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The reversal of recurrence hazard rate between ER positive and negative breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node dissection (pathological stage I-III) 3 years after surgery
Prognostic factors are defined as biological or clinical measurement associated with overall survival and/or disease-free survival. Previous studies have shown that patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive cancers have a better prognosis than patients whose cancers do not have these receptors.
Methods
This study investigated the assessment of variables in defining prognosis of 742 breast cancer women with pathological stage (pTNM) I-III diagnosed between 1980 and 2005 at the Kyoto University Hospital in Japan, by age, clinical stage (cTNM), pTNM, the numbers of positive lymph nodes (pN), and ER status.
Results
Multivariate analysis demonstrated that pTNM and ER status were the independent prognostic factors for overall survival, and that pTNM and pN were the independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival. For the 0- to 2-year interval, the hazard of recurrence was higher for the ER-negative patients than the ER-positive patients, and beyond 3 years the hazard was higher for ER-positive patients.
Conclusion
The present study confirmed the previous reports which showed favorable prognosis of the patients with lesser pTNM or positive ER status. A reversal of recurrence hazard rate between ER positive and negative breast cancer patients beyond 3 years after operation was detected. The fact may indicate the importance of long term adjuvant hormone therapy for ER positive cancer patients.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-8-323) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TI and MF designed this study. MU, KY, HK, TI collected and assembled the data. TI organized the data. TK, TN, ST, TI and MF contributed to the statistical analyses and interpretations. TK, TI, MT and MF contributed to writing and finalizing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
cTNM
clinical stage
ER
estrogen receptor
pTNM
pathological stage
pN
positive lymph nodes.
Background
A prognostic factor is defined as a biological or clinical measurement that is associated with overall survival and/or disease-free survival [1]. The knowledge of prognosis forms an integral part of the decision-making process in medicine [2]. Moreover, prognostic factors are important in the treatment of cancer to help identify subgroups of patients who may need more aggressive approach to therapy [3]. Further, prognostic factors also play a critical role in designing clinical trial as stratification and allocation factors [4]. Prognostic factors, i.e., those that predict the risk of recurrence or death from breast cancer, include stage, number of positive axillary nodes, tumor size, lymphatic and vascular invasion, the estrogen-receptor (ER) and progesterone-receptor (PR) positivity, and HER2/neu gene amplification [3, 5]. We previously reported that the recent advance of the survival rates in breast cancer patients may be due to the rational development of treatment [6]. In order to assess the independent value of variables in defining prognosis, in the present study, we have investigated the survival of 742 breast cancer patients with pathological stage (pTNM) I-III, by the age, clinical stage (cTNM), pTNM, the numbers of positive lymph nodes (pN) and ER status.
Methods
Patients
742 female beast cancer patients aged between 21 and 80 with stage I-III of pTNM were selected from the patients treated at Kyoto University Hospital in Japan from 1980 to 2005. Based on the section 2 in chapter 1 of Japanese ethical guidelines for epidemiological research http://www.niph.go.jp/english2/englishver/ethical-gl/guidelines.htm, this study was exempt from ethical approval under Japanese law and guidelines. Moreover, all treatments for breast cancer were undertaken with informed consent and consents were also taken to confirm cancer diagnosis. These patients underwent surgery with axillary lymph node dissection. The operation methods were classified into three groups: breast conserving surgery, modified radical mastectomy, and standard radical mastectomy. All the patients with breast conserving surgery received radiation therapy. Staging of cTNM and pTNM was evaluated according to UICC stage [7]. Number of lymph node metastasis and ER status of the primary tumors were analyzed by staff members of the Department of Pathology at Kyoto University Hospital. Using immunohistochemistry on the whole series of tumors, they assessed estrogen receptor (ER) status in a standardized way. In our institute, the pathologists routinelyhave examined the ER status of tumors by using the immunohistochemistry since the 1980s. The contents of treatments for breast cancer patients were previously described [6]. According to the years of surgery the patients were grouped into two cohorts: period I (1980–1989) and period II (1990–2005). In period I, modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection was included. In this period, breast-conserving surgery was not performed, because it was not recognized to be the prevailing method in Japan. In period II, breast-conserving surgery was the treatment of choice for women with relatively small breast cancers during this past decade in Japan. In our institute, all patients with breast-conversing surgery received radiation therapy. In the treatment stage I, II, IIIA, and operable stage IIIC breast cancer, breast-conserving surgery or modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection and with or without breast reconstruction surgery was included. In the treatment of stage IIIB and inoperable stage IIIC breast cancer, systemic chemotherapy, or systemic chemotherapy followed by surgery, with lymph node dissection followed by radiation therapy were included. If necessary, additional systemic therapy such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or both were given. Moreover, if necessary, adjuvant therapy such as systemic chemotherapy (per os only) with or without hormone therapy (tamoxifen or tremifene) was included. The patients received adjuvant chemotherapy with LH-RH agonist after 2001, cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil (CEF) or Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluouracil (CMF) regimen after 2002, and rational developers such as taxane, trastuzumab, or aromatase inhibitor therapy after 2004.
