Background
Methods
Data collection
Country | Ethnic group | # communities | Gender | Age (years) | # informants | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | 18-30 | 31-40 | 41-50 | 51-60 | > 60 | ||||
Peru | Cocama | 1 | 44 | 43 | 19 | 17 | 24 | 10 | 17 | 87 |
Mestizo (Iquitos) | 2 | 73 | 95 | 48 | 44 | 31 | 20 | 25 | 168 | |
Aguaruna | 3 | 35 | 34 | 21 | 17 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 69 | |
Bolivia | Mestizo (Riberalta) | 2 | 39 | 40 | 10 | 18 | 19 | 14 | 18 | 79 |
Chácobo | 2 | 40 | 40 | 37 | 21 | 13 | 6 | 3 | 80 | |
Total | 10 | 231 | 252 | 135 | 117 | 99 | 61 | 71 | 483 |
Independent variable | Variable type | Levels |
---|---|---|
Gender | Nominal | 1) Men; 2) Women |
Age | Continuous | Between 18 and 91 years |
Ethnicity | Nominal | 1) Indigenous; 2) Mestizo |
Size of family (number of children) | Continuous | Between 0 and 18 |
Education (years) | Continuous | Between 0 and 16 years |
Languages spoken | Nominal | 1) Only native language; 2) Only Spanish; 3) Native language and Spanish |
Migratory status | Ordinal | 1) Non-migrant; 2) Migrant from other ethnic group in the same ecoregion; 3) Migrant from other ecoregion |
Time in residence (years) | Continuous | Between 0.17 and 85 years |
Farm animals | Ordinal | 1) No animals; 2) Subsistence livestock; 3) Commercial livestock |
Farm size (ha) | Continuous | Between 0 and 10 ha |
Tools | Ordinal | 1) Low cost (e.g. machetes, axes, bows and arrows, fishhooks, traditional agricultural tools); 2) Average cost (e.g. fishing-nets, carts, shotguns/rifles, plow, mechanical seed distributors); 3) High cost (e.g. fumigators, tractors, chainsaws, water pumps) |
Transport | Ordinal | 1) No transport; 2) No fuel consumption (e.g. canoe, bicycle); 3) Low fuel consumption (e.g. motorbike, small outboard motor); 4) High fuel consumption (e.g. truck, large outboard motor) |
House size (m2) | Continuous | Between 10 and 272 m2
|
House construction materials | Ordinal | 1) Local plant materials ≥50%; 2) Mixed material ≥50%; 3) Foreign commercial materials ≥50% |
Data analysis
Results
Uses of Euterpe precatoria and E. oleracea in Peruvian and Bolivian Amazon
Palm use category | Palm use sub-category | Part plant used | Peru | Bolivia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awajun | Cocama | Mestizo-Iquitos | Chácobo | Mestizo-Riberalta | |||
A. Uses of Euterpe precatoria
| |||||||
Construction | Houses | Stem | Roof frame (4) / Walls (4) | Floor frame (66) / Walls (87) / Flooring (6) | Roof frame (19) / Floor frame (2) / Walls (138) / Flooring (14) / Stake (6) | Walls (49) | Walls (71) / Flooring (6) |
Thatch | Entire leaf | Thatch (5) | Thatch (63) | Ridgepole (5) / Thatch (12) | Thatch (72) | Thatch (73) / Roof edge (4) | |
Stem | - | - | Rods for thatch (6) | - | - | ||
Environmental | Fences | Stem | - | - | Fences (1) | - | - |
Human food | Beverages | Fruit | - | Juice (77) | Juice (136) | Juice (71) | Juice (77) |
Food | Fruit | Edible (39) | Edible (5) | Edible (47) | Edible (19) | Edible (4) | |
Palm heart | Edible (45) | Edible (83) | Edible (163) | Edible (77) | Edible (79) | ||
Medicinal and veterinary | Blood and cardiovascular system | Fruit | - | Anemia (4) | Anemia (1) | - | - |
Root | - | Anemia (1) / Blood pressure (2) | Anemia (3) | Anemia (4) | Anemia (72) | ||
Digestive system | Fruit | - | - | - | - | Diarrhea (6) | |
Root | Hepatitis (2) | Liver pain (2) | Colic in babies (2) / Diarrhea (5) / Stomach pain (2) / Hepatitis (5) / Liver pain (2) / Gallbladder (2) | - | - | ||
Endocrine system | Root | - | Diabetes (3) | Diabetes (2) | - | - | |
General ailments with unspecific symptoms | Fruit | - | - | Body weakness (2) | - | - | |
Root | - | Fever (1) | Body pain (3) / Indisposition (2) | - | - | ||
Infections and infestations | Root | - | Malaria (25) | Malaria (33) | Amoebas (21) | Amoebas (7) | |
Metabolic system and nutrition | Root | - | - | - | Malnutrition (2) | - | |
Musculo-skeletal system | Root | - | Rheumatism and arthritis (1) | Hernia (2) / Rheumatism and arthritis (1) | - | - | |
Poisonings | Stem | - | - | - | Snakebit antidote (7) | - | |
Root | - | - | - | Snakebit antidote (2) | - | ||
Pregnancy, birth and puerperial | Root | Galactogogue (3) | Antiabortive (1) | Antiabortive (1) / Childbirth problems (5) | - | - | |
Reproductive system and sex health | Root | - | - | Uterus infections (3) / Menstrual problems (5) | - | - | |
Respiratory system | Stem | - | - | - | Pneumonia (1) | - | |
Root | - | - | Bronchitis (1) / Pneumonia (14) | - | - | ||
Sensory system | Root | - | Ear ache (5) | - | - | - | |
Urinary system | Root | - | Inflammation of kidneys (41) | Prostate (4) / Inflammation of kidneys (44) | - | - | |
Other medicinal uses | Root | - | Hairloss (3) | Hairloss (2) / Stomach cancer (2) | - | - | |
Not specified at all | Root | - | - | Unspecified (13) | - | - | |
Cultural uses | Clothes and accessories | Spear leaf | - | Hats (6) | - | - | Hats (8) |
Cosmetics | Fruit | - | - | - | - | Hair oil (2) | |
Dyes | Fruit | - | - | Dyes (9) | - | - | |
Root | - | - | Dyes (2) | - | - | ||
Spear leaf | - | - | Dyes (1) | - | - | ||
Personal adornment | Seed | - | Jewellery (9) | Jewellery (18) | - | Jewellery (1) | |
