Background
Methods
Sample
Measures
Student resilience survey (SRS)
Procedure
Analyses
Results
Factor structure
Subscales | Items in questionnaire | Factor loading | Measurement error | Intraclass correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family connection | At home, there is an adult who: | |||
Is interested in my school work | 0.77 | 0.007 | 0.040 | |
Believes that I will be a success | 0.85 | 0.006 | 0.034 | |
Wants me to do my best | 0.86 | 0.009 | 0.057 | |
Listens to me when I have something to say | 0.81 | 0.005 | 0.037 | |
School connection | At school, there is an adult who: | |||
Really cares about me | 0.79 | 0.024 | 0.176 | |
Tells me when I do a good job | 0.86 | 0.011 | 0.140 | |
Listens to me when I have something to say | 0.84 | 0.006 | 0.147 | |
Believes that I will be a success | 0.85 | 0.010 | 0.114 | |
Community connection | Away from school, there is an adult who: | |||
Really cares about me | 0.90 | 0.003 | 0.041 | |
Tells me when I do a good job | 0.92 | 0.002 | 0.038 | |
Believes that I will be a success | 0.94 | 0.002 | 0.040 | |
I trust | 0.85 | 0.004 | 0.044 | |
Participation in home and school life | Home and school | |||
I do things at home that make a difference (i.e. make things better) | 0.77 | 0.005 | 0.032 | |
I help my family make decisions | 0.75 | 0.005 | 0.014 | |
At school, I decide things like class activities or rules | 0.69 | 0.007 | 0.036 | |
I do things at my school that make a difference (i.e. make things better) | 0.81 | 0.005 | 0.044 | |
Participation in community life | Away from school | |||
I am a member of a club, sports team, church group, or other group | 0.80 | 0.012 | 0.063 | |
I take lessons in music, art, sports, or have a hobby | 0.88 | 0.011 | 0.057 | |
Self-esteem | I can work out my problems | 0.77 | 0.005 | 0.033 |
I can do most things if I try | 0.83 | 0.005 | 0.061 | |
There are many things that I do well | 0.83 | 0.005 | 0.064 | |
Empathy | I feel bad when someone gets their feelings hurt | 0.80 | 0.007 | 0.043 |
I try to understand what other people feel | 0.87 | 0.006 | 0.036 | |
Problem solving | When I need help, I find someone to talk to | 0.83 | 0.004 | 0.043 |
I know where to go for help when I have a problem | 0.84 | 0.004 | 0.056 | |
I try to work out problems by talking about them | 0.81 | 0.004 | 0.040 | |
Goals and aspirations | I have goals and plans for future | 0.75 | 0.007 | 0.039 |
I think I will be successful when I grow up | 0.90 | 0.006 | 0.065 | |
Peer support | Are there students at your school who would: | |||
Choose you on their team at school | 0.72 | 0.005 | 0.029 | |
Explain the rules of a game if you didn’t understand them | 0.75 | 0.005 | 0.054 | |
Invite you to their home | 0.75 | 0.004 | 0.041 | |
Share things with you | 0.83 | 0.004 | 0.038 | |
Help you if you hurt yourself | 0.84 | 0.005 | 0.050 | |
Miss you if you weren’t at school | 0.79 | 0.004 | 0.040 | |
Make you feel better if something is bothering you | 0.86 | 0.004 | 0.028 | |
Pick you for a partner | 0.81 | 0.004 | 0.034 | |
Help you if other students are being mean to you | 0.85 | 0.004 | 0.039 | |
Tell you you’re their friend | 0.87 | 0.004 | 0.031 | |
Ask you to join in when you are all alone | 0.86 | 0.003 | 0.039 | |
Tell you secrets | 0.73 | 0.005 | 0.047 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Family connection | 1 | |||||||||
2. School connection | 0.55 | 1 | ||||||||
3. Community connection | 0.74 | 0.56 | 1 | |||||||
4. Participation in home and school life | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 1 | ||||||
5. Participation in community life | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 1 | |||||
6. Self-esteem | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.74 | 0.41 | 1 | ||||
7. Empathy | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.58 | 0.27 | 0.53 | 1 | |||
8. Problem solving | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.29 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 1 | ||
9. Goals and aspirations | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.77 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 1 | |
10. Peer support | 0.53 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.32 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 1 |
Reliability
Differential item functioning (DIF) and differential test functioning (DTF)
