Background
Methods
Design
Participants
Procedure
Analysis
Results
What are midwives perceived roles and responsibilities in providing physical activity advice and guidance to pregnant women?
Raw data example | Subtheme | Theme |
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“The main challenges are time and my case load is big. Umm, I only work four days a week but I’ve almost got more than a full-time case load, so it’s trying to fit everything in, umm, it’s difficult. The demands of the women as well recently seem to be getting more. I think people expect more from you and as soon as they’re pregnant they, they turn to you first for everything, you know, even if it’s unrelated to the pregnancy...” [Sally] | Subtheme 1: Midwives experience increasing demands and expectations | Theme 1: The midwifery profession has evolved with consequences for current practice. |
“… autonomous practice has been eroded by tick boxes, litigation, umm, government controlling saying the women should have these rights, this should be happening, there is not enough midwives and all that and now it’s gone from a role of, umm, caregiving, judgement, umm, decision making for the women to being defensive in your caregiving in case of litigation ….” [Sue] | Subtheme 2: Midwifery practice has become defensive in nature. |
Theme 1: the midwifery profession has evolved with consequences for current practice
Theme 2: the burden of responsibility
Raw data example | Subtheme | Theme |
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“I do, I think, umm, we are ideally placed to give that information particularly at the booking appointment; we’ve got the time capacity to do it. But I don’t think we’re fully, umm, equipped with the information really. Umm, and like he said, you know, you mentioned earlier, there are women that do, you know, variable things, you know, various things and they come to us for that information and I haven’t got the answer.” [Lucy] | Subtheme 1: Midwives are ideally placed to provide physical activity advice and guidance. | Theme 2: The burden of responsibility. |
“Sometimes it’s the women’s perception, because they’ve got to take responsibility themselves at some point, but they seem to think the midwife will do it all. The midwife to do all their appointments, the midwife will get this, the midwife will do that, and it’s, it’s difficult for them to understand that we can signpost, we can give information or we can say yes or no, which is best, but it’s up to them to actually go to the stop smoking course, go to the, umm, Children’s Centres and learn about diet and things like that, and a lot of them what might be a 5 minute chat when I think I’m giving information about how good the benefits is to walk or swim, they might not, may not even perceive that as anything to do with exercise.” [Sue] | Subtheme 2: Pregnant women fail to take responsibility for themselves. | |
“… I wouldn’t really advise them personally on anything, because I don’t know what is available and a lot of the, the women have come back and said, my gym instructor said ask the midwife, where I might have said to them you need to tell him you’re pregnant and they will tailor what’s suitable for you. But they don’t, they refer them back to us, so for me that’s quite a challenge on what is available out there for them when they’re pregnant.” [Tina] | Subtheme 3: Passing the buck between exercise and health professionals. | |
“I, I think there should be preconception clinics, ideally, and that’s where you start the lifestyle change prior to the pregnancy, you know, and umm, talk to women about exercise then. And I think women who are wanting to conceive are going to do everything to make themselves healthy cause they want the baby. And I know you’ve got women who don’t plan pregnancies, you know, but I think if you could have, you know, ‘Well Women’ clinics up and running, you know.” [Anne] | Subtheme 4: Lifestyle change should start with preconception clinics |
Theme 3: providing physical activity advice and guidance is a tick box exercise
Raw data example | Subtheme | Theme |
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“To be fair, I’m sure my colleagues will say the same thing, we asked them about exercise and we have a little tick box which we do during the booking, umm, the initial booking, umm, appointments, however, we don’t kind of explore that any further.” [Lucy] | Subtheme 1: Physical activity is only addressed at the booking appointment and not revisited again unless asked about. | Theme 3: Providing physical activity advice and guidance is a tick box exercise. |
“But I don’t think a pregnant woman is going to start exercising because she is pregnant necessarily. I think it is more women who already exercises, you know, who will continue and those are the ones who are seeking the advice.” [Anne] | Subtheme 2: Only pregnant women who are regular exercisers will enquire about physical activity. | |
“Umm, so I think it’s more on, I don’t know if it is from area or individual midwives, but there is overall a lack and when I talk to the girls in the unit about, umm, their bookings, umm, I think everyone seems to focus on a different area. Umm, my work before was screening so I do screening, but no one seems to focus really on exercise.” [Sue] | Subtheme 3: Emphasis on physical activity is inconsistent with midwives pushing different agendas. |
What are the barriers perceived by midwives in providing effective physical activity advice and guidance to pregnant women?