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Statistical analysis
Disease-free survival was defined from the operation day to the identification date of recurrence of cancer or death from any cause, and overall survival was defined from the operation day to death from any cause. Survival curves were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. To identify prognostic factors independently associated with the overall survival or disease-free survival and to estimate the hazard ratios, the Cox proportional hazard model was applied. Two-sided p <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. The statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS version 11.0 statistical software.
Results
Patient Characteristics
Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The medianfollow-uptime of the investigated period in this study was as same as the median follow-up time forsurvivingpatients (5.7 years).
Table 1
Patient characteristics (n = 742)
number
%
Gender
female
742
100
male
0
0
Age
<35 (21–34)
35
4.7
35–54
337
45.4
≥ 55 (55–91)
370
49.9
cTNM stage
Stage I
197
26.6
Stage II
452
60.9
Stage III
93
12.5
pTNM stage
Stage I
189
25.5
Stage II
397
53.5
Stage III
156
21.0
pN
pN0
422
56.9
pN1
189
25.5
pN2
88
11.9
pN3
43
5.8
ER status
negative
290
39.1
positive
452
60.9
Breast surgery
Breast conserving surgery
305
41.1
Modified radical mastectomy
429
57.8
Standard radical mastectomy
8
1.1
10-year overall survival
The 10-year overall survival rates classified by age, cTNM, pTNM, pN, ER status and types of breast surgery are shown in Table 2. Figure 1 shows the overall survival curves in ER-positive and ER-negative patients.
Table 2
The 10-year overall survival rates and univariate Cox regression analysis
Factors
overall survival rates
Hazard ratio
Log-rank test
p-value
10-year (%)
95% CIa
95% CI a
Age
< 35
69.6
57.7–81.5
1.00
-
0.30
35–54
78.1
75.2–81.0
0.69
0.30–1.59
≥ 55
73.4
69.9–77.0
0.90
0.39–2.08
cTNM
Stage I
85.7
81.3–90.0
1.00
-
<0.001
Stage II
75.8
73.1–78.5
2.32
1.31–4.09
Stage III
54.5
46.9–62.0
4.85
2.55–9.22
pTNM
Stage I
89.4
85.8–93.1
1.00
-
<0.001
Stage II
81.7
79.1–84.4
2.10
1.10–4.03
Stage III
46.4
40.8–51.9
7.77
4.08–14.81
pN
pN0
86.7
84.2–89.1
1.00
-
<0.001
pN1
76.4
72.1–80.7
1.74
1.08–2.82
pN2
46.6
39.7–53.4
5.25
3.34–8.27
pN3
38.2
26.9–49.5
5.34
3.01–9.47
ER status
Negative
71.0
67.7–74.3
1.00
-
0.012
Positive
79.5
76.5–82.5
0.63
0.44–0.91
Breast surgery
Breast conserving surgery
76.1
71.2–81.0
1.00
-
0.093
Modified radical mastectomy
76.2
73.7–78.7
1.31
0.84–2.04
Standard radical mastectomy
19.1
2.29–35.8
4.09
1.57–10.64
a CI: Confidence interval.
Figure 1
Overall survival curves in ER-positive and ER-negative patients. (Number) = number of patients. p = 0.012.
The 10-year disease-free survival rates classified by age, cTNM, pTNM, pN, ER status and types of breast surgery are shown in Table 3. The approximate 10-year disease-free survival between ER positive and negative patients was reversed (Figure 2). According to age, cTNM, pTNM and pN, the reversal of disease-free survival was not detected in the present study (Table 3).
