Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Study variables
Diet
Mortality
Potential confounders
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptive and outcome data
SEAD scorea (quartiles) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Missing | |
Deathsb | 181 | 159 | 145 | 162 | 77 |
n | 688 | 761 | 787 | 929 | 318 |
Sex—menc (%) | 40.1 | 46.8 | 46.9 | 47.5 | 42.1 |
Agec | 70.3 (6.9) | 69.8 (6.9) | 69.8 (6.6) | 69.5 (6.2) | 71.0 (7.6) |
Educational levelc (%) | |||||
Primary or less | 66.0 | 58.2 | 61.1 | 53.1* | 61.1 |
Secondary | 22.4 | 22.2 | 22.0 | 25.3 | 20.8 |
University | 11.6 | 19.6 | 16.9 | 21.6 | 18.1 |
Tobacco smokingc (%) | |||||
Never | 60.2 | 54.9 | 59.5 | 59.4* | 61.6 |
Former | 26.2 | 31.1 | 31.2 | 30.5 | 23.8 |
Current | 13.5 | 14.0 | 9.3 | 10.0 | 14.5 |
Diabetesc (%) | 18.0 | 12.8 | 19.8 | 20.3* | 21.6 |
Cardiovascular diseasec (%) | 7.61 | 4.33 | 7.22 | 4.96 | 7.05 |
Respiratory diseasec (%) | 8.82 | 7.85 | 9.68 | 6.77 | 6.32 |
Musculoskeletal diseasec (%) | 53.0 | 47.4 | 51.8 | 49.2 | 49.3 |
Cancerc (%) | 2.85 | 1.61 | 1.17 | 3.96* | 2.48 |
Depressionc (%) | 12.1 | 7.4 | 9.9 | 5.8* | 11.7 |
Leisure-time physical activityd (MET-hours/week) | 19.8 (13.4) | 20.7 (13.2) | 21.5 (13.5) | 22.9 (14.1)* | 19.7 (14.2) |
Time watching TVd (h/day) | 2.89 (1.72) | 2.72 (1.47) | 2.77 (1.49) | 2.67 (1.40) | 2.88 (1.82) |
Body mass indexd (kg/m2) | 28.2 (4.3) | 28.4 (4.3) | 29.0 (4.6) | 28.7 (4.3)* | 28.7 (5.3) |
Energy intaked (kcal/day) | 2014 (531) | 1965 (492) | 1952 (464) | 1934 (453) | 1853 (594) |
White meat consumptiond (g/day) | 33.3 (30.4) | 33.7 (29.3) | 37.8 (28.9) | 38.5 (27.0)* | 31.6 (30.0) |
Fruit consumptiond (g/day) | 296 (181) | 324 (167) | 338 (176) | 341 (167)* | 310 (182) |
Refined grains consumptiond (g/day) | 223 (92) | 206 (93) | 202 (92) | 177 (85)* | 204 (95) |
Main results
Deaths | Person-years | Hazard ratio [95% CI] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
SEAD score based on sex-specific medians of food consumption | |||||
Per 1-SD increment | 646 | 32,158 | 0.85 [0.78, 0.93]*** | 0.86 [0.79, 0.94]** | 0.86 [0.78, 0.94]*** |
Quartilesa | |||||
1 (lower adherence) | 181 | 6728 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 159 | 7733 | 0.79 [0.60, 1.04] | 0.83 [0.64, 1.08] | 0.83 [0.64, 1.09] |
3 | 145 | 8084 | 0.63 [0.48, 0.83]*** | 0.66 [0.50, 0.87]** | 0.66 [0.50, 0.87]** |
4 (higher adherence) | 162 | 9613 | 0.66 [0.52, 0.85]** | 0.68 [0.53, 0.88]** | 0.67 [0.52, 0.87]** |
Sensitivity analyses | |||||
SEAD score based on sex-specific quartiles of food consumption | |||||
Per 1-SD increment | 646 | 32,158 | 0.88 [0.80, 0.96]** | 0.87 [0.80, 0.96]** | 0.86 [0.79, 0.95]** |
Quartilesb | |||||
1 (lower adherence) | 197 | 7693 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 192 | 9800 | 0.81 [0.64, 1.03] | 0.81 [0.64, 1.03] | 0.81 [0.64, 1.03] |
3 | 110 | 6389 | 0.65 [0.50, 0.86]** | 0.68 [0.51, 0.89]** | 0.67 [0.51, 0.88]** |
4 (higher adherence) | 147 | 8276 | 0.70 [0.55, 0.89]** | 0.70 [0.55, 0.90]** | 0.68 [0.53, 0.88]** |
SEAD score based on frequency of food consumption | |||||
Per 1-SD increment | 646 | 32,158 | 0.80 [0.73, 0.89]*** | 0.79 [0.71, 0.87]*** | 0.78 [0.70, 0.86]*** |
Quartilesc | |||||
1 (lower adherence) | 193 | 6863 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 156 | 8060 | 0.76 [0.59, 0.97]* | 0.74 [0.58, 0.96]* | 0.75 [0.58, 0.96]* |
3 | 166 | 8043 | 0.77 [0.60, 0.98]* | 0.76 [0.59, 0.97]* | 0.76 [0.60, 0.97]* |
4 (higher adherence) | 132 | 9192 | 0.61 [0.47, 0.80]*** | 0.60 [0.46, 0.78]*** | 0.58 [0.44, 0.76]*** |
Median consumption (g/1000 kcal) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food component | Women | Men | Deaths | Person-years | Hazard ratio [95% CI]a |
Fresh fish (excluding cod) | 26.5 | 26.3 | |||
≤ Median | 352 | 16,004 | Ref. | ||
> Median | 294 | 16,154 | 0.91 [0.75, 1.09] | ||
Cod | 0 | 0 | |||
≤ Median | 508 | 24,940 | Ref. | ||
> Median | 138 | 7218 | 0.92 [0.76, 1.13] | ||
Red meat and pork products | 24.0 | 27.3 | |||
≤ Median | 348 | 15,949 | Ref. | ||
> Median | 298 | 16,209 | 0.98 [0.80, 1.19] | ||
Dairy products | 178 | 132 | |||
≤ Median | 282 | 16,279 | Ref. | ||
> Median | 365 | 15,878 | 1.02 [0.85, 1.23] | ||
Legumes and vegetables | 124 | 119 | |||
≤ Median | 367 | 15,836 | Ref. | ||
> Median | 279 | 16,322 | 0.86 [0.72, 1.04] | ||
Vegetable soup | 0 | 0 | |||
≤ Median | 467 | 23,620 | Ref. | ||
> Median | 180 | 8538 | 0.97 [0.79, 1.19] | ||
Potatoes | 19.9 | 22.6 | |||
≤ Median | 325 | 16,095 | Ref. | ||
> Median | 321 | 16,063 | 0.93 [0.77, 1.11] | ||
Whole-grain bread | 0 | 0 | |||
≤ Median | 523 | 23,870 | Ref. | ||
> Median | 123 | 8288 | 0.80 [0.63, 1.02] | ||
Wine (glasses/day) | 0 | 0.42 | |||
0 or > 1 glass/day (women), 0 or > 2 glasses/day (men) | 385 | 17,018 | Ref. | ||
≥ 0 to 1 glass/day (women), ≥ 0 to 2 glasses/day (men) | 261 | 15,139 | 0.71 [0.59, 0.86]*** |