Study highlights
Background
Methods
Study design
Coronary artery stenosis (CAS)
Non-invasive hemodynamic parameter measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline demographic characteristics
Variables | Group 1 | Group 2 |
p-value (1 vs 2) | Group 3 | Group 4 |
p-value (3 vs 4) |
p-value (1/2 vs 3/4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 58.9 ± 10.04 | 59 ± 10.89 | 0.896 | 63.88 ± 8.32 | 61.41 ± 10.04 | 0.020 | <0.001 |
Male (%) | 182 (55.83%) | 259 (56.67%) | 0.814 | 84 (70%) | 148 (77.89%) | 0.119 | <0.001 |
Symptoms | |||||||
Asymptomatic | 70 (20.5%) | 66 (14.4%) | 0.001 | 75 (62.5%) | 96 (50.5%) | 0.078 | <0.001 |
Atypical chest pain | 127 (39.0%) | 149 (32.6%) | 15 (12.5%) | 24 (12.6%) | |||
Typical chest pain | 129 (39.6%) | 242 (53.0%) | 30 (25.0%) | 70 (36.8%) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 3.09 | 24.71 ± 2.97 | 0.391 | 24.68 ± 2.8 | 24.99 ± 3.04 | 0.356 | 0.683 |
Smoking (%) | 97 (29.75%) | 138 (30.2%) | 0.894 | 38 (31.67%) | 51 (26.84%) | 0.360 | 0.671 |
Hypertension (%) | 191 (58.4%) | 266 (58.3%) | 1.000 | 108 (90.0%) | 180 (94.7%) | 0.172 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 61 (18.71%) | 82 (17.94%) | 0.784 | 46 (38.33%) | 50 (26.32%) | 0.026 | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 95 (29.14%) | 149 (32.6%) | 0.302 | 102 (85%) | 164 (86.32%) | 0.746 | <0.001 |
CKD (%) | 69 (21.23%) | 110 (24.07%) | 0.352 | 42 (35%) | 53 (27.89%) | 0.186 | 0.008 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.14 ± 1.48 | 5.25 ± 1.44 | 0.337 | 5.3 ± 1.63 | 5.42 ± 1.34 | 0.493 | 0.085 |
Hba1c (% of THb) | 6.19 ± 1.04 | 6.29 ± 1.41 | 0.539 | 6.48 ± 1.08 | 6.02 ± 0.82 | 0.005 | 0.644 |
TC (mg/dL) | 147.8 ± 89.48 | 157.3 ± 103.2 | 0.168 | 123.7 ± 63.19 | 133.7 ± 80.2 | 0.226 | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96.5 ± 26.88 | 96.13 ± 27.24 | 0.853 | 72.64 ± 20.31 | 73.07 ± 21.8 | 0.860 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.31 ± 13.57 | 49.95 ± 12.83 | 0.157 | 48.1 ± 11.29 | 46.89 ± 11.36 | 0.361 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 137.5 ± 89.21 | 152.3 ± 105.9 | 0.036 | 119.6 ± 67.36 | 129.9 ± 82.59 | 0.231 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.96 ± 0.46 | 0.95 ± 0.23 | 0.672 | 1.06 ± 0.65 | 1.02 ± 0.2 | 0.479 | 0.003 |
hsCRP (mg/L) | 2.74 ± 8.99 | 2.15 ± 5.68 | 0.324 | 2.01 ± 4.32 | 1.82 ± 4 | 0.701 | 0.162 |
#, risk factorsa
| 2.23 ± 1.39 | 2.29 ± 1.35 | 0.579 | 3.67 ± 1.25 | 3.48 ± 0.97 | 0.152 | <0.001 |
Index Medications | |||||||
ACE inhibitors (%) | 12 (3.68%) | 15 (3.28%) | 0.763 | 35 (29.17%) | 55 (28.95%) | 0.967 | <0.001 |
ARBs (%) | 87 (26.69%) | 101 (22.1%) | 0.139 | 52 (43.33%) | 68 (35.79%) | 0.184 | <0.001 |
