Skip to main content
Erschienen in: BMC Primary Care 1/2018

Open Access 01.12.2018 | Research article

The relationship between health literacy and patient activation among frequent users of healthcare services: a cross-sectional study

verfasst von: Éva Marjorie Couture, Maud-Christine Chouinard, Martin Fortin, Catherine Hudon

Erschienen in: BMC Primary Care | Ausgabe 1/2018

Abstract

Background

Frequent users of healthcare services are a vulnerable population that deserves attention due to high costs and negative outcomes such as lower quality of life and higher mortality. Healthcare systems should offer interventions tailored to their needs and to their level of health literacy, including strategies to promote activation. The relationship between health literacy and patient activation remains to be explored. The aim of this study was to examine the association between health literacy and patient activation in a population of frequent users of healthcare services with chronic diseases.

Methods

Cross-sectional data were collected (before randomization) through a clinical trial evaluating a case management intervention in primary care. Participants (n = 247) were recruited from the list of frequent users of 4 Family Medicine Groups (FMG) in the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region of Québec (Canada). They completed questionnaires by self-report during an encounter with a research assistant: (1) the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) to evaluate health literacy (independent variable); and (2) the Patient Activation Measure-13 (PAM-13) to evaluate patient activation (dependent variable). The relationship between health literacy and activation was examined using biserial correlations.

Results

No association was found between health literacy (independent variable) and patient activation (rb = 0.075, ρ = 0.07) for this population of frequent users of healthcare services.

Conclusions

This study suggests that there is no relationship between health literacy and patient activation among frequent users of healthcare services.

Trial registration

NCT01719991. Registered October 25, 2012.
Abkürzungen
CAD
Canadian dollars
CIUSSS
Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux
DBMA
Disease burden morbidity assessment
ER
Emergency room
FMG
Family medicine group
NALS
National adult literacy survey
NVS
Newest vital sign
PAM
Patient activation measure
RCT
Randomized controlled trial
ROC
Receiver operating characteristic
SD
Standard deviation
TOFHLA
Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults
WHO
World Health Organization

Background

It is known that 10% of patients use 80% of healthcare system resources [1, 2]. These frequent users of services present more chronic conditions, a higher level of psychological distress, as well as increased hospital admissions and mortality rates [35]. They represent a great challenge for the healthcare system in attempting to optimise care, even more so in a context of chronic disease management. Healthcare systems should offer interventions tailored to their needs [6, 7], including strategies to promote patient activation.
According to Hibbard et al., patient activation is defined as “someone’s knowledge, skills, confidence and behaviors needed for self-managing one’s condition or health [8]. They defined four (4) levels of activation: 1) believing the patient role is important, 2) having the confidence and knowledge necessary to take action, 3) actually taking action to maintain and improve one’s health, and 4) staying the course even under stress [9]. Although they are related concepts, patient activation is different from patient empowerment, which relates to the process where patients take control of decisions and actions linked to their health [10]. High patient activation levels was shown to be associated with better self-management and healthy behaviours [11, 12], better use of screening services and eventually decreased costs for the healthcare system [12]. Older age, low level of education or poor income was found to be associated with lower levels of activation [8, 9, 11, 12].
Although the operationalization of health literacy is debated, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposes a definition: “the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health” [13]. The National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) reported that 75% of patients with chronic diseases had limited literacy skills [14]. A low level of health literacy would be linked to lower treatment compliance [15, 16] and lower preventive care utilization [17, 18]. It was also associated with increased hospital admissions [17, 18], greater risk for poorer health condition [17, 19] and increased mortality [4, 20]. Health literacy was raised as an important variable to consider in the management of chronic disease and as a predictor of health condition [21, 22]. A few studies have reported a positive association between health literacy and patient activation [2327]. However, many included a sample of patients with higher activation or health literacy levels [2325] compared to the general population [14]. In addition, no study evaluated this association in a population of frequent users of healthcare services with chronic diseases. This association, if present, could prove to be important for care planning for this vulnerable clientele. It would thus be relevant to integrate interventions targeting low health literacy in order to potentially positively impact patient activation.
Although frequent users of healthcare services represent an additional challenge for the health care system, no study has examined the potential link between health literacy and activation in this population. The aim of this study was to examine the association between health literacy and patient activation among frequent users of healthcare services with chronic disease in primary care settings.