Table 3
The 10-year disease-free survival rates and univariate Cox regression analysis
Factors
disease-free survival rates
Hazard ratio
Log-rank test
p-value
10-year (%)
95% CI a
95% CI a
Age
< 35
47.0
33.3–60.7
1.00
-
0.49
35–54
59.0
55.7–62.4
0.91
0.50–1.64
≥ 55
63.1
59.4–66.7
0.90
0.50–1.63
cTNM
Stage I
72.4
67.3–77.6
1.00
-
<0.001
Stage II
60.9
58.0–63.9
2.05
1.45–2.91
Stage III
31.5
24.8–38.2
5.03
3.36–7.52
pTNM
Stage I
81.7
77.4–85.9
1.00
-
<0.001
Stage II
67.5
64.4–70.5
2.18
1.47–3.24
Stage III
17.7
13.1–22.4
7.66
5.13–11.43
pN
pN0
76.6
73.8–79.5
1.00
-
<0.001
pN1
56.4
51.6–61.2
1.85
1.36–2.53
pN2
15.5
10.3–20.7
5.75
4.22–7.83
pN3
26.8
16.6–37.1
4.88
3.25–7.32
ER status
Negative
59.8
56.4–63.2
1.00
-
0.183
Positive
60.0
56.6–63.4
0.83
0.63–1.09
Breast surgery
Breast conserving surgery
59.1
54.1–64.0
1.00
-
0.007
Modified radical mastectomy
61.5
58.7–64.3
1.14
0.86–1.52
Standard radical mastectomy
NDb
-
3.34
1.76–6.33
a CI: Confidence interval,b ND: not determined.
Figure 2
Disease-free survival curves in ER-positive and ER-negative patients. (Number) = number of patients. p = 0.18.
Because beyond 10 years hazard had increased statistical errors, we investigated the annual hazard of recurrence until 10 years after operation. For the 0- to 2-year interval, the hazard of recurrence was higher for the ER-negative patients than the ER-positive patients, and beyond 3 years the hazard was higher for ER-positive patients (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows that the overall survival of ER-positive cancer patients was increased by adjuvant hormone therapy (p = 0.009). Moreover, among 452 ER-positive cases, at 1 year after surgery, the hazard of recurrence was higher for the patients with adjuvant hormone therapy than the patients without adjuvant hormone therapy, but between 2 and 4 years, the hazard was higher for the patients without adjuvant hormone therapy (Figure 5).
Figure 3
Annual hazard of recurrence of patients separated by ERstatus. (Number) = number of patients.
Age (<35; 35–54; ≥ 55), cTNM (stage I-III), pTNM (stage I-III), pN (pN0, pN1, pN2, pN3), ER status (negative, positive, unknown), and types of breast surgery (breast conserving surgery, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy) were analyzed as potential prognostic factors by the Cox proportional hazard model. Both univariate analyses to determine prognostic factors associated with overall survival and disease-free survival that the features with p < 0.05 were 5 features: cTNM, pTNM, pN, ER status, and type of surgery (Table 2 &3). The important prognostic factor associated with overall survival determined by multivariate analyses with backward variables selection were 2 features: pTNM and ER status (Table 4). The important prognostic factor associated with disease-free survival determined by multivariate analyses with backward variables selection were two features: pTNM and pN (Table 4).
Table 4
Multivariate Cox regression analysis for overall survival and disease-free survival.
Factors
Overall survival
Hazard ratio
95% CI a
p-value
pTNM
Stage I
1.00
-
Stage II
2.05
1.07–3.94
0.03
Stage III
8.09
4.24–15.43
<0.001
ER status
Negative
1.00
-
Positive
0.57
0.40–0.82
0.002
Factors
Disease-free survival
Hazard ratio
95% CI a
p-value
pTNM
Stage I
1.00
-
Stage II
1.87
1.12–3.11
0.017
Stage III
3.72
1.59–8.70
0.002
pN
pN0
1.00
pN1
1.49
1.01–2.20
0.044
pN2
2.47
1.14–5.34
0.022
pN3
1.91
0.83–4.39
0.129
a CI: Confidence interval
Discussion
Tumor staging systems provide information about extent of disease that can be used to guide treatment recommendations and provide estimates of patient prognosis. It is well known that pathological stage is the most significant independent prognostic factor for determining survival in breast cancer [8]. Our study documents the fact that pathological stage is the independent prognostic factor for both overall survival and disease-free survival.
Many studies have shown that women with ER positive cancers have a better prognosis than patients whose cancers do not have this receptor [9, 10]. In this study cohort, ER status were the independent prognostic factors for overall survival by the multivariate Cox regression analysis, but ER status did not affect disease-free survival (Table 3 &4). Nomura et al. [11] previously reported that in a retrospective multicenter study to investigate the ER status in primary breast cancer with patient prognosis, 3,118 patients with operable breast cancer (stages I-III) were investigated from ten hospitals in Japan who underwent surgery from October 1972 to December 1982, and that Cox's multivariate analysis showed that overall survival, but not disease-free survival was affected by ER status. They speculated the possibility that this was due to the longer postrelapse survival in patients with ER-positive cancer based on the effectiveness of endocrine treatment. Preceding paper has reported that the patients of positive ER status enjoyed benefits from the recent development of breast cancer treatments [6]. In fact, the present study showed that the overall survival of ER-positive cancer patients was increased by adjuvant hormone therapy (Figure 4).
