Background
Severe mental illness (SMI) includes a set of pathologies with, an ICD-10 diagnosis of an affective or non-affective functional psychotic disorder (codes F20-F22, F24, F25, F28-F31, F32.3, F33.3) [15]. People with SMI have consistently higher levels of mortality and morbidity than the general population [10, 16].Although suicide contributes to the increased mortality associated with schizophrenia, individuals with schizophrenia have increased mortality risks attributable to a wide range of comorbid somatic conditions and unhealthy lifestyles [26]. Many physical disorders have been identified that are more prevalent in individuals with SMI. It is a fact that patients with schizophrenia suffer:
1.
A greater prevalence than the general population of the following: infections of hepatitis C and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with little knowledge and concern about AIDS on the part of the patient; metabolic disorders (diabetes, glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome or MetS), independent of their pharmacological treatments; spontaneous dyskinesia, even without antipsychotic treatment; respiratory disorders related to cigarette smoking (asthma, COPD and emphysema), and cardiovascular disorders.
Given the potential for an even greater disease burden as a result of the introduction of second-generation antipsychotic medications, research aimed at optimising the physical health of people with schizophrenia needs to be undertaken with a sense of urgency in order to minimize the consumption of this type of medication [22, 25].
Anzeige
In people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, physical fitness seems to emerge as a major modifiable risk factor for obesity and metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and overall morbidity and mortality [23, 27, 29].
In addition to modifiable lifestyle factors and psychotropic medication side effects, poorer access to, and quality of, received health care remain addressable problems for patients with SMI [30].
Health related quality of life is a measure of the impact of an illness and consequent upon functional health status and well-being as perceived by the patient [21]. The quality of life criterion is a valid and useful outcome in patients with schizophrenia. However, a lack of consensus on the scales hinders research into its predictive capacity [9]. Physical activity reduces symptoms of schizophrenia and improves anthropometric measures, aerobic capacity, and quality of life among people with mental illness [14].
The objective of the present study is to identify the relationship between the quality of life and a modifiable factor, such as the physical condition, in people with SMI. In this way, specific interventions could be undertaken to improve the levels of physical status and thereby modify the quality of life in this population.
Anzeige
Methods
Participants
The study procedure was approved by the Ethical Committee of Research of Málaga Northeast. Patients of the Mental Health Service of the Regional University Hospital of Málaga were recruited in November 2016, over a 6-month period. All subjects should have been admitted for more than 6 months and not be planned for discharge in the next 3 months. The sample included 62 participants (37 men and 25 women), between the ages of 26 and 61 years, diagnosed with SMI by the psychiatrists responsible for the patients’ treatment, using ICD-10. The sample was recruited by a researcher belonging to the research group. Before participating in the study, the purpose was explained to the participants, as well as their relatives, and the patients signed a written informed consent. Two patients were excluded, due to a comorbid diagnosis of substance abuse or a somatic problem, like cardiovascular, metabolic or musculoskeletal disorders, which would not allow us to perform the physical tests safely. None of the patients who were invited to participate in the study rejected this invitation.
Study design and procedures
A cross-sectional study was performed. The sociodemographic variables were collected in a semi-structured interview. The anthropometrics measurements (body weight, height and waist circumference) were collected according to standards of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry [20].
The assessors were a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist, who had previously been trained in the proper performance of the 11 physical tests that were assessed and EQ-5D-3 L scale. The scale was explained to the patients and the examiners demonstrated how to perform the tests.
Outcome measures
A range of 11 physical tests were used to measure physical fitness: passive knee extension test, calf muscle flexibility test, anterior hip flexibility test, functional shoulder rotation test, timed-stand test, partial sit-up test, seated push-up test, grip test, single leg stance, open and closed eyes; functional reach test, and the two minute step test [3]. Those tests include measures of the different categories of physical condition (flexibility, balance, strength, and endurance).
To measure quality of life, the EQ-5D-3 L scale was employed. The EQ-5D-3 L assesses five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain-discomfort, and anxiety-depression. The respondents are asked to indicate their health state in each of the five dimensions according to one of three levels: “no problems”, “moderate problems”, or “severe problems” [1]. The second part of the EQ-5D-3 L is a visual analogue scale (VAS), a vertical 20 cm scale, ranging from zero (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state). The individuals must mark the point on the vertical line that best reflects their assessment of their global health status as it is at this point. The use of the VAS provides a complementary score to the descriptive system of self-assessment of the health status of the individual [8]. All tests and the scale were measured on the same day. Each item of the EQ-5D-EL scale was explained if the participant could not understand or if a mistake could occur. Conversely, physical fitness tests were described repeatedly and physically demonstrated to ease the anxiety of the participants. Participants could attempt the exercises before the measurement. Once the analysis was completed, all participants received information about their physical profile and recommendations on how to increase their physical qualities.
Data analysis
Descriptive data for all variables were presented as mean and standard deviation. To check the homogeneity of the sample, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to decide whether a parametric or a nonparametric statistic would be used. A P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant [4].