Subscales | Items in questionnaire | Gender (focal = boys) n = 6123 | School level (focal = secondary) n = 6123 | SEN (focal = yes) n = 6071 | EAL (focal = yes) n = 6047 | FSM (focal = yes) n = 6071 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DIF | DTF | DIF | DTF | DIF | DTF | DIF | DTF | DIF | DTF | ||
L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | ||
Family connection | At home, there is an adult who… | ||||||||||
Is interested in my school work | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.15 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.07) | −0.04 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.03) | |
Believes that I will be a success | −0.10 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.10) | 0.25 (0.09) | -0.14 (0.10) | ||||||
Wants me to do my best | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.13) | 0.25 (0.14) | −0.19 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.13) | ||||||
Listens to me when I have something to say | −0.22 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.48 (0.09)
| −0.08 (0.09) | −0.24 (0.08) | ||||||
School connection | At school, there is an adult who… | ||||||||||
Really cares about me | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.000 (0.003) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.38 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.16 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.01) | |
Tells me when I do a good job | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.09) | −0.21 (0.08) | 0.09 (0.08) | ||||||
Listens to me when I have something to say | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.18 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.08) | ||||||
Believes that I will be a success | 0.04 (0.06) | −0.23 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.08) | −0.09 (0.08) | ||||||
Community connection | Away from school, there is an adult who… | ||||||||||
Really cares about me | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.15 (0.09) | −0.001 (0.01) | −0.05 (0.11) | −0.01 (0.004) | 0.19 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.003) | |
Tells me when I do a good job | −0.10 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.21 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.10) | ||||||
Believes that I will be a success | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.05 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.11 (0.10) | −0.07 (0.10) | ||||||
I trust | −0.23 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.10) | −0.05 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.10) | ||||||
Participation in home and school life | I do things at home that make a difference (i.e. make things better) | −0.07 (0.06) | 0.001 (0.003) | −0.05 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.001 (0.01) | −0.11 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.01) |
I help my family make decisions | −0.03 (0.06) | −0.22 (0.06) | −0.10 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.07) | −0.14 (0.07) | ||||||
At school, I decide things like class activities or rules | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.22 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.06 (0.07) | −0.02 (0.07) | ||||||
I do things at my school that make a difference (i.e. make things better) | 0.10 (0.06) |
0.56 (0.06)
| −0.04 (0.08) | −0.12 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.07) | ||||||
Self-esteem | I can work out my problems | −0.10 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.02) | −0.35 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.02) |
I can do most things if I try | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.07) | −0.15 (0.09) | −0.11 (0.09) | −0.09 (0.08) | ||||||
There are many things that I do well | −0.11 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.08) | −0.16 (0.08) | −0.13 (0.08) | ||||||
Problem solving | When I need help, I find someone to talk to | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.004 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.001) | −0.21 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.003 (0.01) |
I know where to go for help when I have a problem | −0.20 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.07) | −0.01 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.09) | −0.13 (0.08) | ||||||