Hortobagyi et al. [12] previously reported that the disease-free survival in estrogen receptor (ER) positive and/or progesterone receptor (PgR) positive patients was higher than that in ER/PgR negative patients until 5 years after administration of the state-of-the-art adjuvant therapy, however, the disease-free survivals between these groups was reversed after 5 years. Saphner et al. [13] reported that compared with ER negative patients, ER positive patients had lower annual hazard of recurrence until around 3.5 years after surgery, but thereafter higher. In the present study, Figure 3 shows that a positive ER status was associated with a lower hazard of recurrence in the first 2 years after surgery, but a higher hazard of recurrence from years 3 to 10. [14]. Results from the EBCTCG meta-analysis of systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormone, cytotoxic, or biologic therapy methods in randomized trials involving 144,939 women show a highly significant advantage of 5 years versus 1 to 2 years of tamoxifen with respect to the risk of recurrence [14]. In the present study, in ER-positive cases, between 2 and 4 years after surgery, the hazard of recurrence of patients without adjuvant hormone therapy was higher than the patients with adjuvant hormone therapy (Figure 5). It is noteworthy that this observation emphasizes the importance of adjuvant hormone therapy for ER positive cancer patients beyond 3 years after operation. Moreover, comparing with the 10-year survival rate between ER-positive patients with or without hormone therapy and ER-negative patients (Figure 1 &4), the survival rate between ER-positive patients without hormone therapy and ER-negative patients was similar, but the adjuvant hormone therapy led about 13% survival gains. Therefore, this fact also suggests adjuvant hormone therapy may have more important roles in the treatment. In addition, the disease-free survival at 10 years after surgery between ER positive and negative patients was reversed (Figure 2). This may be related to the fact that the percentage of number of patients who received adjuvant hormone therapy in ER positive patients between 1980 and 1991 (11/84: 13%) was smaller to that between 1991 and 2005 (170/368: 46%), because of reasons including poor understanding of modern treatment for adjuvant chemotherapy, the cost for drugs, and so on. On the other hand, the current recommendation is that adjuvant tamoxifen be discontinued after 5 years in all patients as current standard therapy, because there was a trend toward a worse outcome associated with a longer duration of treatment [15]. Further analyses may be needed to clarify the optimal duration of adjuvant hormone therapy in operated breast cancer patients.
Traditional prognostic factors, i.e., those that predict the risk of recurrence or death from breast cancer, include number of positive axillary nodes [3]. It has been reported that the pN is the most important prognostic factor affecting disease-free survival and overall survival in operable breast cancer patients [2]. However, our study suggested that pN is the independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival, but not for overall survival. The patients with axillary lymph node metastasis have received chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or both. Over the past 20 years, various systemic adjuvant therapies have been studied to improve survival [6]. Therefore, there may be a possibility that the other factors such as these therapies may affect the overall survival more stronger than pN, although further investigations are needed to clarify this matter.
The univariate Cox regression analysis for overall survival and disease-free survival demonstrated that the hazard ratio of patients with breast conserving surgery was lower than that of patients with standard radical mastectomy (Table 2 &3). This fact suggests that breast conserving surgery with radiation therapy may provide not only cosmetic benefit but also better prognosis, although chronological change of breast cancer treatments may affect the survival rates.
In conclusion, the present study presented the data of the long term survival of pathological stage I-III patients with breast cancers at our institution. For the 0- to 2-year interval, the hazard of recurrence was higher for the ER-negative patients than the ER-positive patients, and beyond 3 years the hazard was higher for ER-positive patients. Additionally, disease free survival 10 years after operation was reversed between ER-positive and negative patients. Therefore, the fact may indicate the importance of long term adjuvant hormone therapy for ER positive cancer patients.
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Acknowledgements
The authors received no specific funding for this study.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TI and MF designed this study. MU, KY, HK, TI collected and assembled the data. TI organized the data. TK, TN, ST, TI and MF contributed to the statistical analyses and interpretations. TK, TI, MT and MF contributed to writing and finalizing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The reversal of recurrence hazard rate between ER positive and negative breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node dissection (pathological stage I-III) 3 years after surgery
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Takashi Inamoto
Tsutomu Nishimura
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