A correlation between .30 and .60 was considered to be mild and stronger correlations were considered to be high [12].
A linear regression analysis was performed to assess the independent variables with EQ-5D-3 L scale, after control for covariates (age and gender) to know what the physical condition contributes to the general quality of life of people with severe mental illness. Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 22.0 statistical software.
Anzeige
Results
The mean age of the participants was 45.69 (± 8.04) years old. The mean weight was 81.26 (± 15.84) kilograms, and mean height was 165 (± 20.81) centimetres. The body mass index was 30.63 (± 5.24). The mean and standard deviation of quality of life scale and physical tests are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Characteristics of participants
Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Cutoffs | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | |
Age | 43.70 (7.86) | 47.68 (8.22) | |
Height (cm) | 169.62 (22.28) | 159.92 (19.34) | |
Wheight (kg) | 89.21 (18.30) | 73.29 (13.38) | |
BMI | 30.24 (5.01) | 31.02 (5.47) | |
Waist circunference | 105.02 (14.07) | 100.88 (12.99) | |
Cigarette/day | 26.62 (12.29) | 17.96 (8.65) | |
QoL | 0–1 | 0.63 (0.20) | 0.67 (0.22) |
VAS | 0–100 | 64.76 (18.44) | 68.46 (18.88) |
PKE_R(°) | (−30−30) | −26.46 (14.95) | −21.22 (13.45) |
PKE_L(°) | (−30−30) | −18.98 (13.26) | −20.36 (13.94) |
CMF_R(°) | (−15−0) | −0.87 (3.24) | −0.95 (3.02) |
CMF_L(°) | (−15−0) | −1.83 (5.55) | − 1.91 (5.29) |
AHF_R(°) | (−10−0) | −0.31 (1.87) | −0.33 (1.69) |
AHF_L(°) | (−10−0) | −0.30 (1.88) | −0.34 (1.78) |
FRS_R(cm) | (−21−14) | −10.83 (12.34) | −11.01 (12.12) |
FRS_L(cm) | (−21−14) | −16.85 (14.05) | −16.55 (13.87) |
SPU(s) | (0−60) | 30.00 (15.46) | 28.34 (16.12) |
PSUT(max. repetition/1 m) | (0−45) | 30.07 (15.03) | 24.39 (12.75) |
TST(s) | (5−60) | 17.96 (9.61) | 12.56 (8.63) |
HGT(max. kg) | (0−47) | 32.14 (14.02) | 23.06 (12.14) |
SLSEO(s) | (0−30) | 15.50 (10.67) | 14.22 (10.01) |
SLSEC(s) | (0−30) | 6.93 (6.59) | 7.01 (6.67) |
FRT(cm) | (0−60) | 35.94 (9.16) | 35.28 (9.48) |
2MEST_BE(bpm) | (60−110) | 88.64 (16.99) | 87.88 (16.03) |
2MEST_AE(bpm) | (80−140) | 106.14 (20.26) | 116.34 (22.32) |
2MEST_2MA(bpm) | (60−110) | 89.30 (15.93) | 93.82 (17.03) |
Table 2 shows the correlations between the EQ-5D-3 L scale and physical tests. Significant correlations were found between quality of life and balance (r = 0.360) and endurance (r = 0.312). It is important to highlight the significant correlation found between upper limb strength and the VAS of quality of life (r = 0.306).
Table 2
Correlations (Pearson r) between quality of life and physical tests
QoL | VAS | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Flexibility | PKE_R | .05 (.06) | .01 (.07) |
PKE_L | −.02 (.11) | −.03 (.17) | |
CMF_R | .06 (.13) | .12 (.06) | |
CMF_L | −.12 (.07) | .17 (.09) | |
AHF_R | .06 (.06) | .08 (.14) | |
AHF_L | .06 (.17) | .08 (.09) | |
FRS_R | −.07 (.14) | .10 (.15) | |
FRS_L | −.09 (.18) | .09 (.17) | |
Strength | SPU | .15 (.08) | .31* (.01) |
PSUT | −.20 (.06) | −.06 (.15) | |
TST | −.33 (.06) | −.16 (.22) | |
HGT | .12 (.11) | .10 (.09) | |
Balance | SLSEO | .14 (.22) | .13 (.18) |
SLSEC | .10 (.09) | .02 (.13) | |
FRT | .36*(.02) | .25 (.08) | |
Endurance | 2MEST_BE | .10 (.21) | .01 (.10) |
2MEST_AE | .31*(.02) | .02 (.07) | |
2MEST_2MA | −.17 (.11) | .06 (.13) | |
The regression analyses with EQ-5D-3 L scale showed that the variance in quality of life for physical fitness could be explained 49% (Model Summary r
2
= 0.26; F 4.34; p = 0.01) with a level of contribution of each predictor of β =0.23 by endurance and in β =0.36 by the test ‘functional reach’ (Table 3). A regression analyses with EQ5D-3 L was performed with demographic data (Age) and Functional Reach test (Model Summary r
2
= 0.13; F 3.18; p = 0.05), with a level of contribution of β =0.22 by Functional Reach test, in contrast, the level of contribution of demographic data (Age) was not significant (Table 4).