Methods

Study design

This cross-sectional study presents the secondary analysis of data collected at baseline (T0) from patients recruited for a larger project, V1SAGES, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the effects of a case management intervention for frequent users of healthcare services with chronic disease on patient psychological distress (primary outcome) and patient activation (secondary outcome) [28]. The intervention was delivered by primary care nurses in Family Medicine Groups (FMG) in Quebec, Canada. A FMG is “a group of family physicians who work in close cooperation with nurses to offer family medicine services to registered individuals” [29]. They provide primary care services and offer extended hours of access through scheduled appointments, walk-in clinics, home care, and telephone access and emergency on-call services. A cross-sectional analysis of data collected at baseline (T0) during the V1SAGES project, on the relationship between health literacy and quality of life was also published [30].

Participants

We identified frequent users of healthcare services by combining healthcare providers’ judgment with data from a database system, in accordance with current recommendations [31]. The family physicians received a computerized list generated by the MAGIC Chronique software (Médiamed Technologies), of their most frequent users of hospital services (≥ 3 emergency room (ER) visits and/or hospitalizations in the previous year) having at least one of the targeted chronic diseases. They then identified the patients with complex care needs they felt could benefit from the case management intervention (n = 323) and suggested additional patients who were frequent users of services in their clinic (n = 81). Inclusion criteria were patients between 18 and 80 years of age and having at least one chronic disease (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, musculoskeletal disease, or chronic pain). Patients with serious cognitive problems were excluded. A nurse then contacted the patients to introduce the project and invite them to participate. If interested, a research assistant contacted each patient to provide further details about the study, assess their eligibility and obtain their consent. Among the patients fitting the inclusion criteria at this stage, 157 were excluded: 113 declined to participate, 36 did not meet the inclusion criteria after further screening, 5 did not respond, 1 passed away and 2 were lost to follow-up. Two hundred and forty-seven participants accepted to participate in the intervention and completed the baseline questionnaire (T0).
The software used for patient identification served as a system to support decision-making for family physicians that did not have access to this kind of information until the time of the study. All participants were asked to read and sign a consent form. The research ethics board of the Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean approved this study.

Measures

Baseline characteristics of participants were measured at T0. Questionnaires were self-administered with the assistance of a research assistant if needed. If the patient could not travel, the questionnaires were administered at the participant’s home.
Health literacy was assessed using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) [32], a 6-question survey of a nutritional value label, taking approximately 3 min to complete. Validated in primary care, the NVS has good internal consistency (Cronbach α > 0.76) and has a moderate correlation with the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) (r = 0.59, p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the prediction of the TOFHLA was 0.88 (CI, 0.84–0.93, p < 0,001). A score greater or equal to 4 indicates adequate health literacy [32]. Patient activation was measured using the Patient Activation Measure-13 (PAM), based on the definition provided by Hibbard et al. [9]. This self-administered questionnaire includes 13 statements allowing evaluating 4 levels of activation, as described previously, and providing a global score. It is the short version of the PAM-22 and, in regression analysis, it represented 92% of the variation in the 22-item version estimated activation [9]. Its internal consistency (α = 0.84) and test-retest reliability (Intra class correlation = 0.72) were good allowing for its use in a French- speaking population [33]. The French-language versions of these tools were utilized.
Sociodemographic data (age, gender, education and family income) were obtained. Presence of chronic disease and illness burden were assessed using the validated French-language version of the Disease Burden Morbidity Assessment (DBMA) [34, 35].