Ritual | Entire plant | - | “Umsha” (2) (*) | - | - | - | |
Utensils and tools | Domestic and utensilis | Infrutescense | - | - | - | Broom (1) | - |
Leaf rachis | - | - | - | Broom (5) | - | ||
Spear leaf | - | Fan (10) / Basket (2) / Mats (1) | - | - | Fan (25) / Basket (2) / Mats (2) | ||
Stem | - | - | - | - | Mesons (3) / Shelf (6) / Ceiling (7) | ||
Hunting and fishing tools | Stem | - | - | Arc (2) | - | - | |
Labor tools | Stem | - | - | - | - | “Tendal” (2)(**) | |
Other | Human food | Stem | Larvae edible (2) | - | - | - | - |
Medicinal | Stem | - | - | - | Larvae cough (7) | - | |
B. Uses of Euterpe oleracea
| |||||||
Construction | Houses | Stem | - | - | Frame (6) / Walls (8) / Flooring (2) | - | Walls (1) |
Thatch | Entire leaf | Thatch (2) | - | Thatch (2) | - | Thatch (3) | |
Environmental | Ornamental | Entire plant | - | Ornamental (27) | - | - | - |
Human food | Beverages | Fruit | - | - | Juice (8) | Juice (13) | Juice (41) |
Food | Fruit | Edible (17) | - | Edible (3) | - | - | |
Palm heart | Edible (37) | - | Edible (10) | - | Edible (21) | ||
Medicinal and veterinary | Blood and cardiovascular system | Root | - | - | - | - | Anemia (2) |
Digestive system | Root | - | - | Gallbladder (2) | - | - | |
General ailments with unspecific symptoms | Fruit | - | - | Body weakness (2) | - | - | |
Root | - | - | Indisposition (2) | - | - | ||
Pregnancy, birth and puerperial | Root | Galactogogue (3) | - | - | - | - | |
Respiratory system | Root | - | - | Pneumonia (2) | - | - | |
Urinary system | Root | - | - | Inflammation of kidneys (2) | - | - | |
Not specified at all | Root | - | - | Unspecified (2) | - | - | |
Other uses | Human food | Stem | Larvae edible (5) | - | - | - | - |
The significance of socio-economic variables in palm-use knowledge
Euterpe precatoria (Mean ± SD) |
Euterpe oleracea (Mean ± SD)
| ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Total palm uses | Construction | Human food | Medicinal and veterinary | Total palm uses | Construction | Human food | Medicinal and veterinary | |
A. Peru | |||||||||
Comparison of means (categorical variables) | |||||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 152 | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Female | 172 | 3.9 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Ethnicity | |||||||||
Indigenous | 118 | 3.2 ± 2.3 b | 1.9 ± 1.3 b | 1.5 ± 0.8 b | 0.5 ± 0.7 b | 0.5 ± 0.8 a | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.7 a | 0.03 ± 0.1 |
Mestizo | 206 | 4.4 ± 1.3 a | 1.4 ± 0.8 a | 2.0 ± 0.6 a | 1.0 ± 0.6 a | 0.3 ± 1.2 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.5 b | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
Language spoken | |||||||||
Only native language | 6* | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | - | 0.5 ± 0.5 | - | 0.5 ± 0.5 | - |
Only Spanish | 252 | 4.6 ± 1.4 a | 1.6 ± 0.9 a | 2.0 ± 0.5 a | 1.0 ± 0.6 a | 0.2 ± 1.1 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Native language and Spanish | 66 | 1.7 ± 1.4 b | 0.4 ± 0.8 b | 1.2 ± 0.9 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.8 ± 0.9 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.8 a | 0.1 ± 0.2 |
Migration status | |||||||||
Non-migrant | 212 | 3.5 ± 1.9 b | 1.1 ± 0.9 b | 1.8 ± 0.8 b | 0.7 ± 0.6 b | 0.4 ± 0.9 b | 0.04 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.6 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
Migrant from other ethnic group in the same ecoregion | 108 | 4.7 ± 1.3 a | 1.8 ± 0.8 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 0.9 ± 0.7 a | 0.2 ± 1.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 |
Migrant from other ecoregion | 4* | 6.3 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 b | 1.7 ± 3.5 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
Farm animal | |||||||||
No animals | 28 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 1.1 | - |
Subsistence livestock | 294 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Commercial livestock | 2* | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 5.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
Tools | |||||||||
Low cost | 58 | 2.5 ± 1.7 b | 0.6 ± 0.7 c | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.5 b | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.02 ± 0.1 |
Average cost | 239 | 4.2 ± 1.7 a | 1.4 ± 0.9 b | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.7 a | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
High cost | 27 | 4.9 ± 1.5 a | 2.1 ± 1.0 a | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.6 a | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.04 ± 0.2 |
Transport | |||||||||
No transport | 88 | 2.3 ± 1.8 b | 0.6 ± 0.8 b | 1.4 ± 0.9 b | 0.3 ± 0.5 b | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.7 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
Fuel | |||||||||
No fuel consumption | 108 | 4.6 ± 1.4 a | 1.6 ± 0.9 a | 2.1 ± 0.5 a | 0.9 ± 0.6 a | 0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.5 b | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