I try to work out problems by talking about them | −0.15 (0.06) | −0.13 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.09) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.08) | ||||||
Peer support | Are there students at your school who would… | ||||||||||
Choose you on their team at school | −0.40 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.004 (0.004) | |
Explain the rules of a game if you didn’t understand them | −0.26 (0.06) |
0.53 (0.07)
| −0.10 (0.08) | −0.40 (0.08) | −0.10 (0.08) | ||||||
Invite you to their home | −0.17 (0.06) | −0.32 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.08) |
0.75 (0.08)
| 0.20 (0.07) | ||||||
Share things with you | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.28 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.08) | −0.13 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.08) | ||||||
Help you if you hurt yourself | −0.03 (0.07) |
0.76 (0.08)
| −0.27 (0.09) | −0.27 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.08) | ||||||
Miss you if you weren’t at school |
0.76 (0.06)
| −0.23 (0.06) | −0.16 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.07) | ||||||
Make you feel better if something is bothering you | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.07) | −0.29 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.08) | -0.13 (0.08) | ||||||
Pick you for a partner | −0.45 (0.07)
| −0.14 (0.07) | 0.33 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.08) | ||||||
Help you if other students are being mean to you | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.07) | −0.17 (0.08) | −0.12 (0.08) | −0.14 (0.08) | ||||||
Tell you you’re their friend | −0.07 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.08) | −0.07 (0.09) | 0.03 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.09) | ||||||
Ask you to join in when you are all alone | −0.34 (0.07) | −0.02 (0.07) | −0.28 (0.09) | −0.29 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.08) | ||||||
Tell you secrets |
0.45 (0.06)
| −0.62 (0.06)
| 0.20 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.07) |
The student resilience survey and mental health problems
Emotional problems | Behavioural problems | Global subjective distress | Impact of health on daily life | Health today (0–100) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family connection | −.29* (n = 6944) | −.34* (n = 6995) | −.41* (n = 7160) | −.31* (n = 6775) | −.30* (n = 7033) |
School connection | −.22* (n = 6911) | −.26* (n = 6963) | −.39* (n = 7134) | −.21* (n = 6752) | −.25* (n = 7013) |
Community connection | −.29* (n = 6876) | −.25* (n = 6926) | −.36* (n = 7082) | −.27* (n = 6717) | −.28* (n = 6967) |
Participation in home and school life | −.32* (n = 6903) | −.29* (n = 6958) | −.40* (n = 7089) | −.26* (n = 6753) | −.27* (n = 7002) |
Participation in community life | −.15* (n = 6882) | −.10* (n = 6932) | −.16* (n = 7101) | −.11* (n = 6736) | −.19* (n = 6987) |
Self-esteem | −.44* (n = 6969) | −.32* (n = 7018) | −.49* (n = 7157) | −.35* (n = 6816) | −.36* (n = 7072) |
Empathy | −.07* (n = 7004) | −.27* (n = 7045) | −.21* (n = 7189) | −.10* (n = 6847) | −.17* (n = 7105) |
Problem solving | −.37* (n = 6933) | −.33* (n = 6980) | −.44* (n = 7112) | −.30* (n = 6778) | −.29* (n = 7038) |
Goals and aspirations | −.32* (n = 6939) | −.23* (n = 6980) | −.37* (n = 7122) | −.25* (n = 6787) | −.28* (n = 7042) |
Peer support | −.36* (n = 6681) | −.24* (n = 6725) | −.35* (n = 6855) | −.31* (n = 6533) | −.27* (n = 6772) |
Unadjusted analysis | Emotional problems (n = 5561) | Behavioural problems (n = 5595) | Global subjective distress (n = 5655) | Impact of health on daily life (n = 5439) | Health today (0–100) (n = 5621) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Student resilience survey subscales | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P |
Fixed effects | ||||||||||
Intercept |
15.06 (0.34)
|
<.0001
| 9.72 (0.23) |
<.0001
|
36.07 (0.65)
|
<.0001
|
9.84 (0.14)
|
<.0001
|
71.78 (1.81)
|
<.0001
|
Family connection |
−0.08 (0.02)
|
<.0001
|
−0.16 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.46 (0.04)
|
<.0001
|
−0.07 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.83 (0.11)
|
<.0001
|
School connection | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.216 |
