Background
Methods
Study population
Dietary assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive data
Controls | Cases | |
---|---|---|
N | 1112 | 1489 |
FRAP diet (mmol/d) | 22.2 (8.6) | 22.3 (8.4) |
FRAP fruit/vegs (mmol/d) | 3.5 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.7) |
FRAP suppl. (mmol/d) | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.4) |
Age | 67.7 (7.5) | 66.8 (7.3) |
BMI | 26(3) | 26(3) |
Current smokers (%) | 12 | 11 |
Never smokers (%) | 38 | 39 |
0–9 yrs education (%) | 46 | 46 |
10–12 years education (%) | 42 | 40 |
13+ yrs education (%) | 11 | 14 |
Energy kcal/d) | 2218 (655) | 2283 (646) |
Coffee (cups/day) | 3.1 (2.0) | 3.1 (1.9) |
Tea (cups/day) | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.7 (1.0) |
Chocolate (serv./d) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) |
Berries (serv./d) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) |
Boiled potatoes (serv./d) | 0.6(0.4) | 0.6(0.4) |
Multivitamin use (%) | 16 | 22 |
Vitamin C suppl. use (%) | 12 | 15 |
Vitamin E suppl. use (%) | 3 | 4 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 1197 (363) | 1199 (370) |
Zinc (mg/d) | 11.7 (1.8) | 11.6 (1.9) |
PSA at diagnosis | 89 (360) |
Fatal | Advanced | Localized | High grade | Low grade | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 307 | 499 | 1020 | 231 | 693 |
FRAP diet (mmol/d) | 21.6 (7.9) | 22.5 (8.9) | 22.2 (8.1) | 21.3 (8.0) | 22.3 (8.0) |
FRAP fruit/vegs (mmol/d) | 3.5 (1.9) | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.6 (2.0) | 3.4 (1.6) |
FRAP suppl. (mmol/d) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.9 (1.4) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.4) |
Age | 67.0(7.3) | 68.6 (7.4) | 66.0 (7.1) | 68.3 (7.4) | 65.4 (7.0) |
BMI | 26 (3) | 26 (3) | 26 (3) | 26 (3) | 26 (4) |
Current smokers (%) | 14 | 13 | 10 | 12 | 10 |
Never smokers (%) | 42 | 39 | 39 | 41 | 38 |
0–9 years education (%) | 53 | 51 | 44 | 48 | 44 |
10–12 years education (%) | 37 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 41 |
13+ yrs education (%) | 10 | 8 | 17 | 13 | 16 |
Energy kcal/d) | 2363 (701) | 2334(681) | 2270 (630) | 2387(655) | 2234 (624) |
Coffee (cups/day) | 3.1 (1.8) | 3.2(2.0) | 3.1 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.9) | 3.1 (1.8) |
Tea (cups/day) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.7 (1.1) |
Chocolate (serv./d) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) |
Berries (serv./d) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) |
Boiled potatoes (serv./d) | 0.6(0.4 | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.4) |
Multivitamin use (%) | 21 | 22 | 21 | 29 | 20 |
Vitamin C suppl. use (%) | 12 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 14 |
Vitamin E suppl. use (%) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 1241(406) | 1222 (390) | 1188 (363) | 1213 (381) | 1193 (363) |
Zinc (mg/d) | 11.5 (1.9) | 11.5 (1.9) | 11.6 (1.9) | 11.6 (1.9) | 11.7 (1.8) |
PSA at diagnosis | 264 (573) | 276 (665) | 39 (241) | 167 (364) | 22 (136) |
TAC and prostate cancer risk
FRAP food only | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p-t rend |
All prostate cancer | 294/226 | 292/228 | 301/220 | 308/212 | 294/226 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 1.11 (0.87–1.43) | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 0.76 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.98(0.77–1.26) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 1.05 (0.82–1.36) | 0.53 |
Lethal prostate cancer | 51/226 | 49/228 | 49/220 | 42/212 | 41/226 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.63–1.51) | 1.01(0.65–1.56) | 0.91 (0.58–1.43) | 0.89 (0.57–1.43) | 0.58 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.63–1.53) | 0.98(0.63–1.53) | 0.92 (0.58–1.45) | 0.87 (0.55–1.39) | 0.52 |
Advanced prostate cancer | 94/226 | 103/228 | 95/220 | 102/212 | 105/226 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.78–1.55) | 1.04(0.74–1.47) | 1.20 (0.85–1.68) | 1.23 (0.88–1.73) | 0.20 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.77–1.53) | 1.02(0.72–1.44) | 1.18 (0.83–1.67) | 1.23 (0.87–1.74) | 0.21 |
Localized prostate cancer | 201/226 | 196/228 | 216/220 | 212/212 | 195/226 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) | 1.16 (0.89–1.53) | 1.11 (0.84–1.46) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.90 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) | 1.12 (0.85–1.47) | 1.09 (0.82–1.43) | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) | 0.80 |
High-grade prostate cancer | 56/226 | 39/228 | 47/220 | 49/212 | 40/226 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.46–1.13) | 0.88(0.57–1.36) | 0.99(0.64–1.52) | 0.79(0.50–1.25) | 0.64 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.43–1.07) | 0.83(0.53–1.28) | 0.95(0.61–1.48) | 0.78(0.49–1.24) | 0.63 |
Low–grade prostate cancer | 134/226 | 139/228 | 136/220 | 146/212 | 138/226 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.78–1.44) | 1.07 (0.78–1.45) | 1.11 (0.81–1.50) | 0.99 (0.72–1.35) | 0.22 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | 1.03 (0.76–1.41) | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 0.74 |