Table 3
Regression analyses with EQ-5D-3 L scale scores as the dependent variables (Endurance and Functional Reach test)
Variablesa | B | SE | β | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endurance | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 1.04 | 0.05 |
Functional Reach test | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 2.82 | < 0.01 |
Table 4
Regression analyses with EQ-5D-3 L scale scores as the dependent variables (Functional Reach test and Age)
Variables | B | SE | β | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functional Reach test | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 1.73 | 0.05 |
Age | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.18 | −1.47 | 0.08 |
Discussion
The current study was developed to determine the relationship between physical fitness and quality of life in people with SMI.
Anzeige
Positive mild correlations were found between a few variables of quality of life and strength, balance and endurance. This was the first study that related different primary physical variables (flexibility, strength, balance and endurance) within the concept of physical fitness to quality of life in people with SMI, but endurance and quality of life were related in people with schizophrenia in an previous study [24].
The study of Vancampfort et al. [24, 29] assessed endurance in people with schizophrenia by the Astrand–Rhyming cycle ergometer test and the quality of life through the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Despite using different scales to assess these variables, Vancampfort et al. [24, 29] found a significant correlation between quality of life (physical component) (r = 0.57; p < 0.01), similarly to the results found in the current study (r = 0.31; p < 0.05). This finding is clinically relevant, due to the importance of aerobic condition, regarding the risk of death in people with SMI [31]. Nonetheless, the present manuscript adds further information about the association between physical fitness and quality of life in people with severe mental illness, by considering flexibility, strength and balance.
The present study gives us more information about the relationship between physical fitness and quality of life: variables were included that had not been previously described as factors relevant to quality of life in people with SMI. The current research found significant correlations between quality of life and balance (r = 0.36; p < 0.05) and strength (r = 0.31; p < 0.05). These could be relevant factors to the quality of life of this population.
There are reasons to hypothesise about the relationship of these variables with quality of life. As Vancampfort et al. [24, 29] states, aerobic condition improves the capacity of muscles without the appearance of fatigue; as a result there is an improvement in the independence in activities of daily life [11]. Moreover, aerobic condition plays a key role in people with SMI; a worse aerobic condition is related to a higher risk of death in people with SMI [31]. On the other hand, muscular strength and balance are important variables in quality of life, as they are paramount in healthy ageing, improving independence in the activities of daily life, and decreasing the risk of falls [5, 11]. As shown in the backward stepwise regression analysis, the quality of life in people with SMI could be explained by dynamic balance in 26.3% and by endurance in 22.9%, with almost 50% of the variance of the overall quality of life in this population.
Anzeige
The present findings must be interpreted with caution because of some methodological limitations. First, the study was cross-sectional and, therefore, we cannot establish cause and effect. However, it has been demonstrated that the use of longitudinal studies in HRQOL research is also pivotal, to control for unobserved heterogeneity [7]. Second, the sample size was rather small and only included participants limited to a single centre, which reduces the generalisability.
Another limitation is the relatively limited number of variables examined; in addition to sociodemographic and clinical data, a complex interaction of other factors, such as self-esteem, premorbid adjustment, therapy, and social support network could also play a role in determining subjective quality of life.
Finally, a potential limitation of the study was the use of the EQ-5D-3 L, a generic questionnaire that may not have detected subtle changes in subjective quality of life in the specific population of schizophrenia patients. However, the huge variation in quality of life scales used in patients with schizophrenia complicates the comparison of results of different studies. Future research needs to find more consensus on the concept and measures of quality of life.
Although there are these limitations, the data shown in the current study have important practice implications. In spite of lower levels of quality of life found in people with SMI and the difficulty in achieving recovery, the data in the current study suggest that some variables of physical fitness may be associated with quality of life in people with severe mental illness.
Physical activity should be encouraged in people with SMI as it is an important factor in improving physical fitness, and physical activity is closely related to the quality of life of this population ([6]; Andy [18, 19, 28]). Nonetheless it is important to develop interventions with the aim of removing the barriers that people with SMI find when participating in physical activity focused on the improvement of the endurance and balance ([13]; Andrew [19]).
Conclusion
The current study shows how physical fitness (strength, flexibility and balance) may be a contributing factor to the quality of life in people with SMI. Thus, it highlights the importance of the physical fitness since the quality of life of people with severe mental illness may be influence by this. This study is the first to show the relationship between physical status and quality of life in people with SMI. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to encourage programs focused on improving the physical health of this population, which can influence their quality of life, overall.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all participants and collaborating staff who took part in the research.
Funding
This research was partially funded by grants from OTRI-UMA (ref 806/423505–1) with a grant of part-time assistant research to David Perez-Cruzado.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The institutional review committee at the University of Malaga approved the procedures used in this study and ethical recommendations were taken into consideration at all stages during the research. The study complied with the principles laid out in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Competing interests
The authors state that no conflicts of interest have been reported by the authors or by any individual in control of the content of this article. This information has not been presented previously.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.