The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: CC, JGF, FR. Selected the samples: MD. Collected patient’s clinical information: MD, CC, JMG. Performed the experiments: CC, SZ, IC. Analyzed the data: CC, JMG. Wrote the paper: JMG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Abbreviations
TYMS
Thymidylate synthase
qPCR
Quantitative real-time PCR
FFPE
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
IHC
Immunohistochemistry
TTP
Time to progression
OS
Overall survival
ROC
Receiver operating characteristic
REMARK
Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies
Background
Pemetrexed, an analogue of folic acid (folate), is a folate antimetabolite agent that shows antitumor activity, inhibiting 3 enzymes involved in
de novo purine and pyrimidine synthesis: thymidylate synthase (TYMS), dihydrofolate reductase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase [
1]. Consequently, pemetrexed inhibits DNA and RNA biosynthesis. This agent inhibits the cellular growth of a variety of tumor types and has been approved for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at locally advanced and metastatic stages [
2] for first- and second-line therapy.
As pemetrexed inhibits TYMS more effectively than the rest of the folate-dependent enzymes, most studies have focused on the effects of pemetrexed on TYMS. In vitro studies have demonstrated that high baseline expression levels conferred resistance to pemetrexed [
3–
5]. Similarly, some clinical studies have associated elevated TYMS expression levels with poorer chemotherapeutic response to pemetrexed, including breast cancer [
6], colorectal cancer [
7], head and neck cancer [
8], and malignant pleural mesothelioma [
9]. In a large phase III study in advanced-stage NSCLC patients, survival differences were reported if favor of a cisplatin/pemetrexed regimen compared to cisplatin/gemcitabine according to histology [
10]. This was explained by a previous paper showing that the baseline expression of the thymidylate synthase gene and protein were significantly higher in squamous cell carcinoma compared with adenocarcinoma (
P < 0.0001) [
11]. According to some published reports, elevated expression of TYMS may be predictive of sensitivity to pemetrexed-based chemotherapy. However, in some cancer types, such as advanced NSCLC, this point is controversial. For this reason, we evaluated the relationship between
TYMS gene expression and clinical outcome in a cohort of 62 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with a pemetrexed-based regimen at our institution. A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was devised to determine the
TYMS gene expression level. qPCR is suitable for use with mRNA from archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, as it amplifies <100-bp amplicons. Additionally, it is faster and more precise than immunohistochemistry (IHC). And it has been reported a correlation between
TYMS mRNA levels and protein abundance [
9]. However, both techniques must be standardized before consistent comparisons can be made when interpreting retrospective/prospective studies.
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In conclusion,
TYMS overexpression correlated with response to pemetrexed and death, and a significant benefit was observed in patients with low
TYMS expression, suggesting that this enzyme might be used as a predictive biomarker in advanced NSCLC patients.
Methods
Patient samples
A single-institution retrospective analysis was carried out including samples archived in the Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Biobank (Madrid) from 62 consecutive patients who had received clinical follow-up from. The study included 62 patients with stage IV NSCLC (49 adenocarcinomas, 7 NSCLC nos and 6 squamous-cell carcinomas). Sixteen patients received platins-pemetrexed as first-line treatment for NSCLC and 46 received pemetrexed as monotherapy in second and subsequent lines. Tissue microarrays were constructed with 3 1.0-mm cores obtained from FFPE tumor biopsies before treatment. Immunostaining was performed to discriminate between histological subtypes. The study was approved by the hospital ethics committee and was conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines.
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Fundacion Jimenez Diaz hospital (CEIC-FJD) in accordance with the Spanish Royal Legislative Decree RD 223/2004.
Consent statement
Written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all participants.
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Gene expression analysis by qPCR
The level of
TYMS gene expression was determined by a quantitative RT-real time PCR assay on 5 × 10-μm sections of the FFPE biopsies using
ATP5E as a housekeeping gene. Total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy FFPE kit (Qiagen). Primers were designed according to the mRNA sequences NM_00101071 for TYMS (and NM_006886.2, and NM_001001977.1 for ATP5E. qPCRs were performed using the LightCycler480 II system (Roche Applied Science, Switzerland) for 45 cycles with the following sets of primers: TYMS, 5′-CCTCTGCTGACAACCAAACG (exon 1) and 5′-GAAGACAGCTCTTTAGCATTTG (exon 2); ATP5E, 5′-CCGGCGTCTTGGCGATTC (exon 1) and 5′-GATCTGGGAGTATCGGATG (exon 2).
Relative
TYMS expression ratios were calculated using the Pfaffl method [
12], using the
ATP5E levels as the reference sample.
