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Cognitive Therapy and Research

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01.02.2014 | Original Article

The Temporal Development of Mood, Cognitive, and Vegetative Symptoms in Recurrent SAD Episodes: A Test of the Dual Vulnerability Hypothesis

verfasst von: Stacy Whitcomb-Smith, Sandra T. Sigmon, Amber Martinson, Michael Young, Julia Craner, Nina Boulard

Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Ausgabe 1/2014

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Abstract

Recent literature on seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has begun to focus on diathesis–stress models, including Young and colleagues’ dual vulnerability hypothesis. The dual vulnerability hypothesis posits that individuals must possess both a biological vulnerability to developing vegetative symptoms and a psychological vulnerability to developing mood symptoms in order to develop SAD episodes. However, few studies have directly tested this model until very recently. Research has demonstrated a temporal relation between mood and vegetative symptoms, with vegetative symptoms having an earlier onset than mood symptoms supporting the idea that separate factors related to the two symptom clusters exist. The current study represents a longitudinal assessment of vegetative and mood symptoms, as well as cognitive factors (i.e., rumination, automatic thoughts) that may represent part of the psychological vulnerability shared by SAD sufferers. Furthermore, the present study represents only the second to assess state levels of cognitive factors that may impact recurrent SAD episode severity. Fifty-one individuals participated in the study across two groups, individuals with a history of SAD, and with no history of depression or SADs. Findings supported the dual vulnerability hypothesis, with an early vegetative symptom onset than mood symptom evident for the individuals with a history of SAD. Participants with a history of SAD also reported more ruminative responses and negative automatic thoughts about the seasons. Findings are generally supportive of Young and colleagues’ dual vulnerability hypothesis and directions for future research are suggested.

Given the small amount of missing data to be imputed and the longitudinal nature of the data, we employed a single imputation by interpolating the missing values based on a quadratic function fit to the data of each participant with missing data. Values were rounded to integers to match the original data, which also has the desirable effect of adding additional variance to the imputed values.

The level 1 model (i.e., for individual participant) was Severity_it = β_0i + β₁Time + β₂Time² + β₃Time³, where it indicated time t for individual i. Time was defined as Week − 1; thus weeks 1–12 were represented as times 0–11 so that intercepts indicated the “starting” level. The individual intercept coefficients were considered random and the time coefficients were considered fixed.

Model fits are relative to the model with individual differences in starting levels (intercepts) but no change over time, i.e., Severity_it = β_0i.

Because mood was positively skewed, its value was square root transformed for the analyses [MOOD = (sqrt(mood + 1)) – 1]. There was no evidence of a need for effects being random, so all effects (other than the intercept) were considered fixed. Analyses were conducted using S-Plus 6.2.

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Titel: The Temporal Development of Mood, Cognitive, and Vegetative Symptoms in Recurrent SAD Episodes: A Test of the Dual Vulnerability Hypothesis
verfasst von: Stacy Whitcomb-Smith
Sandra T. Sigmon
Amber Martinson
Michael Young
Julia Craner
Nina Boulard
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2014
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Ausgabe 1/2014
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9577-5

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The Temporal Development of Mood, Cognitive, and Vegetative Symptoms in Recurrent SAD Episodes: A Test of the Dual Vulnerability Hypothesis

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