Raw data | Theme |
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“… it’s just not having that information and, you know, potentially having to ask her to go somewhere else to get it. You know, she looks upon you as the fount of all knowledge and actually you, but that’s the thing about midwifery as well though; we don’t, we don’t, umm, we don’t claim to know everything in which case then we refer to somebody else. But actually with regard to your, you know, the exercise, it would be handy to have something in place to say well it is ok to do Zumba, it is ok to do your horse riding and we quite often have somebody who says they horse ride.” [Lucy] | Theme 1: Lack of training, knowledge and confidence. |
“Time, time is a huge one. Umm, my case load is too big for a part-timer, but because of staffing levels, it’s just the way it rolls at the moment. Umm, I feel my biggest challenge at the moment is maintaining my safety. Umm, I think there’s things that I forget now, because I’ve got too much other stuff going on.” [Louise] | Theme 2: Time constraints and ensuing compromises. |
“… I can’t think of any Trust or NHS leaflets specifically about exercise where there is on diet, there is on drinking, there’s on smoking, but I can’t think, except the postnatal exercises they go home with that no one ever reads.” [Sue] | Theme 3: Unawareness of suitable resources and opportunities. |
“I do agree that we’re not equipped enough to formally give information about exercise, but a lot of it is common sense.” [Sue] “I do feel there is limited information, you know, and I don’t have lots of knowledge about what advice to give women, I just draw on, like my personal experience and sort of what I’ve picked up going along, you know.” [Anne] | Theme 4: Reliance on common sense and own experience as opposed to evidence-based practice |
“Uh, no, I think probably most health professionals know that it’s, you know, it’s the right thing to do, umm, but I think the fear, it’s the fear attached to it, of not making sure that you’re giving the right information and umm, you know, you know, not sort of upsetting the women or you know offending the women or, you know.” [Amy] | Theme 5: Perceptions of vulnerability relating to inherent fears and exposure to risk. |
Theme 1: lack of training, knowledge, and confidence
Theme 2: time constraints and ensuing compromises
Theme 3: unawareness of suitable resources and opportunities
Theme 4: reliance on common sense and own experience as opposed to evidence-based practice
Theme 5: perceptions of vulnerability relating to inherent fears and exposure to risk
Midwives’ perceived opportunities in changing pregnant women’s physical activity behaviour
Raw data example | Theme |
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“The only exercise, there’s only a small amount of women who would take up anything remotely official, exercise like swimming or yoga or gym and that’s the ladies who have good jobs or husbands with good jobs, they only have one child at home, perhaps two maximum, those who can afford the time and the money.” [Kate] | Theme 1: Recognising and addressing barriers in the uptake and maintenance of exercise participation during pregnancy. |
“You could do it as students, yes involve it into the uni, but as a qualified midwife we have two mandatory days a year. One of them we have smoking updates, about smoking, we have mental health updates, maybe that should be in as a separate topic for us as midwives to be promoted, or even maybe not on the generalised one but the community update, cause the community midwives are the ones that get up from the beginning. So maybe on that study day they should be involving, explaining us and finding out and giving us that information on what is out there and how we can promote that.” [Tina] | Theme 2: Professional development |
“I think, umm, midwives can do the initial umm, talk, because it isn’t rocket science, everyone can give a little talk on the importance of, uh, exercise and as you said incorporate it with, it’s walking, or perhaps taking the children swimming, playing in the park, that sort of thing. But it would be nice to have something then we can say, if you like to know more about this, this is where you go to or if you’re happy, like with smoking, it’s filling out a form and send it off and then someone will contact them.” [Sue] | Theme 3: Inter-professional collaboration |
“No, I think maybe the only other thing is that maybe some kind of online, umm, facility for women, or an app. I mean I know there are loads of apps out there, umm, but we don’t have any real way of, you know, checking whether they’re credible or not, so maybe some kind of NHS approved app that could motivate women in pregnancy specifically.” [Vicky] | Theme 4: Communicating effectively through simple, credible resources |
“It would be good, it would be really nice actually if, you know, especially places like Children’s Centres could put on an exercise facility for pregnant women and some of the midwives could be trained to deliver that.” [Sally] | Theme 5: Improved access, availability and awareness of suitable activities in the local community. |
“And I think actually it would be really good because then it gives women the chance to meet other women that are pregnant as well so it would really, it would really, umm, help to incorporate some women into groups that find it very difficult to come to groups, you know, if they’re going to do an exercise class then they get to meet people every week at the same class.” “Umm, so they would build up a social network as well which is really important.” [Sally] | Theme 6: Encouraging a support network |
“I would say that, umm, like most things for pregnant women, you feel that you have to sell it, umm, and like the stop smoking, like all of the health things, umm, I would probably say it will make your birth easier and I would say that umm it will help with not gaining so much weight in your pregnancy, that that’s not necessary and that you don’t want to pile it on in pregnancy and they’re the things that would help if you do some, you know, small amounts of exercise.” [Amy] | Theme 7: “Selling” physical activity by challenging misconceptions and focusing on benefits. |
“And for lots of ladies that’s quite good, rather than from what I’ve seen in the past, umm, they start off and they will fizzle out after a while, but if they’ve got, knowing that perhaps they can get free children’s places or, umm, I don’t know, whatever vouchers to use, umm, that will keep them going more.” [Sue] | Theme 8: Suitable motivation, incentives, and reward. |
Theme 1: Recognising and addressing barriers in the uptake and maintenance of physical activity during pregnancy
Theme 2: professional development
Theme 3: inter-professional collaboration
Theme 4: communicating effectively through simple, credible resources
Theme 5: improved access, availability, and awareness of suitable activities in the local community
Theme 6: encouraging a support network
Theme 7: “selling” physical activity by challenging misconceptions and focusing on benefits
Theme 8: suitable motivation, incentives and reward
Discussion
Limitations
“Do you know what, now, since meeting you and, you know, and umm, and speaking to the girls after they’ve spoken to you actually (laughing), I realised that we don’t, umm, we don’t put enough emphasis on exercise during pregnancy, well I, I know, myself, I don’t.” [Lucy].
“Physical exercise, how could you change that? Since I’ve seen you, I talk about it more, does that help (laughing).” “I do speak about it more and I notice that generally, umm, collectively as a little group of midwives we’ve spoken about exercise more, cause we’ve all gone ‘what do you do to promote’ and it will be, it’s quite interesting of what we all say and do …” [Louise].