Beta-blockers (%) | 35 (10.74%) | 62 (13.57%) | 0.236 | 47 (39.17%) | 88 (46.32%) | 0.216 | <0.001 |
CCB (%) | 84 (25.77%) | 135 (29.54%) | 0.246 | 47 (39.17%) | 83 (43.68%) | 0.432 | <0.001 |
Diuretics (%) | 27 (8.28%) | 28 (6.13%) | 0.245 | 12 (10%) | 15 (7.89%) | 0.522 | 0.340 |
Insulin (%) | 2 (0.61%) | 2 (0.44%) | 1.000 | 4 (3.33%) | 5 (2.63%) | 0.739 | 0.003 |
Statins (%) | 77 (23.62%) | 116 (25.38%) | 0.573 | 102 (85%) | 163 (85.79%) | 0.848 | <0.001 |
Non-invasive hemodynamic parameters and CAS
Variables | Group 1 | Group 2 |
p-value (1 vs 2) | Group 3 | Group 4 |
p-value (3 vs 4) |
p-value (1/2 vs 3/4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBP (mmHg) | 130.3 ± 17.72 | 130.7 ± 17.12 | 0.762 | 129.2 ± 15.15 | 131.9 ± 17.25 | 0.196 | 0.804 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.56 ± 10.77 | 74.12 ± 11.76 | <0.001 | 78.34 ± 9.98 | 76.26 ± 11.8 | 0.141 | 0.067 |
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 52.75 ± 13.95 | 56.6 ± 13.37 | <0.001 | 50.84 ± 12.74 | 55.63 ± 13.45 | 0.004 | 0.222 |
cSBP (mmHg) | 135.2 ± 20.99 | 134.2 ± 19.33 | 0.529 | 134.5 ± 18.23 | 136.3 ± 19.71 | 0.467 | 0.488 |
baPWV (right, cm/sec) | 1518.6 ± 292.1 | 1607.4 ± 342.6 | <0.001 | 1521.4 ± 241.3 | 1572.4 ± 339.3 | 0.124 | 0.409 |
baPWV (left, cm/sec) | 1517.4 ± 292.0 | 1592.4 ± 335.5 | 0.001 | 1533.0 ± 250.9 | 1559.6 ± 319.0 | 0.416 | 0.574 |
baPWV (average, cm/sec) | 1517.7 ± 289.1 | 1599.8 ± 326.7 | <0.001 | 1526.8 ± 241.6 | 1566.0 ± 323.8 | 0.226 | 0.476 |
ABI (right) | 1.13 ± 0.09 | 1.12 ± 0.1 | 0.142 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 0.795 | 0.343 |
ABI (left) | 1.13 ± 0.08 | 1.1 ± 0.12 | <0.001 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 1.11 ± 0.11 | 0.571 | 0.604 |
ABI (average) | 1.13 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.1 | 0.007 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 0.700 | 0.820 |
AIx (%) | 81.73 ± 14.64 | 80.96 ± 14.36 | 0.492 | 82.19 ± 16.25 | 81.37 ± 13.8 | 0.661 | 0.700 |
AIx@75 (%) | 79.8 ± 13.26 | 78.11 ± 12.5 | 0.090 | 80.58 ± 14.02 | 79.23 ± 11.81 | 0.402 | 0.314 |
Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp(B) | OR (95% CI) |
p-value | Exp(B) | OR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
Total population | ||||||
Age | 0.995 | 0.983–1.007 | 0.403 | |||
Male | 1.148 | 0.896–1.470 | 0.276 | |||
BMI | 0.995 | 0.956–1.036 | 0.808 | |||
Smoking | 0.951 | 0.730–1.237 | 0.706 | |||
Hypertension | 0.840 | 0.659–1.071 | 0.159 | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 0.812 | 0.608–1.085 | 0.159 | |||
Dyslipidemia | 1.184 | 0.930–1.509 | 0.171 | |||
CKD | 1.013 | 0.767–1.339 | 0.926 | |||