TYMS expression levels were normalized to the calibrator levels (normal lung tissue) (Fig.
1). The efficiencies of every primer pair were estimated by a standard curve.
Fig. 1
Design and optimization of the qPCR assay.
a Primer region selection for
TYMS target gene used for expression analysis. NCBI Reference Sequence was NM_001071.2 (Homo sapiens thymidilate synthetase, mRNA).
b Specificity for TYMS mRNA sequence was demonstrated in a 2 % agarose gel electrophoresis loaded with 10 μl PCR products from 3 random FFPE samples. TYMS products are expected to be 95 bp long. DNA Molecular Weight Marker XIII 50 bp ladder (Roche).
c Primer efficiency for the TYMS qPCR assay. The efficiency of the primer pair was assessed by plotting the cycle threshold value (Cp) at each concentration against the logarithm of the fold dilution of the sample. The slope of a linear-regression trend line is indicative of primer efficiency.
d Primer region selection for
ATP5E reference gene. NCBI Reference Sequence was NM_006886.3 (Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit, mRNA).
e Specificity for ATP5E mRNA sequence was demonstrated in a 2 % agarose gel electrophoresis loaded with 10 μl PCR products from 3 random FFPE samples. ATP5E products are expected to be 101 bp long.
f Primer efficiency for the ATP5E qPCR assay
×
Statistical analysis
The primary end points were objective response rate, time to progression (TTP), and overall survival (OS). TTP was defined as the time from treatment to the start of progression, censored at last contact. OS was defined as the time elapsed from the date of initial diagnosis to the date of death from any cause or the date of last follow-up. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the optimal cutoff value based on progression endpoint for
TYMS. Survivals were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method (median follow-up, 75 months) and curves were compared by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis including continuous quantitative and qualitative clinical-pathologic parameters was done using the Cox proportional hazards model. All statistical tests were conducted at the two-sided 0.05 level of significance. This work was performed in accordance with the Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK) guideline. Statistical analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS, version 21.0.
Results
TYMS gene expression in advanced tumors
In order to assess the suitability of
TYMS gene-expression measurement as a predictive marker of pemetrexed sensitivity in advanced NSCLC patients, we first quantitatively evaluated the
TYMS gene-expression levels in samples from the 62 pemetrexed-treated patients in our series. Patient data were normalized against healthy lung-tissue values. By performing a ROC curve analysis of
TYMS expression against disease progression, we established a cutoff value of 2.55. Interestingly, 38 patients (61 %) were labeled as
TYMS-overexpressing and 24 cases (39 %) showed low expression.
TYMS overexpression is associated with disease progression
The clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in Table
1.
TYMS gene-overexpression analysis was performed in 62 cases for which complete clinical records were available. This analysis showed significant correlation with progression (
P = 0.003) and response to pemetrexed (
P = 0.025) (Fig.
2a). We categorized the tumors as either responding or non-responding. The non-responding group showed significantly higher levels of
TYMS expression as compared to the responding group.
TYMS overexpression analysis also showed a tendency toward correlation between overexpression smoking (
P = 0.056) and histology (
P = 0.071) (Fig.
2b), but was not associated with gender, performance status, or line of treatment.
Table 1
Clinical-pathological correlations for
TYMS gene expression in NSCLC patients treated with pemetrexed
Total
TYMS high expression
TYMS low expression
n
n
%
n
%
P-value
Age (mean (range))
57 (32–79)
54 (32–79)
66 (60–78)
1
Gender
Male
40
26
65.0
14
35.0
0.419
Female
22
12
54.5
10
45.5
Smoking habit
Current smoker
24
18
75.0
6
25.0
0.056
Former smoker
22
14
63.6
8
36.4
Never smoker
16
6
37.5
10
62.5
Histology
Adenocarcinoma
49
27
55.1
22
44.9
0.071
NSCLC nos
7
7
100
0
0
Squamous cell carcinoma
6
4
66.7
2
33.3
ECOG performance status
ECOG0
27
19
70.4
8
29.6
0.392
ECOG1
32
17
53.1
15
46.9
ECOG2
3
2
66.7
1
33.3
Line of treatment
1st line
16
9
56.3
7
43.8
0.661
2nd line
14
10
71.4
4
28.6
3rd, further lines
32
19
59.4
13
40.6
Response
No
45
30
66.7
15
33.3
0.025
Yes
7
1
14.3
6
85.7
Not evaluatable
10
7
70.0
3
30.0
Progression
No
24
4
16.7
20
83.3
0.003
Yes
38
34
89.5
4
10.5
Fig. 2
a Significant clinical-pathological correlations for
TYMS expression in NSCLC patients. With respect to the type of response, tumors were categorized as either responding (CR, complete response or PR, partial response) or non-responding (SD, stable disease or PD, progressive disease).
b Close-to-significance correlations
×
Low TYMS expression levels predict delayed progression in advanced cancers
We found that patients with a low level of
TYMS gene expression (cutoff < 2.55) had a significantly longer TTP than those with a high level (Fig.