Sample size

Sample size was calculated for the randomized clinical trial. Based on Tabachnick [36], for an α = 0.05 and β = 0.20, the minimum sample size required was approximately 110 participants. Our sample size (n = 247) allowed us to obtain adequate statistical power for this cross-sectional study.

Data analysis

Characteristics of participants were described using means and standard deviations (SD) (continuous variables) or percentages (categorical variables). The association between health literacy (independent dichotomic variable, but with the possibility of being a continuous, variable) and patient activation (continuous dependant variable) was examined using biserial correlation. Literacy was used dichotomously as adequate literacy (NVS score ≥ 4) or low literacy. Patient activation was used as a continuous variable with the global result. PASW Statistics 20 (SPSS Inc.) was used to perform all analyses with a 5% significance level.

Results

Overall, data from 247 participants were included in the analysis (Table 1). Several of these participants (mean age of 60, SD =13 years, 41.6% male) reported high levels of patient activation (level 3, 34.3%; level 4, 30.8%) but a low health literacy level (NVS < 4, 67.5%). Most of the participants had considerable illness burden (DBMA mean 13.4, SD = 8.5) and a high number of chronic diseases (mean of 6).
Table 1
Sample characteristics
Characteristic
Participants
n = 247
Mean age (SD), years
59.9 (13.3)
Male, n (%)
102 (41.6)
Education, n (%)
  < 8 years
36 (14.6)
 8 to 12 years
123 (49.8)
 Professional/trade school
11 (4.4)
 College
52 (21.1)
 University
25 (10.1)
Family income in CAD, n (%)
5 missing
  < 10,000$
24 (9.9)
 10,000–29,999$
123 (32.6)
 30,000–49,999$
75 (30.9)
  ≥ 50,000$
64 (26.4)
Illness burden, mean (SD)
1 missing
 DBMA
13.4 (8.5)
Health literacy (NVS), n (%)
 NVS < 4
164 (67.5)
 NVS ≥ 4
83 (32.5)
Activation (PAM-13), n (%)
 Level 1
39 (15.8)
 Level 2
47 (19.0)
 Level 3
85 (34.3)
 Level 4
76 (30.8)
CAD Canadian dollars, NVS newest vital sign, PAM patient activation measure, DBMA disease burden morbidity assessment, SD standard deviation
The biserial correlation analysis did not find an association between health literacy and patient activation (rb: 0.075, p = 0.07).

Discussion

This study examined the relationship between health literacy and patient activation among frequent users of healthcare services with chronic diseases in primary care settings. No association was found.
The results of this study are different from others studies evaluating the association between health literacy and patient activation [2327]. A cross-sectional study by Sheikh et al. [26] among adult patients seen at the ER demonstrated an association between health literacy and patient activation, but this association was no longer significant when adjusted for age. Similarly, a study by Gwynn et al. [27] reported an association between health literacy and patient activation, but this association was not significant among patients with low comorbidity (0 or 1 comorbidity). In addition, these studies could be influenced by covariables, such as age [23, 26, 27], ethnicity [24] and education [27]. Our study focussed on frequent users of healthcare services with chronic diseases. Their activation and health literacy levels were lower than what was found in previous studies on the subject. This could explain the different results. In light of all these studies, the association between health literacy and patient activation could be present only for certain populations such as older individuals, certain cultural groups or among individuals with high level of activation. More research could examine these hypotheses.
The NVS, the TOFHLA, and the S-TOFHLA are all measurement tools validated for health literacy [32, 37, 38], but this is not an easily assessed concept [39] and there is no consensus on any tool [40]. The NVS presents the advantage of being available in a French-language version and takes few minutes to complete (3 min). The PAM is a well-recognized tool for measuring patient activation [41]. It includes aspects such as knowledge, skills, motivation, and confidence.
This study has strengths and certain limits. It is the first study examining the association between health literacy and patient activation among frequent users of healthcare services, and its statistical power was adequate. However, this study presents the secondary analysis of data collected during the RCT mentioned previously. The choice of measurement tools was thus determined before this analysis. Health literacy remains a concept that is difficult to assess and there is no tool universally accepted as the measurement standard [39]. Using a tool with a broader definition of health literacy, that goes beyond the ability to read and comprehend health information could have yielded different results [42, 43]. In addition, the questionnaires were self-administered which may have induced a social desirability bias. Participants may have answered questions more positively than the reality of their situation. Even though we followed current recommendations for the identification of patients [31], the intervention of family physicians in the selection process may have introduced a selection bias. However, considering our sample was composed of frequent users, we do not think this had a major impact on our analysis.
Although this study did not demonstrate an association, the fact remains that health literacy [17, 18, 40, 44] and patient activation [11, 12] are important concepts for all types of clinicians. Considered separately, health literacy [15, 19] as well as activation [24, 45, 46] have numerous demonstrated impacts on global health. The implementation of interventions for the improvement of patient activation as well as health literacy could be more effective than those focussing only on one of these concepts. Future studies could assess the association between health literacy and patient activation among frequent users in general and not only those presenting chronic diseases. Further research projects could use more than one measure of health literacy simultaneously, for example: the NVS, a validated French-language version of the TOFHLA and/or another measurement tool for health literacy concurrently. A next phase could also detect the effect of time and the intervention on the presence or absence of an association between health literacy and patient activation among frequent users of healthcare services.