Low fuel consumption | 119 | 4.6 ± 1.4 a | 1.7 ± 0.9 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 0.9 ± 0.6 a | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.5 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 |
High fuel consumption | 9* | 4.7 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | - | 0.7 ± 1.0 | - |
House construction materials | |||||||||
Local plant materials ≥50% | 274 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.02 ± 0.2 |
Mixed material ≥50% | 2* | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - |
Foreign commercial materials ≥50% | 48 | 3.4 ± 2.3 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 1.6 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.6 |
Pearson correlation (continuous variables) | |||||||||
Age | 324 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.09 | −0.01 | −0.1 | 0.02 |
Size of family (number of children) | 324 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.04 |
Time in residence (years) | 324 | −0.02 | −0.09 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.1 | −0.04 | −0.1 | 0.03 |
Education | 324 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.09 | −0.07 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.04 |
Farm size (ha) | 324 | 0.15 | 0.17 | −0.001 | 0.16 | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.02 | 0.05 |
House size (m2) | 324 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.3 | −0.13 | 0.16 | −0.14 | 0.12 |
B. Bolivia | |||||||||
Comparison of means (categorical variables) | |||||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 79 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.04 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
Female | 80 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.67 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
Ethnicity | |||||||||
Indigenous | 81 | 4.0 ± 1.3 b | 1.5 ± 0.6 b | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.6 b | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - |
Mestizo | 78 | 5.1 ± 0.6 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 a | 0.9 ± 1.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.8 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
Language spoken | |||||||||
Only native language | 12 | 3.2 ± 1.9 c | 1.4 ± 0.7 b | 1.6 ± 0.9 b | 0.2 ± 0.4 c | - | - | - | - |
Only Spanish | 73 | 5.0 ± 0.6 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 2.1 ± 0.3 a | 1.1 ± 0.3 a | 0.9 ± 1.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.7 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
Native language and Spanish | 74 | 4.3 ± 1.2 b | 1.6 ± 0.7 b | 2.1 ± 0.5 a | 0.6 ± 0.5 b | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | - | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | - |
Migration status | |||||||||
Non-migrant | 84 | 4.1 ± 1.2 b | 1.5 ± 0.6 b | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.6 b | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - |
Migrant from other ethnic group in the same ecoregion | 71 | 5.0 ± 0.6 a | 1.9 ± 0.4 a | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 a | 0.9 ± 1.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.7 a | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
Migrant from other ecoregion | 4* | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | - | 0.5 ± 1.0 | - |
Farm animal | |||||||||
No animals | 7* | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | - | 1.0 ± 1.0 | - |
Subsistence livestock | 145 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
Commercial livestock | 7* | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | - | 1.1 ± 0.9 | - |
Tools | |||||||||
Low cost | 3* | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - |
Average cost | 139 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.7 b | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.6 b | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
High cost | 17 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 1.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 1.0 a | - |
Transport | |||||||||
No transport | 22 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.63 | - | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - |
No fuel consumption | 53 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | - | 0.2 ± 0.4 | - |
Low fuel consumption | 80 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.0. ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
High fuel consumption | 4* | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.01 | - | 2.2 ± 0.0 | - |
House construction materials | |||||||||
Local plant materials ≥50% | 146 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.01 ± 0.1 |
Mixed material ≥50% | 4* | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | - | 1.5 ± 0.6 | - |
Foreign commercial materials ≥50% | 9* | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | - |
Pearson correlation (continuous variables) | |||||||||
Age | 159 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.01 |
Size of family (number of children) | 159 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 0.07 |
Time in residence (years) | 159 | −0.09 | −0.12 | 0.16 | −0.15 | −0.26 | −0.07 | −0.26 | −0.05 |
Education | 159 | −0.09 | −0.16 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
