Background
Methods
Study population
Echocardiography measurements
Covariate measurements and definitions
Information on snoring
Statistical Analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of participants between snorers and non-snorers
Variables | Non-snorers | Snorers |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | |||
Age (year) | 53.3 ± 10.9 | 54.5 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
Male gender (%) | 2475 (42.2) | 2216 (51.8) | <0.001 |
Race (Han) (%) | 5572 (95.0) | 4067 (95.1) | 0.793 |
Educational status (%) | 0.065 | ||
Primary school or below | 2882 (49.1) | 2182 (51.0) | |
Middle school | 2448 (41.7) | 1686 (39.4) | |
High school or above | 534 (9.1) | 407 (9.5) | |
Physical activity (%) | 0.102 | ||
Light | 1699 (29.0) | 1261 (29.5) | |
Moderate | 3852 (65.7) | 2747 (64.3) | |
Severe | 313 (5.3) | 267 (6.2) | |
Annual income (CNY/year) | 0.662 | ||
≤ 5000 | 732 (12.5) | 520 (12.2) | |
5000–20000 | 3161 (53.9) | 2343 (54.8) | |
> 20000 | 1971 (33.6) | 1412 (33.0) | |
Current smoking status (%) | 1916 (32.7) | 1672 (39.1) | <0.001 |
Current drinking status (%) | 1155 (19.7) | 1139 (26.6) | <0.001 |
Sleep duration (h/d) | 7.2 ± 1.7 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 0.069 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.9 ± 22.8 | 145.0 ± 23.3 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.6 ± 11.2 | 83.8 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 160.5 ± 8.0 | 161.4 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 3.4 | 25.7 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 80.3 ± 9.3 | 85.2 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Diabetes (%) | 503 (8.6) | 533 (12.5) | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 2648 (45.2) | 2482 (58.1) | <0.001 |
Echocardiographic characteristics of participants according to snoring status
Variables | Non-snorers | Snorers |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | |||
End-diastolic left ventricular internal dimension (LVID), mm | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
End-diastolic interventricular septum thickness (IVST), mm | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
End-diastolic posterior wall thickness (PWT), mm | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
Myocardial relative wall thickness (RWT), mm | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.074 |
Left atrial dimension (LAD) (mm) | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Ejection fraction (EF), (%) | 63.0 ± 3.8 | 62.9 ± 3.8 | 0.192 |
Early/late diastolic peak flow velocity (E/A) ratio | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 1.5 | 0.012 |
Left ventricular mass (g) | 137.8 ± 98.3 | 149.1 ± 80.0 | <0.001 |
Left ventricular mass index (g/m2.7) | 38.8 ± 27.6 | 41.0 ± 20.7 | <0.001 |
Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, % | 461 (7.9) | 551 (12.9) | <0.001 |
The prevalence of LVH by different grades of the snoring intensity
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 % CI) |
P
| OR (95 % CI) |
P
| OR (95 % CI) |
P
| |
Snoring status | ||||||
Non-snorers | 1.000 (reference) | 1.000 (reference) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
Snorers | 1.734 (1.522–1.976) | <0.001 | 1.709 (1.495–1.953) | <0.001 | 1.371 (1.147–1.637) | <0.001 |
Snoring intensity | ||||||
Non-snorers | 1.000 (reference) | 1.000 (reference) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
Low | 1.352 (1.111–1.644) | 0.003 | 1.381 (1.131–1.687) | 0.002 | 1.094 (0.834–1.434) | 0.518 |
Normal | 1.767 (1.477–2.115) | <0.001 | 1.774 (1.476–2.133) | <0.001 | 1.436 (1.126–1.832) | 0.004 |
Strong | 2.025 (1.666–2.460) | <0.001 | 1.886 (1.545–2.302) | <0.001 | 1.462 (1.124–1.902) | <0.001 |
Very strong | 2.344 (1.745–3.149) | <0.001 | 2.199 (1.624–2.977) | <0.001 | 1.813 (1.273–2.684) | <0.001 |