Conclusions

This study did not find an association between health literacy and patient activation in a population of frequent users of healthcare services with chronic diseases in primary care settings. An association between health literacy and patient activation could be present but only for certain populations.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Ms. Susie Bernier for her editorial assistance and Ms. Marie-France Dubois for her statistical advice.

Funding

This research was funded by the Pfizer-FRSQ-MSSS chronic disease fund.

Availability of data and materials

Data is available on request from the corresponding author.
The study was approved by the research ethics board of the Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. All the participants completed and signed an informed consent form.
Not applicable.

Competing interests

his project is funded by the Pfizer-FRSQ-MSSS chronic disease fund. None of the funding agencies - Pfizer, Fonds de recherche du Québec - Santé (FRQ-S) or the ministère de la santé et des services sociaux (MSSS) - had any role in preparing, reviewing or approving the manuscript. They will not be involved in the collection, analysis or interpretation of the data.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Commission on the Reform of Ontario’s Public Services. Public services for Ontarians: a path to sustainability and excellence. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2012. Commission on the Reform of Ontario’s Public Services. Public services for Ontarians: a path to sustainability and excellence. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2012.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bodenheimer T, Berry-Millett R. Follow the money--controlling expenditures by improving care for patients needing costly services. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(16):1521–3.CrossRefPubMed Bodenheimer T, Berry-Millett R. Follow the money--controlling expenditures by improving care for patients needing costly services. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(16):1521–3.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Althaus F, Paroz S, Hugli O, Ghali WA, Daeppen JB, Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Bodenmann P. Effectiveness of interventions targeting frequent users of emergency departments: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(1):41–52. e42CrossRefPubMed Althaus F, Paroz S, Hugli O, Ghali WA, Daeppen JB, Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Bodenmann P. Effectiveness of interventions targeting frequent users of emergency departments: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(1):41–52. e42CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun BC, Burstin HR, Brennan TA. Predictors and outcomes of frequent emergency department users. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10(4):320–8.CrossRefPubMed Sun BC, Burstin HR, Brennan TA. Predictors and outcomes of frequent emergency department users. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10(4):320–8.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucas RH, Sanford SM. An analysis of frequent users of emergency care at an urban university hospital. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32(5):563–8.CrossRefPubMed Lucas RH, Sanford SM. An analysis of frequent users of emergency care at an urban university hospital. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32(5):563–8.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Carney TA, Guy S, Jeffrey G. Frequent attenders in general practice: a retrospective 20-year follow-up study. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51(468):567–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Carney TA, Guy S, Jeffrey G. Frequent attenders in general practice: a retrospective 20-year follow-up study. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51(468):567–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, Grumbach K. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288(19):2469–75.CrossRef Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, Grumbach K. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288(19):2469–75.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Hibbard JH, Stockard J, Mahoney ER, Tusler M. Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): conceptualizing and measuring activation in patients and consumers. Health Serv Res. 2004;39(4 Pt 1):1005–26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hibbard JH, Stockard J, Mahoney ER, Tusler M. Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): conceptualizing and measuring activation in patients and consumers. Health Serv Res. 2004;39(4 Pt 1):1005–26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stockard J, Tusler M. Development and testing of a short form of the patient activation measure. Health Serv Res. 2005;40(6 Pt 1):1918–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stockard J, Tusler M. Development and testing of a short form of the patient activation measure. Health Serv Res. 2005;40(6 Pt 1):1918–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO. Patient empowerment and health care. In: WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care: First Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care Is Safer Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. p. 190. WHO. Patient empowerment and health care. In: WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care: First Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care Is Safer Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. p. 190.