Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design
Ethical approval
Patients
Cone beam computed tomography
Dolphin 3D analysis software
Parameter definition
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Airway area (mm2)Measures the area of the selected volume (see above).
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Distance PNS-PPWMeasures the distance between the posterior nasal spine (PNS) and the posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW) at the height of the upper limit of the atlas (C1).
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Cranial border for calculation of velopharyngeal volume.
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Distance velum-PPWMeasures the distance between the end of the soft palate to the posterior pharyngeal wall at the same height.
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Inferior border for calculation of velopharyngeal volume.
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Length of posterior pharyngeal wallMeasures the distance between the pharyngeal wall at the height of the upper limit of the atlas (C1) and the pharyngeal wall at the height of the lower border of the uvula/end of the soft palate.
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Length of anterior pharyngeal wallMeasures the distance between PNS and lower border of the uvula/end of the soft palate.In transverse plane view:
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Minimum axial area (mm2)Measures the minimal area within the selected volume.
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Airway volume (mm3)Measures the entire selected volume.
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Airway area cranial (mm2)Most cranial slice of segmented airway volume (see Fig. 3a).
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Cranial area, distance between auditory tubes (mm) (see Fig. 3a)
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Cranial area, maximal distance (mm) (see Fig. 3a)
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Airway area caudal (mm2)Most caudal slice of segmented airway volume (see Fig. 3b).
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Caudal area maximal distance (mm) (see Fig. 3b)
Statistical analysis
Results
n | Age | Airway area (mm2) | Minimum axial area (mm2) | Airway volume (mm3) | Airway area cranial (mm2) | Airway area caudal (mm2) | Saggital distance PNS-PPW (mm) | Saggital, distance velum-PPW (mm) | Saggital, length of posterior pharyngeal wall (mm) | Saggital, length of anterior pharyngeal wall/velum | Transverse, cranial area distance between auditory tubes | Transverse, cranial area maximal distance | Transverse, caudal area maximal distance | ||||||||||||||
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Mean | Median | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | Mean | SD ± | ||
Implant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All | 31 | 62 | 63 | 201.29 | 65.07 | 155.94 | 76.51 | 5877.0 | 2367.86 | 443.87 | 135.95 | 176.13 | 59.08 | 19.36 | 3.66 | 5.35 | 2.1 | 20.69 | 4.74 | 27.65 | 3.86 | 26.95 | 4.47 | 38.10 | 8.27 | 28.93 | 5.98 |
Male | 14 | 63 | 66 | 223.21 | 56.38 | 163.00 | 57.95 | 6964.79 | 1806.47 | 496.71 | 107.05 | 181.50 | 45.24 | 20.27 | 3.26 | 5.09 | 1.84 | 22.23 | 3.85 | 29.72 | 4.26 | 28.69 | 3.49 | 41.24 | 6.93 | 30.57 | 5.19 |
