Background
Methods
Survey
Measures
Child maltreatment
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
Family history of dysfunction
Sociodemographic covariates
n (%) or Mean (SE) | |
---|---|
Sex | |
Males | 14,458 (47.9%) |
Females | 19,944 (52.1%) |
Race/Ethnicity | |
White, non-Hispanic | 20,034 (71.0%) |
Black, non-Hispanic | 6542 (11.0%) |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 570 (2.2%) |
Asian/ Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander | 948 (4.2%) |
Hispanic | 6308 (11.6%) |
Household income (Past Year) | |
$0–$19,999 | 7938 (18.5%) |
$20,000–$39,999 | 8828 (24.3%) |
$40,000–$59,999 | 6403 (19.4%) |
$60,000+ | 11,233 (37.9%) |
Marital status | |
Married/co-habiting | 18,751 (63.8%) |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 9063 (18.8%) |
Never married | 6588 (17.4%) |
Education | |
Less than high school | 5450 (14.0%) |
High school or equivalent | 9376 (27.5%) |
Some college or higher | 19,576 (56.6%) |
Age | 48.1 (0.17) |
Statistical analyses
Results
No harsh physical punishment (pushing, grabbing, shoving, hitting, and/or slapping) n (%) | Harsh physical punishment (pushing, grabbing, shoving, hitting, and/or slapping) n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Child maltreatment | ||
Emotional abuse | ||
n (%) | 638 (2.1) | 2268 (36.8) |
Sexual abuse | ||
n (%) | 2248 (7.4) | 1602 (25.0) |
Physical neglect | ||
n (%) | 5411 (18.6) | 3133 (51.6) |
Emotional neglect | ||
n (%) | 1892 (6.2) | 1509 (24.6) |
Physical abuse | ||
n (%) | 256 (0.8) | 2451 (39.0) |
Exposure to IPV | ||
n (%) | 1748 (5.5) | 2061 (32.9) |
Any child maltreatment | ||
n (%) | 8838 (30.1) | 4754 (78.2) |
Intimate partner violence (IPV) | ||
No IPV | ||
n (%) | 19,359 (93.6) | 3982 (86.1) |
Perpetration only | ||
n (%) | 456 (1.8) | 191 (3.5) |
Victimization only | ||
n (%) | 397 (1.8) | 185 (3.8) |
Both perpetration and victimization | ||
n (%) | 664 (2.8) | 368 (6.7) |
AOR (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional abuse model | Sexual abuse model | Physical neglect model | Emotional neglect model | Physical abuse model | Exposure to IPV model | Any child maltreatment model | |
Harsh physical punishment |
7.6 (6.6, 8.9)***
|
1.7 (1.5, 1.9)***
|
1.8 (1.6, 2.0)***
|
1.6 (1.3, 1.8)***
|
26.6 (21.6, 32.6)***
|
2.6 (2.2, 3.0)***
|
7.0 (6.4, 7.5)***
|
Sex | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
3.3 (3.0, 3.7)***
|
0.7 (0.6, 0.7)***
|
1.2 (1.0, 1.3)*
| 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.5)***
| 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) |
Age |
1.00 (1.0, 1.0)***
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)***
| 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) |
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)***
| 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) |
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)*
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)**
|
Marital status | |||||||
Widowed/divorced/separated |
1.3 (1.1, 1.6)**
|
1.2 (1.1, 1.4)**
| 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
1.1 (1.0, 1.2)**
|
Never Married | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
0.9 (0.7, 1.0)*
|
0.6 (0.5, 0.8)***
|
0.7 (0.6, 0.8)***
|
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)*
|
Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
Black, Non, Hispanic | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
0.7 (0.5, 0.8)***
|
1.7 (1.4, 2.1)***
|
1.7 (1.5, 1.9)***
|
1.1 (1.0, 1.3)*
|
American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) |
1.4 (1.0, 1.9)*
| 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) |
Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander | 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) |
0.5 (0.4, 0.7)***
|
1.7 (1.4, 2.1)***
| 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) |
1.7 (1.2, 2.3)**
|
1.4 (1.2, 1.7)***
|
Hispanic |
0.6 (0.5, 0.7)***
| 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
1.4 (1.2, 1.6)***
|
1.3 (1.1, 1.5)**
| 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) |
