Skip to main content
Erschienen in: International Journal of Legal Medicine 2/2019

25.09.2018 | Original Article

Time since death nomographs implementing the nomogram, body weight adjusted correction factors, metric and imperial measurements

verfasst von: Stefan Potente, Mattias Kettner, Takaki Ishikawa

Erschienen in: International Journal of Legal Medicine | Ausgabe 2/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The concept of nomography was developed around 1880 as a means to compute formulas graphically. Regular use has decreased over time in most fields, mainly owing to progress in electronic computation devices. In forensic pathology, nomography is still used in the so-called “nomogram method” for the estimation of time since death. It is the graphical representation of the formula by Marshall and Hoare with the parameters of Henssge. Here, two nomograms exist (for ambient temperatures below and above 23 °C, no imperial measurements). Rounding for body weight input and result reading introduces errors. In addition, correction factors, applied to body weight, allow to adapt for certain conditions on the crime scene and are essential to the method. They are not directly integrated into the nomograms but must be applied in advance. A formula, scaling correction factors for different body weights, was later added by Henssge, along with a simplified table for case work. In this publication, we present newly designed time since death nomographs as representations of Henssge’s parameters with the addition of both metric and imperial measurements, integration of weight adjusted scaling of correction factors, and a geometrically consistent framework for body weight and result reading, which eliminates some rounding steps and reduces the overall rounding-related estimation errors.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Fußnoten
1
$$ \begin{array}{llllllll} {1} \text{kg} \approx 2.204622 \text{lb} \quad ; \quad 1 \text{lb} \approx 0.45359237 \text{kg} \end{array} $$
(3)
 
2
$$ {~}^{\circ}F = ({~}^{\circ}C \cdot 1.8)+ 32 \quad ;\quad {~}^{\circ}C= \frac{({~}^{\circ}F-32)}{1.8} $$
(4)
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Schilling F, d’ Ocagne M (1900) Über die Nomographie von M. D’Ocagne: Eine Einführung in dieses Gebiet. B.G. Teubner Schilling F, d’ Ocagne M (1900) Über die Nomographie von M. D’Ocagne: Eine Einführung in dieses Gebiet. B.G. Teubner
2.
Zurück zum Zitat d’ Ocagne M (1986) Le Calcul Simplifié: graphical and mechanical methods for simplifying calculation. MIT Press d’ Ocagne M (1986) Le Calcul Simplifié: graphical and mechanical methods for simplifying calculation. MIT Press
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Doerfler R (2009) On Jargon-The lost art of nomography. UMAP J 30(4):457 Doerfler R (2009) On Jargon-The lost art of nomography. UMAP J 30(4):457
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Garrigues D (1939) Généralisation de la formule pascale de gauss: nomogramme du calendrier perpétuel. Annales françaises de chronométrie, 47–60 Garrigues D (1939) Généralisation de la formule pascale de gauss: nomogramme du calendrier perpétuel. Annales françaises de chronométrie, 47–60
10.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Henssge C (1988) Death time estimation in case work. I. The rectal temperature time of death nomogram. Forensic Sci Int 38(3-4):209–236CrossRef Henssge C (1988) Death time estimation in case work. I. The rectal temperature time of death nomogram. Forensic Sci Int 38(3-4):209–236CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Henssge C, Althaus L, Bolt J, Freislederer A, Haffner H-T, Henssge CA, Hoppe B, Schneider V (2000) Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death II. Integration of non-temperature-based methods. Int J Legal Med 113:320–331CrossRef Henssge C, Althaus L, Bolt J, Freislederer A, Haffner H-T, Henssge CA, Hoppe B, Schneider V (2000) Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death II. Integration of non-temperature-based methods. Int J Legal Med 113:320–331CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Henssge C, Althaus L, Bolt J, Freislederer A, Haffner H-T, Henssge CA, Hoppe B, Schneider V (2000) Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death. I. Rectal temperature nomogram for time since death. Int J Legal Med 113 :303–319CrossRef Henssge C, Althaus L, Bolt J, Freislederer A, Haffner H-T, Henssge CA, Hoppe B, Schneider V (2000) Experiences with a compound method for estimating the time since death. I. Rectal temperature nomogram for time since death. Int J Legal Med 113 :303–319CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall T, Hoare F (1962a) Estimating the time of death. The rectal cooling after death and its mathematical expression. J Forensic Sci 7(1):56–81 Marshall T, Hoare F (1962a) Estimating the time of death. The rectal cooling after death and its mathematical expression. J Forensic Sci 7(1):56–81
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall T, Hoare F (1962b) Estimating the time of death: the use of the cooling formula in the study of post-mortem body cooling. J Forensic Sci 7:189–210 Marshall T, Hoare F (1962b) Estimating the time of death: the use of the cooling formula in the study of post-mortem body cooling. J Forensic Sci 7:189–210
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Henssge C, Madea B (1988) Methoden zur Bestimmung der Todeszeit an Leichen. Arbeitsmethoden der medizinischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Kriminalistik. M. Schmidt-Römhild Henssge C, Madea B (1988) Methoden zur Bestimmung der Todeszeit an Leichen. Arbeitsmethoden der medizinischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Kriminalistik. M. Schmidt-Römhild
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubner M (1883) Über den Einfluss der Körpergrösse auf Stoff- und Kraftwechsel. ZBiol 19:536–562 Rubner M (1883) Über den Einfluss der Körpergrösse auf Stoff- und Kraftwechsel. ZBiol 19:536–562
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Meeh K (1897) Oberflächenmessungen des menschlichen Körpers. ZBiol 15:425–458 Meeh K (1897) Oberflächenmessungen des menschlichen Körpers. ZBiol 15:425–458
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Henssge C (1992) Rectal temperature time of death nomogram: dependence of corrective factors on the body weight under stronger thermic insulation conditions. Forensic Sci Int 54(1):51–66CrossRef Henssge C (1992) Rectal temperature time of death nomogram: dependence of corrective factors on the body weight under stronger thermic insulation conditions. Forensic Sci Int 54(1):51–66CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Madea B (ed) (2015) Estimation of the time since death, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton Madea B (ed) (2015) Estimation of the time since death, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Saukko P, Knight B (2004) Forensic pathology, 3rd edn. Edward Arnonld, London Saukko P, Knight B (2004) Forensic pathology, 3rd edn. Edward Arnonld, London
40.
Metadaten
Titel
Time since death nomographs implementing the nomogram, body weight adjusted correction factors, metric and imperial measurements
verfasst von
Stefan Potente
Mattias Kettner
Takaki Ishikawa
Publikationsdatum
25.09.2018
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
International Journal of Legal Medicine / Ausgabe 2/2019
Print ISSN: 0937-9827
Elektronische ISSN: 1437-1596
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-018-1928-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2019

International Journal of Legal Medicine 2/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Neu im Fachgebiet Rechtsmedizin