−0.03 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.20 (0.03)
|
<.0001
| −0.00 (0.01) | 0.773 |
−
0.22 (0.07)
|
0.003
|
Community connection |
−0.06 (0.02)
|
0.001
| −0.01 (0.01) |
0.563
|
−0.12 (0.03)
|
<.0001
|
−0.02 (0.01)
|
0.009
|
−0.20 (0.09)
|
0.026
|
Participation in home and school life | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.095 |
−0.02 (0.01)
|
0.040
|
−0.08 (0.03)
|
0.012
| 0.01 (0.01) | 0.217 | 0.00 (0.09) | 0.992 |
Participation in community life | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.516 |
0.03 (0.01)
|
0.024
| 0.05 (0.03) | 0.112 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.493 |
−0.39 (0.09)
|
<.0001
|
Self-esteem |
−0.42 (0.03)
|
<.0001
|
−0.14 (0.02)
|
<.0001
|
−0.80 (0.05)
|
<.0001
|
−0.12 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−1.46 (0.14)
|
<.0001
|
Empathy |
0.52 (0.03)
|
<.0001
|
−0.12 (0.02)
|
<.0001
|
0.48 (0.05)
|
<.0001
|
0.12 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
0.38 (0.15)
|
0.012
|
Problem solving |
−0.22 (0.02)
|
<.0001
|
−0.10 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.35 (0.04)
|
<.0001
|
−0.05 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.36 (0.10)
|
<.0001
|
Goals and aspirations |
−0.10 (0.03)
|
0.001
|
0.04 (0.02)
|
0.050
|
−0.13 (0.06)
|
0.029
| −0.01 (0.01) |
0.460
|
−0.37 (0.16)
|
0.024
|
Peer support |
−0.06 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
0.01 (0.00)
|
0.013
|
−0.04 (0.01)
|
0.001
|
−
0.02 (0.00)
|
<.0001
|
0.12 (0.03)
|
<.0001
|
Variance components | ||||||||||
Residual variance | 3.21 (0.03) | 2.24 (0.02) | 6.11 (0.06) | 1.30 (0.01) | 17.49 (0.17) | |||||
School-level | 0.72 (0.09) | 0.38 (0.06) | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.23 (0.04) | 2.22 (0.43) |
Adjusted analysisa
| Emotional problems (n = 5488) | Behavioural problems (n = 5522) | Global subjective distress (n = 5584) | Impact of health on daily life (n = 5371) | Health today (0–100) (n = 5548) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Student resilience survey subscales | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P |
Fixed effects | ||||||||||
Intercept |
18.87 (0.46)
|
<.0001
|
8.87 (0.31)
|
<.0001
|
36.29 (0.87)
|
<.0001
|
10.55 (0.19)
|
<.0001
|
70.66 (2.46)
|
<.0001
|
Family connection |
−0.08 (0.02)
|
<.0001
|
−0.16 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.47 (0.04)
|
<.0001
|
−0.07 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.83 (0.11)
|
<.0001
|
School connection | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.476 |
−0.04 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.20 (0.03)
|
<.0001
| −0.01 (0.01) |
0.245
|
−0.23 (0.08)
|
0.002
|
Community connection |
−0.06 (0.02)
|
<.0001
| −0.01 (0.01) | 0.625 |
−0.13 (0.03)
|
<.0001
|
−0.02 (0.01)
|
0.008
| −0.17 (0.09) | 0.052 |
Participation in home and school life | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.055 |
−0.03 (0.01)
|
0.014
|
−0.09 (0.03)
|
0.005
| 0.01 (0.01) | 0.420 | −0.04 (0.09) | 0.630 |
Participation in community life | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.640 |
0.03 (0.01)
|
0.011
|
0.07 (0.03)
|
0.036
| 0.01 (0.01) | 0.183 |
−0.31 (0.09)
|
0.001
|
Self-esteem |
−0.36 (0.03)
|
<.0001
|
−0.14 (0.02)
|
<.0001
|
−0.76 (0.05)
|
<.0001
|
−0.11 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−1.37 (0.14)
|
<.0001
|
Empathy |
0.45 (0.03)
|
<.0001
|
−0.09 (0.02)
|
<.0001
|
0.44 (0.05)
|
<.0001
|
0.11 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
0.31 (0.15)
|
0.047
|
Problem solving |
−0.20 (0.02)
|
<.0001
|
−0.10 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.34 (0.04)
|
<.0001
|
−0.05 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.32 (0.10)
|
0.001
|
Goals and aspirations |
−0.07 (0.03)
|
0.024
| 0.03 (0.02) | 0.114 | −0.09 (0.06) | 0.109 | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.594 |
−0.37 (0.16)
|
0.024
|
Peer support |
−0.08 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
0.02 (0.00)
|
<.0001
|
−
0.05 (0.01)
|
<.0001
|
−0.02 (0.00)
|
<.0001
|
−0.13 (0.03)
|
<.0001
|
Variance components | ||||||||||
Residual variance | 3.15 (0.03) | 2.22 (0.21) | 6.07 (0.06) | 1.29 (0.01) | 17.42 (0.17) | |||||
School-level | 0.54 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.06) | 0.79 (0.15) | 0.18 (0.04) | 2.03 (0.44) |