nephrectomy. Scand J Urol 49:142–148CrossRefPubMed Connolly SS, Raja A, Stunell H, Parashar D, Upponi S, Warren AY et al (2015) Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative computed tomography used alone to detect lymph-node involvement at radical nephrectomy. Scand J Urol 49:142–148CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Mueller-Lisse UG, Mueller-Lisse UL, Meindl T, Coppenrath E, Degenhart C, Graser A et al (2007) Staging of renal cell carcinoma. Eur Radiol 17:2268–2277CrossRefPubMed Mueller-Lisse UG, Mueller-Lisse UL, Meindl T, Coppenrath E, Degenhart C, Graser A et al (2007) Staging of renal cell carcinoma. Eur Radiol 17:2268–2277CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandrasegaran K, Sundaram CP, Ramaswamy R, Akisik FM, Rydberg MP, Lin C et al (2010) Usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging in the evaluation of renal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:438–445CrossRefPubMed Sandrasegaran K, Sundaram CP, Ramaswamy R, Akisik FM, Rydberg MP, Lin C et al (2010) Usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging in the evaluation of renal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:438–445CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Gershman B, Takahashi N, Moriera DM, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Lohse CM et al (2016) Radiographic size of retroperitoneal lymph nodes predicts pathologic nodal involvement for patients with renal cell carcinoma: development of a risk prediction model. BJU Int. doi:10.1111/bju.13424 Gershman B, Takahashi N, Moriera DM, Thompson RH, Boorjian SA, Lohse CM et al (2016) Radiographic size of retroperitoneal lymph nodes predicts pathologic nodal involvement for patients with renal cell carcinoma: development of a risk prediction model. BJU Int. doi:10.​1111/​bju.​13424
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Guimaraes AR, Tabatabei S, Dahl D, McDougal WS, Weissleder R, Harisinghani MG (2008) Pilot study evaluating use of lymphotrophic nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for assessing lymph nodes in renal cell cancer. Urology 71:708–712CrossRefPubMed Guimaraes AR, Tabatabei S, Dahl D, McDougal WS, Weissleder R, Harisinghani MG (2008) Pilot study evaluating use of lymphotrophic nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for assessing lymph nodes in renal cell cancer. Urology 71:708–712CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ming X, Ningshu L, Hanzhong L, Zhongming H, Tonghua L (2009) Value of frozen section analysis of enlarged lymph nodes during radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Urology 74:364–368CrossRefPubMed Ming X, Ningshu L, Hanzhong L, Zhongming H, Tonghua L (2009) Value of frozen section analysis of enlarged lymph nodes during radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Urology 74:364–368CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Kochhar R, Brown RK, Wong CO, Dunnick NR, Frey KA, Manoharan P (2010) Role of FDG PET/CT in imaging of renal lesions. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 54:347–357CrossRefPubMed Kochhar R, Brown RK, Wong CO, Dunnick NR, Frey KA, Manoharan P (2010) Role of FDG PET/CT in imaging of renal lesions. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 54:347–357CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Patard JJ, Fergelot P, Karakiewicz PI, Klatte T, Trinh QD, Rioux-Leclercq N et al (2008) Low CAIX expression and absence of VHL gene mutation are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor survival of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 123:395–400CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Patard JJ, Fergelot P, Karakiewicz PI, Klatte T, Trinh QD, Rioux-Leclercq N et al (2008) Low CAIX expression and absence of VHL gene mutation are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor survival of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 123:395–400CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ficarra V, Galfano A, Novara G, Iafrate M, Brunelli M, Secco S et al (2008) Risk stratification and prognostication of renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 26:115–125CrossRefPubMed Ficarra V, Galfano A, Novara G, Iafrate M, Brunelli M, Secco S et al (2008) Risk stratification and prognostication of renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 26:115–125CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Divgi CR, Pandit-Taskar N, Jungbluth AA, Reuter VE, Gonen M, Ruan S et al (2007) Preoperative characterisation of clear-cell renal carcinoma using iodine-124-labelled antibody chimeric G250 (124I-cG250) and PET in patients with renal masses: a phase I trial. Lancet Oncol 8:304–310CrossRefPubMed Divgi CR, Pandit-Taskar N, Jungbluth AA, Reuter VE, Gonen M, Ruan S et al (2007) Preoperative characterisation of clear-cell renal carcinoma using iodine-124-labelled antibody chimeric G250 (124I-cG250) and PET in patients with renal masses: a phase I trial. Lancet Oncol 8:304–310CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernie JE, Zupkas P, Monga M (2003) Intraoperative mapping of renal lymphatic drainage: technique and application in a porcine model. J Endourol 17:235–237CrossRefPubMed Bernie JE, Zupkas P, Monga M (2003) Intraoperative mapping of renal lymphatic drainage: technique and application in a porcine model. J Endourol 17:235–237CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Bex A, Vermeeren L, de Windt G, Prevoo W, Horenblas S, Olmos RA (2010) Feasibility of sentinel node detection in renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:1117–1123CrossRefPubMed Bex A, Vermeeren L, de Windt G, Prevoo W, Horenblas S, Olmos RA (2010) Feasibility of sentinel node detection in renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:1117–1123CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Dorey F, Chao DH, Gitlitz BJ, Moldawer N et al (2002) Mathematical model to predict individual survival for patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20:1368–1374CrossRefPubMed Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Dorey F, Chao DH, Gitlitz BJ, Moldawer N et al (2002) Mathematical model to predict individual survival for patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20:1368–1374CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Babaian KN, Kim DY, Kenney PA, Wood CG Jr, Wong J, Sanchez C et al (2015) Preoperative predictors of pathological lymph node metastasis in patients with renal cell carcinoma undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. J Urol 193:1101–1107CrossRefPubMed Babaian KN, Kim DY, Kenney PA, Wood CG Jr, Wong J, Sanchez C et al (2015) Preoperative predictors of pathological lymph node metastasis in patients with renal cell carcinoma undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. J Urol 193:1101–1107CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Capitanio U, Abdollah F, Matloob R, Suardi N, Castiglione F, Di Trapani E et al (2013) When to perform lymph node dissection in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a novel approach to the preoperative assessment of risk of lymph node invasion at surgery and of lymph node progression during follow-up. BJU Int 112:E59–E66CrossRefPubMed Capitanio U, Abdollah F, Matloob R, Suardi N, Castiglione F, Di Trapani E et al (2013) When to perform lymph node dissection in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a novel approach to the preoperative assessment of risk of lymph node invasion at surgery and of lymph node progression during follow-up. BJU Int 112:E59–E66CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Laguna MP (2014) Re: systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 191:1728–1729CrossRefPubMed Laguna MP (2014) Re: systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 191:1728–1729CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Patard JJ (2006) Prognostic and biological significance of lymph node spreading in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 49:220–222CrossRefPubMed Patard JJ (2006) Prognostic and biological significance of lymph node spreading in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 49:220–222CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kroeger N, Seligson DB, Klatte T, Rampersaud EN, Birkhauser FD, Rao PN et al (2012) Clinical, molecular, and genetic correlates of lymphatic spread in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 61:888–895CrossRefPubMed Kroeger N, Seligson DB, Klatte T, Rampersaud EN, Birkhauser FD, Rao PN et al (2012) Clinical, molecular, and genetic correlates of lymphatic spread in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 61:888–895CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Capitanio U, Becker F, Blute ML, Mulders P, Patard JJ, Russo P et al (2011) Lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 60:1212–1220CrossRefPubMed Capitanio U, Becker F, Blute ML, Mulders P, Patard JJ, Russo P et al (2011) Lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 60:1212–1220CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell CM, Espiritu PN, Kassouf W, Schwaab T, Buethe DD, Dhilon J et al (2014) Surgical outcomes in the management of isolated nodal recurrences: a multicenter, international retrospective cohort. J Urol 192:350–356CrossRefPubMed Russell CM, Espiritu PN, Kassouf W, Schwaab T, Buethe DD, Dhilon J et al (2014) Surgical outcomes in the management of isolated nodal recurrences: a multicenter, international retrospective cohort. J Urol 192:350–356CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Boorjian SA, Crispen PL, Lohse CM, Leibovich BC, Blute ML (2008) Surgical resection of isolated retroperitoneal lymph node recurrence of renal cell carcinoma following nephrectomy. J Urol 180:99–103 (discussion) CrossRefPubMed Boorjian SA, Crispen PL, Lohse CM, Leibovich BC, Blute ML (2008) Surgical resection of isolated retroperitoneal lymph node recurrence of renal cell carcinoma following nephrectomy. J Urol 180:99–103 (discussion) CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Capitanio U, Briganti A (2015) Words of wisdom. Re: surgical outcomes in the management of isolated nodal recurrences: a multicenter, international retrospective cohort. Eur Urol 67:974–975CrossRefPubMed Capitanio U, Briganti A (2015) Words of wisdom. Re: surgical outcomes in the management of isolated nodal recurrences: a multicenter, international retrospective cohort. Eur Urol 67:974–975CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Bekema HJ, MacLennan S, Imamura M, Lam TB, Stewart F, Scott N et al (2013) Systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 64:799–810CrossRefPubMed Bekema HJ, MacLennan S, Imamura M, Lam TB, Stewart F, Scott N et al (2013) Systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 64:799–810CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Capitanio U, Matloob R, Suardi N, Abdollah F, Castiglione F, Di Trapani D et al (2012) The extent of lymphadenectomy does affect cancer specific survival in pathologically confirmed T4 renal cell carcinoma. Urologia 79:109–115CrossRefPubMed Capitanio U, Matloob R, Suardi N, Abdollah F, Castiglione F, Di Trapani D et al (2012) The extent of lymphadenectomy does affect cancer specific survival in pathologically confirmed T4 renal cell carcinoma. Urologia 79:109–115CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Hutterer GC, Patard JJ, Perrotte P, Ionescu C, de La Taille A, Salomon L et al (2007) Patients with renal cell carcinoma nodal metastases can be accurately identified: external validation of a new nomogram. Int J Cancer 121:2556–2561CrossRefPubMed Hutterer GC, Patard JJ, Perrotte P, Ionescu C, de La Taille A, Salomon L et al (2007) Patients with renal cell carcinoma nodal metastases can be accurately identified: external validation of a new nomogram. Int J Cancer 121:2556–2561CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
The rationale and the role of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma
verfasst von
Umberto Capitanio
Bradley C. Leibovich
Publikationsdatum
30.06.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
World Journal of Urology / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0724-4983
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-8726
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-016-1886-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2017

World Journal of Urology 4/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Update Urologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.