09.03.2019 | Original Paper | Ausgabe 4/2019 Open Access

The Same or Different? Convergence of Skin Gambling and Other Gambling Among Children
- Zeitschrift:
- Journal of Gambling Studies > Ausgabe 4/2019
Publisher's Note
Introduction
Objectives and Hypotheses
Methods
Data
Measures
Skin Betting Measures
Gambling Measures
Skin Betting and Gambling Measures
Socio-demographic/Economic Measures
Analyses
Results
Engagement in Individual Activities
Boys (%)
|
Girls (%)
|
All (%)
|
|
---|---|---|---|
Bet with skins*
|
12
|
1
|
7
|
Bought National Lottery tickets**
|
3
|
2
|
3
|
Bought scratchcards
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
Played fruit/slot machines*
|
7
|
4
|
5
|
Played bingo for money
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
Gambled online for money (includes National Lottery Instant Win games)**
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
Bet with friends for money*
|
11
|
5
|
8
|
Any form of gambling (excluding skin betting)**
|
21
|
10
|
16
|
Bases: unweighted
|
1312
|
1412
|
2760
|
Gambled on skins and other forms
|
Skin betting only
|
Other gambling only
|
Neither
|
Any skin gambling in past month
|
Any gambling in past month
|
Bases: unweighted
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
a
|
|||||||
Boys (%)
|
4
|
7
|
16
|
72
|
12
|
21
|
1198
|
Girls (%)
|
1
|
1
|
9
|
89
|
1
|
10
|
1333
|
All (%)
|
3
|
4
|
13
|
81
|
7
|
16
|
2563
|
Age
b
|
|||||||
11–12 (%)
|
1
|
3
|
13
|
83
|
4
|
14
|
796
|
13–14 (%)
|
3
|
5
|
14
|
78
|
8
|
17
|
1101
|
15–16 (%)
|
3
|
4
|
11
|
81
|
7
|
14
|
666
|
Ethnic group
|
|||||||
White/White British (%)
|
3
|
4
|
13
|
81
|
7
|
15
|
1985
|
Asian/Asian British (%)
|
2
|
3
|
11
|
84
|
5
|
13
|
110
|
Black/Black British (%)
|
2
|
2
|
16
|
80
|
4
|
18
|
275
|
Mixed/other (%)
|
3
|
6
|
10
|
80
|
10
|
13
|
160
|
Academic performance
c
|
|||||||
Doing well (%)
|
2
|
4
|
12
|
82
|
6
|
14
|
2078
|
Not doing well (%)
|
6
|
3
|
16
|
74
|
10
|
22
|
303
|
In receipt of free school meals
|
|||||||
Yes (%)
|
3
|
3
|
12
|
83
|
6
|
14
|
241
|
No (%)
|
3
|
4
|
12
|
81
|
7
|
15
|
2178
|
Concordance of Skin Betting and Gambling on Other Activities
Did neither activity
|
Skin betting only
|
Other individual gambling activity only
|
Bet with skins and gambled on other individual activity
|
Bases: unweighted
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
O/E ratios for skin betting and buying National Lottery tickets
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
|
1.0 (0.8, 1.1)
|
0.9 (0.7, 1.1)
|
2.7 (1.1, 4.2)
|
2490
|
O/E ratios for skin betting and buying scratchcards
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
|
0.9 (0.8, 1.1)
|
0.9 (0.7, 1.1)
|
2.8 (1.6, 4.0)
|
2489
|
O/E ratios for skin betting and playing fruit/slot machines
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
0.9 (0.7, 1.0)
|
0.8 (0.7, 1.0)
|
3.3 (2.1, 4.5)
|
2505
|
O/E ratios for skin betting and playing bingo for money
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
1.0 (0.8, 1.1)
|
0.9 (0.6, 1.1)
|
3.2 (1.3, 5.1)
|
2485
|
O/E ratios for skin betting and gambling online for money
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
|
0.9 (0.7, 1.0)
|
0.7 (0.4, 0.9)
|
5.9 (3.3, 8.5)
|
2481
|
O/E ratios for skin betting and betting with friends for money
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
0.8 (0.7, 1.0)
|
0.9 (0.7, 1.0)
|
2.9 (2.0, 3.8)
|
2481
|
O/E ratios for skin betting and any form of gambling in the past month
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
0.7 (0.6, 0.9)
|
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)
|
2.5 (1.9, 3.1)
|
2563
|
Odds ratio
|
Confidence interval: lower
|
Confidence interval: upper
|
|
---|---|---|---|
Sex (
p < 0.05)
|
|||
Boys
|
1
|
||
Girls
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