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stock R, Tusler M. Do increases in patient activation result in improved self-management behaviors? Health Serv Res. 2007;42(4):1443–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stock R, Tusler M. Do increases in patient activation result in improved self-management behaviors? Health Serv Res. 2007;42(4):1443–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Greene J, Hibbard JH, Sacks R, Overton V, Parrotta CD. When patient activation levels change, health outcomes and costs change, too. Health Aff. 2015;34(3):431–7.CrossRef Greene J, Hibbard JH, Sacks R, Overton V, Parrotta CD. When patient activation levels change, health outcomes and costs change, too. Health Aff. 2015;34(3):431–7.CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kutner M, Greenberg E, Jin Y, Paulsen C, White S. The health literacy of America’s adults results from the 2003 National Assessment of adult literacy. Washington: US Department of Education; 2006. Kutner M, Greenberg E, Jin Y, Paulsen C, White S. The health literacy of America’s adults results from the 2003 National Assessment of adult literacy. Washington: US Department of Education; 2006.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14(5):267–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14(5):267–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Muir KW, Santiago-Turla C, Stinnett SS, Herndon LW, Allingham RR, Challa P, Lee PP. Health literacy and adherence to glaucoma therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(2):223–6.CrossRefPubMed Muir KW, Santiago-Turla C, Stinnett SS, Herndon LW, Allingham RR, Challa P, Lee PP. Health literacy and adherence to glaucoma therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(2):223–6.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, Halpern DJ, Crotty K. Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(2):97–107.CrossRefPubMed Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, Halpern DJ, Crotty K. Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(2):97–107.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Cho YI, Lee SY, Arozullah AM, Crittenden KS. Effects of health literacy on health status and health service utilization amongst the elderly. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(8):1809–16.CrossRefPubMed Cho YI, Lee SY, Arozullah AM, Crittenden KS. Effects of health literacy on health status and health service utilization amongst the elderly. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(8):1809–16.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf MS, Gazmararian JA, Baker DW. Health literacy and functional health status among older adults. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(17):1946–52.CrossRefPubMed Wolf MS, Gazmararian JA, Baker DW. Health literacy and functional health status among older adults. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(17):1946–52.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Sudore RL, Yaffe K, Satterfield S, Harris TB, Mehta KM, Simonsick EM, Newman AB, Rosano C, Rooks R, Rubin SM, et al. Limited literacy and mortality in the elderly: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(8):806–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sudore RL, Yaffe K, Satterfield S, Harris TB, Mehta KM, Simonsick EM, Newman AB, Rosano C, Rooks R, Rubin SM, et al. Limited literacy and mortality in the elderly: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(8):806–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kutner M, Greenberg E, Jin Y, Boyle B, Hsu Y, Dunleavy E. Literacy in everyday life: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of adult literacy (NCES 2007–480). U.S.Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics; 2007. Kutner M, Greenberg E, Jin Y, Boyle B, Hsu Y, Dunleavy E. Literacy in everyday life: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of adult literacy (NCES 2007–480). U.S.Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics; 2007.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Irwin S, Jungeblut K, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult literacy in America a first look at the findings of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington: U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement; 2002. Irwin S, Jungeblut K, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult literacy in America a first look at the findings of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington: U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement; 2002.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Greene J, Hibbard JH, Tusler M. How much do health literacy and patient activation contribute to older adults ability to manage their health. Washington: AARP; 2005. Greene J, Hibbard JH, Tusler M. How much do health literacy and patient activation contribute to older adults ability to manage their health. Washington: AARP; 2005.