RAS inhibitor | 0.843 | 0.658–1.080 | 0.177 | 0.680 | 0.497–0.931 | 0.016 |
Beta-blocker | 1.340 | 0.991–1.811 | 0.057 | |||
CCB | 1.222 | 0.941–1.586 | 0.132 | |||
Statin | 1.131 | 0.885–1.445 | 0.325 | 1.477 | 1.084–2.014 | 0.014 |
SBP | 1.004 | 0.996–1.011 | 0.356 | |||
DBP | 0.977 | 0.965–0.988 | <0.001 | 0.951 | 0.935–0.967 | <0.001 |
PP | 1.023 | 1.013–1.034 | <0.001 | |||
cSBP | 0.999 | 0.993–1.006 | 0.876 | 1.021 | 1.008–1.033 | 0.001 |
baPWV | 1.001 | 1.000–1.001 | <0.001 | 1.075 | 1.021–1.133 | 0.006 |
ABI | 0.202 | 0.053–0.774 | 0.020 | 0.094 | 0.019–0.468 | 0.004 |
AIx@75 | 0.990 | 0.980–1.001 | 0.064 | 0.976 | 0.963–0.989 | <0.001 |
Patients without prior PCI history | ||||||
Age | 1.001 | 0.987–1.014 | 0.895 | |||
Male | 1.035 | 0.777–1.378 | 0.814 | |||
BMI | 0.980 | 0.935–1.027 | 0.390 | |||
Smoking | 1.021 | 0.749–1.393 | 0.894 | |||
Hypertension | 0.796 | 0.599–1.059 | 0.118 | 0.667 | 0.462–0.964 | 0.031 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.950 | 0.658–1.371 | 0.783 | |||
Dyslipidemia | 1.176 | 0.864–1.602 | 0.303 | |||
CKD | 1.176 | 0.836–1.655 | 0.352 | |||
RAS inhibitor | 0.806 | 0.586–1.108 | 0.183 | |||
Beta-blocker | 1.305 | 0.839–2.029 | 0.237 | |||
CCB | 1.208 | 0.878–1.662 | 0.247 | 1.552 | 1.032–2.333 | 0.035 |
Statin | 1.100 | 0.790–1.532 | 0.573 | |||
SBP | 1.001 | 0.993–1.010 | 0.762 | |||
DBP | 0.974 | 0.961–0.987 | <0.001 | 0.952 | 0.933–0.971 | <0.001 |
PP | 1.022 | 1.010–1.034 | <0.001 | |||
cSBP | 0.998 | 0.990–1.005 | 0.528 | 1.016 | 1.001–1.030 | 0.034 |
baPWV | 1.001 | 1.000–1.001 | <0.001 | 1.106 | 1.039–1.177 | 0.002 |
ABI | 0.123 | 0.024–0.621 | 0.011 | 0.039 | 0.006–0.273 | 0.001 |
AIx@75 | 0.990 | 0.978–1.002 | 0.091 | 0.979 | 0.963–0.995 | 0.010 |
Patients with prior PCI history | ||||||
Age | 0.972 | 0.948–0.997 | 0.026 | |||
Male | 1.510 | 0.898–2.539 | 0.120 | |||
BMI | 1.038 | 0.959–1.123 | 0.355 | |||
Smoking | 0.792 | 0.480–1.307 | 0.361 | |||
Hypertension | 0.928 | 0.578–1.488 | 0.756 | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 0.575 | 0.352–0.937 | 0.027 | 0.556 | 0.318–0.970 | 0.039 |
Dyslipidemia | 1.113 | 0.581–2.132 | 0.747 | |||
CKD | 0.718 | 0.440–1.174 | 0.187 | |||
RAS inhibitor | 0.735 | 0.450–1.198 | 0.217 | |||
Beta-blocker | 1.340 | 0.842–2.132 | 0.217 | |||
CCB | 1.205 | 0.757–1.919 | 0.433 | |||
Statin | 1.066 | 0.559–2.033 | 0.847 | |||
SBP | 1.010 | 0.995–1.026 | 0.196 | |||
DBP | 0.983 | 0.961–1.006 | 0.142 | 0.953 | 0.923–0.984 | 0.003 |
PP | 1.029 | 1.008–1.049 | 0.005 | |||
cSBP | 1.005 | 0.992–1.018 | 0.465 | 1.032 | 1.010–1.054 | 0.004 |
baPWV | 1.000 | 1.000–1.001 | 0.256 | |||
ABI | 0.640 | 0.058–7.095 | 0.716 | |||
AIx@75 | 0.992 | 0.972–1.011 | 0.401 | 0.971 | 0.947–0.996 | 0.024 |