Female | 17 | 60 | 60 | 183.24 | 67.74 | 150.12 | 90.37 | 4981.18 | 2444.01 | 400.35 | 144.53 | 171.71 | 69.54 | 18.61 | 3.90 | 5.57 | 2.33 | 19.42 | 5.13 | 25.94 | 2.52 | 25.52 | 4.78 | 35.18 | 8.67 | 27.58 | 6.40 |
CLP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All | 29 | 18 | 17 | 210.72 | 58.97 | 302.27 | 133.07 | 5609.90 | 2065.27 | 475.48 | 145.23 | 312.69 | 139.21 | 21.88 | 4.01 | 11.61 | 3.41 | 14.02 | 3.42 | 21.28 | 4.29 | 26.41 | 6.10 | 35.22 | 7.70 | 30.36 | 8.56 |
Male | 15 | 19 | 14 | 219.80 | 63.11 | 288.13 | 111.61 | 5485.47 | 2201.89 | 427.40 | 136.03 | 299.27 | 119.22 | 21.33 | 3.57 | 12.91 | 2.77 | 14.26 | 3.06 | 20.57 | 3.39 | 25.87 | 6.00 | 34.03 | 8.53 | 28.99 | 7.64 |
Female | 14 | 17 | 18 | 201.00 | 54.82 | 317.00 | 160.06 | 5743.21 | 1982.09 | 527.00 | 141.33 | 327.07 | 161.26 | 22.47 | 4.50 | 10.21 | 3.56 | 13.76 | 3.86 | 22.04 | 5.11 | 26.99 | 6.38 | 36.49 | 6.78 | 31.83 | 9.51 |
Adults | 13 | 24 | 21 | 204.08 | 66.79 | 336.23 | 128.04 | 5886.15 | 2233.95 | 509.38 | 146.05 | 350.23 | 125.15 | 22.04 | 4.13 | 11.36 | 3.33 | 14.06 | 3.79 | 21.69 | 3.59 | 28.12 | 6.63 | 37.79 | 6.68 | 33.73 | 8.79 |
ULCLP | 17 | 214.65 | 61.50 | 344.18 | 130.77 | 5978.06 | 1973.11 | 505.00 | 142.17 | 367.00 | 129.74 | 22.14 | 3.80 | 12.28 | 3.47 | 14.15 | 3.63 | 21.15 | 3.69 | 28.15 | 6.19 | 36.79 | 7.54 | 33.58 | 8.24 | ||
BLCLP | 8 | 209.50 | 65.38 | 271.38 | 138.81 | 5432.25 | 2444.11 | 495.00 | 135.91 | 264.13 | 127.65 | 23.46 | 4.05 | 10.64 | 2.66 | 12.81 | 3.31 | 21.08 | 6.20 | 26.10 | 4.45 | 33.99 | 8.02 | 27.26 | 7.40 | ||
RME Yes | 3 | 222.3 | 62.58 | 259.33 | 177.06 | 5832.67 | 2792.22 | 543.33 | 191.75 | 253.00 | 150.14 | 25.27 | 5.42 | 9.83 | 3.09 | 9.83 | 3.09 | 23.90 | 8.70 | 25.90 | 2.31 | 36.47 | 7.24 | 28.00 | 8.25 | ||
RME No | 26 | 209.38 | 59.70 | 307.00 | 133.36 | 5584.19 | 2036.38 | 467.65 | 141.65 | 319.58 | 139.38 | 21.49 | 3.76 | 11.82 | 3.44 | 14.10 | 3.44 | 20.98 | 3.70 | 26.47 | 6.42 | 35.07 | 7.88 | 30.64 | 8.71 |
Airway area (mm2) | Minimum axial area (mm2) | Airway volume (mm3) | Airway Area cranial (mm2) | Airway Area caudal (mm2) | Saggital distance PNS-PPW (mm) | Saggital, distance velum-PPW (mm) | Saggital, length of posterior pharyngeal wall (mm) | Saggital, length of pharyngeal wall/velum anterior | Transverse, cranial area distance between auditory tubes | Transverse, cranial area maximal distance | Transverse, caudal area maximal distance | |
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p value | p value | p value | p value | p value | p value | p value | p value | p value | p value | p value | p value | |
Statistical comparison (p value) | ||||||||||||
Group 1 vs. group 2 | 0.559 | 0.000** | 0.644 | 0.387 | 0.000** | 0.014* | 0.000** | 0.000** | 0.000** | 0.697 | 0.175 | 0.460 |
Group 1 vs. group 2 adults only | 0.898 | 0.000** | 0.991 | 0.161 | 0.000** | 0.039* | 0.000** | 0.000** | 0.000** | 0.501 | 0.904 | 0.041* |
Adults vs. minors of group 2 | 0.314 | 0.804 | 0.739 | 0.817 | 0.787 | 0.587 | 0.671 | 0.786 | 0.124 | 0.383 | 0.383 | 0.748 |
Group 1: male vs. female | 0.089 | 0.649 | 0.018 | 0.048 | 0.654 | 0.213 | 0.536 | 0.102 | 0.008 | 0.048* | 0.047 | 0.170 |
Group 2: male vs. female | 0.401 | 0.576 | 0.744 | 0.064 | 0.600 | 0.460 | 0.031 | 0.700 | 0.369 | 0.630 | 0.401 | 0.382 |
Group 2 ULCLP vs. BLCLP | 0.850 | 0.215 | 0.555 | 0.869 | 0.076 | 0.435 | 0.249 | 0.386 | 0.974 | 0.412 | 0.404 | 0.078 |
Group 2 RME vs. no RME | 0.726 | 0.573 | 0.848 | 0.403 | 0.443 | 0.125 | 0.350 | 0.719 | 0.272 | 0.882 | 0.773 | 0.623 |