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Lubetkin EI, Lu WH, Gold MR. Levels and correlates of patient activation in health center settings: building strategies for improving health outcomes. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(3):796–808.CrossRefPubMed Lubetkin EI, Lu WH, Gold MR. Levels and correlates of patient activation in health center settings: building strategies for improving health outcomes. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(3):796–808.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith SG, Curtis LM, Wardle J, von Wagner C, Wolf MS. Skill set or mind set? Associations between health literacy, patient activation and health. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74373.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Smith SG, Curtis LM, Wardle J, von Wagner C, Wolf MS. Skill set or mind set? Associations between health literacy, patient activation and health. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74373.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Sheikh S, Hendry P, Kalynych C, Owensby B, Johnson J, Kraemer DF, Carden D. Assessing patient activation and health literacy in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(1):93–6.CrossRefPubMed Sheikh S, Hendry P, Kalynych C, Owensby B, Johnson J, Kraemer DF, Carden D. Assessing patient activation and health literacy in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(1):93–6.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Gwynn KB, Winter MR, Cabral HJ, Wolf MS, Hanchate AD, Henault L, Waite K, Bickmore TW, Paasche-Orlow MK. Racial disparities in patient activation: evaluating the mediating role of health literacy with path analyses. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(6):1033–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gwynn KB, Winter MR, Cabral HJ, Wolf MS, Hanchate AD, Henault L, Waite K, Bickmore TW, Paasche-Orlow MK. Racial disparities in patient activation: evaluating the mediating role of health literacy with path analyses. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(6):1033–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hudon C, Chouinard MC, Dubois MF, Roberge P, Loignon C, Tchouaket E, Lambert M, Hudon E, Diadiou F, Bouliane D. Case management in primary care for frequent users of healthcare services: a mixed methods study. Ann Fam Med. In press Hudon C, Chouinard MC, Dubois MF, Roberge P, Loignon C, Tchouaket E, Lambert M, Hudon E, Diadiou F, Bouliane D. Case management in primary care for frequent users of healthcare services: a mixed methods study. Ann Fam Med. In press
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Couture EM, Chouinard MC, Fortin M, Hudon C. The relationship between health literacy and quality of life among frequent users of health care services: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):137.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Couture EM, Chouinard MC, Fortin M, Hudon C. The relationship between health literacy and quality of life among frequent users of health care services: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):137.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Freund T, Gondan M, Rochon J, Peters-Klimm F, Campbell S, Wensing M, Szecsenyi J. Comparison of physician referral and insurance claims data-based risk prediction as approaches to identify patients for care management in primary care: an observational study. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14:157.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Freund T, Gondan M, Rochon J, Peters-Klimm F, Campbell S, Wensing M, Szecsenyi J. Comparison of physician referral and insurance claims data-based risk prediction as approaches to identify patients for care management in primary care: an observational study. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14:157.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiss BD, Mays MZ, Martz W, Castro KM, DeWalt DA, Pignone MP, Mockbee J, Hale FA. Quick assessment of literacy in primary care: the newest vital sign. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(6):514–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Weiss BD, Mays MZ, Martz W, Castro KM, DeWalt DA, Pignone MP, Mockbee J, Hale FA. Quick assessment of literacy in primary care: the newest vital sign. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(6):514–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hudon C, Lambert M, Almirall J. The reliability of the French version of the Patient Activation Measure. New Orleans: North American Primary Care Research Group (NAPCRG) Annual Meeting; 2012. Hudon C, Lambert M, Almirall J. The reliability of the French version of the Patient Activation Measure. New Orleans: North American Primary Care Research Group (NAPCRG) Annual Meeting; 2012.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Poitras ME, Fortin M, Hudon C, Haggerty J, Almirall J. Validation of the disease burden morbidity assessment by self-report in a French-speaking population. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:35.