3). NSCLC patients with low
TYMS expression levels showed a significant benefit when treated with pemetrexed both in time to progression (average TTP = 56 vs. 23 months,
P = 0.001) and in overall survival (average OS = 60 vs. 25 months,
P = 0.002) (Fig.
3). These data thus suggest that
TYMS expression level in advanced NSCLC tumors is inversely correlated with response to pemetrexed.
Fig. 3
TTP (
a) and OS (
b) in NSCLC patients. The
blue line denotes patients with low
TYMS gene expression; the
red line indicates patients with high
TYMS expression
×
Discussion
In the present study, we investigated the effects of
TYMS gene overexpression on the sensitivity of advanced cancer cells to pemetrexed. Reliable predictive markers of beneficial therapy can aid in determining the most appropriate therapy for patients and minimize the negative effects of certain treatment regimens in non-responsive patients.
TYMS gene expression was determined by qPCR gene expression analysis in a series of NSCLC patients. Our results confirm the overexpression of
TYMS in this population and suggest that assessment of
TYMS gene-expression levels by qPCR may be of predictive value when assesing sensitivity to pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in NSCLC. There is an expanding corpus of reports about TYMS expression levels in NSCLC patients, some confirming that TYMS expression is significantly increased in tumor cells but not in normal epithelial cells [
9,
13]. Recently, in accordance with the results found in our series described here, 2 meta-analyses reported that null or low expression of TYMS was associated with higher objective response in NSCLC patients treated with pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy [
14,
15]. Of note, objective response rates were significantly higher in TYMS -/low expression patients than in TYMS +/high expression patients when examined by IHC. However, this difference did not reach statistical significance in studies performed by RT-PCR [
14], thus contrasting with our results. Both of the aforementioned studies suggest that TYMS may be a suitable marker of sensitivity to pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC, although one of them indicates that the prognostic value of TYMS protein expression may need further validation. In our case, TYMS overexpression correlated significantly with progression and type of response. A small number of studies have also addressed the relationship between TYMS expression and effect of pemetrexed-based chemotherapy, although reports about the prognostic significance of TYMS expression in advanced NSCLC are controversial [
16]. Notably, most of them suggest that elevated levels of TYMS expression are significantly associated with reduced tumor responses and shorter survival rates [
6,
9,
17]. In addition, our data illustrated that treatment with pemetrexed benefited patients with low
TYMS gene expression in terms of TTP. Although other studies have suggested that TYMS expression holds potential as a predictor of responsiveness to pemetrexed treatment in advanced cancer patients [
3,
6,
9,
18], prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings in NSCLC patients.
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Our study offers evidence in support of using qPCR to determine TYMS mRNA expression as an alternative to the standard evaluation of protein expression (i.e., IHC), provided at least 80 % tumor cell content per sample is achieved by laser capture microdissection. Although most of the reported studies have used IHC to evaluate TYMS abundance levels, and only a minority have used qPCR, some meta-analyses have failed to find evidence of heterogeneity between detection-method subgroups (either IHC or qPCR) [
14]. Moreover, another meta-analysis reported that there was a significant correlation between IHC and qPCR findings in the detection of TYMS expression and their corresponding associations with survival rates [
3].
Conclusions
In conclusion, our study carried out using qPCR assay reveals that the
TYMS gene was predominantly overexpressed in these routine clinical samples, and that
TYMS overexpression correlated with reduced response to pemetrexed-containing chemotherapy. In light of these findings,
TYMS gene expression might be used as a predictive biomarker of sensitivity to pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. Further prospective studies are ongoing in our institution to validate the appropriateness of using TYMS in clinical decision making.
Acknowledgements
The present work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) (AES Program, grant PI12/01552); the Ministerio de Sanidad (Cancer Network); and the Comunidad de Madrid (S2010/BMD-2344). The Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Biobank is funded by a grant from the MINECO (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, RETICS Red de Biobancos, with FEDER funds, RD09/0076/00101). S.Z. and C.C. are supported by grants from the same Biobanks initiative.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: CC, JGF, FR. Selected the samples: MD. Collected patient’s clinical information: MD, CC, JMG. Performed the experiments: CC, SZ, IC. Analyzed the data: CC, JMG. Wrote the paper: JMG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