0.2
|
Age (
p < 0.01)
|
|||
11–12
|
1
|
||
13–14
|
2.1
|
1.3
|
3.5
|
15–16
|
2.1
|
1.2
|
3.7
|
Academic attainment (
p = 0.39)
|
|||
Not doing very well
|
1
|
||
Doing well
|
1.5
|
0.8
|
2.8
|
Gambling activities in last month
a
|
|||
Bet on lotteries (
p = 0.38)
|
0.5
|
0.1
|
2.4
|
Bet on scratchcards (
p = 0.36)
|
1.5
|
0.6
|
3.8
|
Bet on fruit/slot machines (
p < 0.01)
|
2.7
|
1.4
|
5.2
|
Bet on bingo (
p = 0.74)
|
0.8
|
0.3
|
2.4
|
Bet on online (
p < 0.05)
|
3.8
|
1.1
|
12.8
|
Bet privately/played games for money (
p < 0.07)
|
1.7
|
1.0
|
2.9
|
Patterns of Convergence by Socio-demographic/Economic Characteristics
Neither bet with skins or gambled
|
Skin betting only
|
Other gambling only
|
Bet with skins and gambled on other activities
|
Bases: unweighted
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
|
|||||
Boys
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
0.8 (0.6, 0.9)
|
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)
|
1.8 (1.3, 2.3)
|
1198
|
Girls
|
1 (0.9, 1.1)
|
0.7 (0.3, 1.0)
|
1 (0.8, 1.1)
|
4.2 (1.3, 7.2)
|
1333
|
Age
|
|||||
11–12
|
1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
|
0.9 (0.5, 1.3)
|
1 (0.8, 1.2)
|
1.6 (0.4, 2.8)
|
796
|
13–14
|
1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
|
0.7 (0.4, 0.9)
|
0.8 (0.6, 1.0)
|
3 (1.7, 4.3)
|
1101
|
15–16
|
1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
|
0.7 (0.4, 0.9)
|
0.9 (0.6, 1.0)
|
2.4 (1.7, 4.3)
|
666
|
Ethnic group
|
|||||
White/White British
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
0.7 (0.6, 0.9)
|
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)
|
2.5 (1.9, 3.2)
|
1985
|
Black/Black British
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
110
|
Asian/Asian British
|
1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
|
0.7 (0.2, 1.0)
|
0.9 (0.7, 1.2)
|
2.5 (0.3, 4.7)
|
275
|
Mixed/other
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
160
|
Academic performance
|
|||||
Doing well
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
0.8 (0.6, 0.9)
|
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)
|
2.3 (1.6, 3.0)
|
2078
|
Not doing well
|
1.1 (0.9, 1.2)
|
0.4 (0.2, 0.7)
|
0.8 (0.6, 1.0)
|
2.9 (1.7, 4.2)
|
303
|
Receipt of free school meals
|
|||||
Yes
|
1.0 (0.9, 1.2)
|
0.6 (0.2, 1.1)
|
0.9 (0.5, 1.2)
|
3.2 (0.7, 5.7)
|
241
|
No
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
0.7 (0.6, 0.9)
|
0.9 (0.8, 1.0)
|
2.5 (1.9, 3.2)
|
2178
|
At-Risk/Problem Gambling and Gambling Involvement Among Gamblers
Bet with skins and gambled on other activities (%)
|
Other gambling only (%)
|
|
---|---|---|
At risk and problem gambling according to the DSM-IV-MR-J
|
||
Non gambler/non-at risk or problem gambler (DSM-IV-MR-J score of 0/1)**
|
77
|
92
|
At risk or problem gambler (DSM-IV-MR-J score of 2 +)**
|
23
|
8
|
Number of other gambling activities undertaken (excluding skin gambling/betting)
|
||
Mean number of gambling activities undertaken*
|
2.5
|
1.9
|
Median*
|
2.0
|
1.0
|
Bases: unweighted
|
59
|
324
|
Odds ratio
|
Confidence interval: lower
|
Confidence interval: upper
|
|
---|---|---|---|
Sex (
p = 0.07)
|
|||
Boys
|
1
|
||
Girls
|
0.3
|
0.1
|
1.1
|
Age (
p = 0.26)
|
|||
11–12
|
1
|
||
13–14
|
2.0
|
0.4
|
10.4
|
15–16
|
2.8
|
0.7
|
11.3
|
Academic attainment (
p = 0.09)
|
|||
Not doing very well
|
1
|
||
Doing well
|
1.5
|
0.8
|
2.8
|
Skin gambling in past month (
p = 0.16)
|
|||
No
|
1
|
||
Yes
|
2.2
|
0.7
|
6.3
|
Gambling activities in last month
a
|
|||
Bet on lotteries (
p = 0.48)
|
2.4
|
0.2
|
29.1
|
Bet on scratchcards (
p = 0.29)
|
2.4
|
0.5
|
11.8
|
Bet on fruit/slot machines (
p = 0.14)
|
2.6
|
0.7
|
9.4
|
Bet on bingo (
p = 0.38)
|
2.1
|
0.4
|
11.3
|
Bet on online (
p < 0.01)
|
8.4
|
1.9
|
37.4
|
Bet privately/played games for money (
p < 0.05)
|
3.7
|
1.0
|
13.7
|