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Poitras ME, Fortin M, Hudon C, Haggerty J, Almirall J. Validation of the disease burden morbidity assessment by self-report in a French-speaking population. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:35.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayliss EA, Ellis JL, Steiner JF. Subjective assessments of comorbidity correlate with quality of life health outcomes: initial validation of a comorbidity assessment instrument. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005;3:51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bayliss EA, Ellis JL, Steiner JF. Subjective assessments of comorbidity correlate with quality of life health outcomes: initial validation of a comorbidity assessment instrument. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005;3:51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabachnick B, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 3rd ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers; 1996. Tabachnick B, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 3rd ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers; 1996.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument for measuring patients’ literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10(10):537–41.CrossRefPubMed Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument for measuring patients’ literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10(10):537–41.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Educ Couns. 1999;38(1):33–42.CrossRefPubMed Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Educ Couns. 1999;38(1):33–42.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat DeWalt DA, Hink A. Health literacy and child health outcomes: a systematic review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2009;124(Suppl 3):S265–74.CrossRefPubMed DeWalt DA, Hink A. Health literacy and child health outcomes: a systematic review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2009;124(Suppl 3):S265–74.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Hibbard JH, Gilburt H. Supporting people to manage their health: an introduction to patient activation. London: The King’s Fund; 2014. Hibbard JH, Gilburt H. Supporting people to manage their health: an introduction to patient activation. London: The King’s Fund; 2014.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Nijman J, Hendriks M, Brabers A, de Jong J, Rademakers J. Patient activation and health literacy as predictors of health information use in a general sample of Dutch health care consumers. J Health Commun. 2014;19(8):955–69.CrossRefPubMed Nijman J, Hendriks M, Brabers A, de Jong J, Rademakers J. Patient activation and health literacy as predictors of health information use in a general sample of Dutch health care consumers. J Health Commun. 2014;19(8):955–69.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promot Int. 2000;15(3):259–67.CrossRef Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promot Int. 2000;15(3):259–67.CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat American Medical Association Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy for the Council on Scientific Affairs. Health literacy: report of the council on scientific affairs. JAMA. 1998;281:552–7. American Medical Association Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy for the Council on Scientific Affairs. Health literacy: report of the council on scientific affairs. JAMA. 1998;281:552–7.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Hibbard JH, Cunningham PJ. How engaged are consumers in their health and health care, and why does it matter? Res Brief. 2008;8:1–9. Hibbard JH, Cunningham PJ. How engaged are consumers in their health and health care, and why does it matter? Res Brief. 2008;8:1–9.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Oi K. Understanding the Role of Patient Activation in the Association between Patient Socio-Economic Demographics and Patient Experience. Dissertations and Theses. 2012; Paper 467. Oi K. Understanding the Role of Patient Activation in the Association between Patient Socio-Economic Demographics and Patient Experience. Dissertations and Theses. 2012; Paper 467.
Metadaten
Titel
The relationship between health literacy and patient activation among frequent users of healthcare services: a cross-sectional study
verfasst von
Éva Marjorie Couture
Maud-Christine Chouinard
Martin Fortin
Catherine Hudon
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2018
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
BMC Primary Care / Ausgabe 1/2018
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-4553
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0724-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2018

BMC Primary Care 1/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Allgemeinmedizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Facharzt-Training Allgemeinmedizin

Die ideale Vorbereitung zur anstehenden Prüfung mit den ersten 24 von 100 klinischen Fallbeispielen verschiedener Themenfelder

Mehr erfahren

Neu im Fachgebiet Allgemeinmedizin

Update Allgemeinmedizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.