1.4 (1.2, 1.6)***
|
1.3 (1.1, 1.5)***
|
Education | |||||||
High school or equivalent | 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) |
0.9 (0.8, 1.00)*
|
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)**
| 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) |
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)***
|
Some college or higher | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) |
1.4 (1.1, 1.6)***
| 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
0.6 (0.5, 0.7)***
| 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) |
0.7 (0.6, 0.8)***
|
0.8 (0.8, 0.9)**
|
Household income | |||||||
$20,000, $39,999 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)*
|
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)**
| 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
0.9 (0.8, 0.9)**
|
$40,000, $59,999 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)*
|
0.8 (0.7, 1.0)*
| 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)***
|
$60,000+ | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)*
|
0.6 (0.5, 0.7)***
|
0.8 (0.6, 0.9)*
|
0.8 (0.7, 1.0)*
|
0.7 (0.7, 0.8)***
|
Any family history of dysfunction |
1.6 (1.4, 1.9)***
|
1.8 (1.6, 2.0)***
|
1.9 (1.7, 2.0)***
|
1.5 (1.4, 1.7)***
|
1.2 (1.0, 1.4)*
|
5.3 (4.7, 6.1)***
|
3.3 (3.0, 3.5)***
|
Sexual abuse |
1.9 (1.6, 2.2)***
| N/A |
2.0 (1.8, 2.3)***
|
1.4 (1.3, 1.6)***
|
1.6 (1.4, 2.0)***
|
1.7 (1.5, 2.0)***
| N/A |
Physical neglect |
2.1 (1.8, 2.4)***
|
2.0 (1.8, 2.3)***
| N/A |
2.2 (1.9, 2.4)***
|
1.9 (1.6, 2.2)***
|
2.3 (2.02.6)***
| N/A |
Emotional neglect |
3.0 (2.6, 3.5)***
|
1.4 (1.2, 1.6)***
|
2.1 (1.9, 2.4)***
| N/A |
1.7 (1.5, 2.0)***
|
1.3 (1.1, 1.5)***
| N/A |
Emotional abuse | N/A |
1.7 (1.4, 2.0)***
|
2.0 (1.7, 2.3)***
|
2.9 (2.5, 3.4)***
|
4.3 (3.6, 5.1)***
|
1.9 (1.5, 2.3)***
| N/A |
Physical abuse |
4.0 (3.4, 4.8)***
|
1.4 (1.3, 1.6)**
|
1.8 (1.5, 2.0)***
|
1.5 (1.3, 1.8)***
| N/A |
1.8 (1.5, 2.1)***
| N/A |
Exposure to IPV |
1.9 (1.6, 2.3)***
|
1.7 (1.5, 1.9)***
|
2.2 (2.0, 2.5)***
|
1.3 (1.1, 1.5)**
|
2.1 (1.8, 2.5)***
| N/A | N/A |
Perpetration only | Victimization only | Both perpetration and victimization | |
---|---|---|---|
Harsh physical punishment |
1.7 (1.4, 2.0)***
|
1.7 (1.4, 2.1)***
|
1.4 (1.1, 1.7)*
|
Sex |
1.2 (1.0, 1.4)*
|
2.7 (2.1, 3.3)***
|
0.5 (0.4, 0.6)***
|
Age |
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)***
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)***
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)***
|
Marital status | |||
Widowed/divorced/separated | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) |
0.7 (0.5, 0.9)*
|
2.7 (2.1, 3.6)***
|
Never Married | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) |
0.7 (0.5, 1.0)*
| 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) |
Race/Ethnicity | |||
Black, Non, Hispanic |
2.0 (1.7, 2.4)***
|
2.0 (1.6, 2.5)***
|
1.7 (1.3, 2.2)***
|
American Indian/Alaska Native |
1.6 (1.0, 2.5)*
|
1.9 (1.1, 3.2)*
| 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) |
Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander | 1.1 (0.7, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.9) |
Hispanic | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) |
1.4 (1.0, 1.8)*
|
Education | |||
High school or equivalent | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) |
Some college or higher |
0.7 (0.5, 0.9)**
| 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
Household income | |||
$20,000–$39,999 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) |
0.7 (0.6, 1.0)*
|
0.8 (0.6, 1.1)*
|
$40,000–$59,999 |
0.7 (0.6, 0.9)**
|
0.6 (0.4, 0.8)**
|
0.6 (0.4, 0.9)*
|
$60,000+ | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8)*** | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7)*** | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
Any family history of dysfunction |
1.3 (1.1, 1.6)**
| 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) |
1.8 (1.5, 2.2)***
|
Any child maltreatment |
2.1 (1.7, 2.6)***
|
1.5 (1.2, 1.9)***
|
1.9 (1.5, 2.5)***
|