Farm size (ha) | 159 | 0.13 | 0.11 | −0.16 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
House size (m2) | 159 | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
n
| PERU |
n
| BOLIVIA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Euterpe precatoria
|
Euterpe oleracea
|
Euterpe precatoria
|
Euterpe oleracea
| |||||||
Beverages | Food | Beverages | Food | Beverages | Food | Beverages | Food | |||
Comparison of means (categorical variables) | ||||||||||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 152 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 79 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Female | 172 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 80 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||
Indigenous | 118 | 0.4 ± 0.5 b | 1.1 ± 0.7 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 81 | 0.9 ± 0.3 b | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - |
Mestizo | 206 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.03 b | 78 | 0.9 ± 0.2 a | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 0.3 ± 0.4ª |
Language spoken | ||||||||||
Only native language | 6* | - | 1.3 ± 0.8 | - | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 12 | 0.7 ± 0.5 b | 0.8 ± 0.6 b | - | - |
Only Spanish | 252 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | 73 | 0.9 ± 0.2 a | 1.1 ± 0.2 b | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 0.3 ± 0.4 a |
Native language and Spanish | 66 | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 1.2 ± 0.9 | - | 0.7 ± 0.8 a | 74 | 0.9 ± 0.3 ab | 1.2 ± 0.4 a | 0.04 ± 0.2 b | 0.03 ± 0.2 b |
Migration status | ||||||||||
Non-migrant | 212 | 0.6 ± 0.5 b | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.6 a | 84 | 0.9 ± 0.3 b | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.01 ± 0.1 b | - |
Migrant from other ethnic group in the same ecoregion | 108 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 71 | 0.9 ± 0.1 a | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
Migrant from other ecoregion | 4* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 4* | 1.0 ± 0.01 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
Farm animal | ||||||||||
No animals | 28 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | - | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 7* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.5 |
Subsistence livestock | 294 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 145 | 0.9 ± 0.02 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Commercial livestock | 2* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 7* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 |
Tools | ||||||||||
Low cost | 58 | 0.3 ± 0.5 b | 1.3 ± 0.7 | - | 0.4 ± 0.6 a | 3* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - |
Average cost | 239 | 0.7 ± 0.5 a | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 ab | 139 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 b |
High cost | 27 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | 0.04 ± 0.2 b | 17 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.4 a | 0.5 ± 0.5 a |
Transport | ||||||||||
No transport | 88 | 0.2 ± 0.4 b | 1.2 ± 0.1 | - | 0.5 ± 0.7 a | 22 | 1.0 ± 0.05 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 ab |
No fuel consumption | 108 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.03 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | 53 | 0.9 ± 0.03 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.02 ± 0.1 b |
Low fuel consumption | 119 | 0.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 b | 80 | 0.9 ± 0.03 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 a |
High fuel consumption | 9* | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | - | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 4* | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
House construction materials | ||||||||||
Local plant materials ≥50% | 274 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 146 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Mixed material ≥50% | 2* | - | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 4* | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.6 |
Foreign commercial materials ≥50% | 48 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.04 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 9* | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 |
Pearson correlation (continuous variables) | ||||||||||
Age | 324 | 0.02 | 0.1 | −0.03 | −0.1 | 159 | 0.23 | −0.09 | 0.19 | 0.13 |
Size of family (number of children) | 324 | 0 | 0.21 | −0.1 | −0.07 | 159 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.26 |
Time in residence (years) | 324 | −0.01 | −0.12 | 0.01 | −0.1 | 159 | −0.02 | 0.21 | −0.27 | −0.12 |
Education | 324 | −0.07 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.1 | 159 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.12 |
Farm size (ha) | 324 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 159 | −0.02 | −0.14 | 0.17 | 0.2 |
House size (m2) | 324 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.11 | −0.15 | 159 | 0.02 | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.19 |