FRAP fruit & vegetables | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p-trend |
All prostate cancer | 297/222 | 277/243 | 306/213 | 311/209 | 295/224 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.84(0.66–1.08) | 1.06(0.82–1.36) | 1.09(0.85–1.39) | 0.97(0.76–1.25) | 0.50 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.83(0.64–1.07) | 1.04(0.80–1.34) | 1.07(0.83–1.38) | 0.94(0.73–1.22) | 0.82 |
Lethal prostate cancer | 53/222 | 33/243 | 52/213 | 45/209 | 48/224 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.57 (0.36–0.92) | 1.01 (0.65–1.54) | 0.91 (0.58–1.41) | 0.91 (0.59–1.41) | 0.74 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.38–0.99) | 1.13 (0.73–1.77) | 1.07 (0.67–1.71) | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | 0.39 |
Advanced prostate cancer | 114/222 | 77/243 | 106/213 | 98/209 | 102/224 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.44–0.94) | 0.90(0.63–1.30) | 0.92(0.64–1.33) | 0.91(0.63–1.30) | 0.76 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.65(0.46–0.93) | 1.01(0.72–1.41) | 1.01(0.71–1.42) | 0.96(0.68–1.35) | 0.49 |
Localized prostate cancer | 192/222 | 204/243 | 205/213 | 219/209 | 199/224 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 0.67 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) | 1.04 (0.79–1.38) | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.95 |
High-grade prostate cancer | 53/222 | 27/243 | 46/213 | 45/209 | 58/224 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.47(0.28–0.77) | 0.88 (0.57–1.37) | 0.89 (0.57–1.39) | 1.08 (0.71–1.64) | 0.12 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.49(0.30–0.82) | 0.93 (0.59–1.46) | 0.99 (0.62–1.57) | 1.13 (0.73–1.76) | 0.08 |
Low-grade prostate cancer | 129/222 | 149/243 | 140/213 | 150/209 | 124/224 | |
Age and region adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) | 1.15 (0.85–1.57) | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) | 0.67 |
Fully adjusted OR | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | 1.01 (0.73–1.38) | 1.09 (0.80–1.50) | 0.85 (0.62–1.18) | 0.46 |
Coffee | None | <2 cups/day | 2–3cups/day | 4–5cups/day | ≥6 cups/day | p-trend |
All prostate cancer | 139/98 | 150/121 | 644/491 | 413/295 | 143/107 | |
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.88(0.61–1.26) | 0.93(0.69–1.26) | 1.03(0.75–1.42) | 0.95(0.64–1.40) | 0.87 |
Fatal prostate cancer | 14/44 | 32/175 | 103/491 | 68/295 | 15/107 | |
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.58(0.31–1.07) | 0.73(0.45–1.18) | 0.87(0.52–1.44) | 0.56(0.29–1.08) | 0.51 |
Advanced prostate cancer | 47/121 | 47/121 | 207/491 | 151/295 | 53/107 | |
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.90(0.54–1.52) | 0.92(0.60–1.41) | 1.09(0.70–1.72) | 1.00(0.58–1.71) | 0.65 |
Localized prostate cancer | 98/98 | 103/121 | 452/491 | 273/295 | 94/107 | |
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.86(0.57–1.28) | 0.98(0.70–1.36) | 1.04(0.72–1.48) | 0.93(0.60–1.44) | 0.86 |
High grade prostate cancer | 30/98 | 22/121 | 98/491 | 62/295 | 19/107 | |
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.53(0.28–1.01) | 0.55(0.33–0.92) | 0.59(0.24–1.01) | 0.45(0.22–0.90) | 0.05 |
Low grade prostate cancer | 55/98 | 79/121 | 313/491 | 177/295 | 69/107 | |
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.22(0.77–1.94) | 1.22(0.82–1.80) | 1.21(0.79–1.84) | 1.24(0.76–2.05) | 0.60 |
Tea | None | <1cup/day | 1–2 cups/day | >2 cups/day | ||
All prostate cancer | 605/484 | 370/262 | 439/310 | 75/56 | ||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.12(0.91–1.37) | 1.09(0.89–1.34) | 0.97(0.65–1.44) | 0.98 | |
Fatal prostate cancer | 142/484 | 73/262 | 83/310 | 9/56 | ||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.95(0.66–1.36) | 0.90(0.64–1.26) | 0.60(0.28–1.30) | 0.16 | |
Advanced prostate cancer | 230/484 | 131/262 | 121/310 | 17/56 | ||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.06(0.81–1.40) | 0.86(0.64–1.15) | 0.67(0.37–1.23) | 0.12 | |
Localized prostate cancer | 390/484 | 251/262 | 318/310 | 61/56 | ||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.15(0.92–1.45) | 1.20(0.96–1.50) | 1.12(0.74–1.70) | 0.38 | |
High grade prostate cancer | 94/484 | 65/262 | 63/310 | 9/18 | ||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.27(0.88–1.83) | 0.92(0.63–1.36) | 0.64(0.29(1.40) | 0.17 | |
Low grade prostate cancer | 265/484 | 166/262 | 221/310 | 41/56 | ||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.12(0.86–1.45) | 1.25(0.97–1.62) | 1.12(0.70–1.81) | 0.33 | |
Berries | None | 1–3 /month | >1–3/month | |||
All prostate cancer | 276/231 | 739/482 | 474/399 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.16(0.93–1.44) | 0.90(0.70–1.44) | 0.08 | ||
Fatal prostate cancer | 67/231 | 129/482 | 610/399 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.95(0.67–1.37) | 0.87(0.59–1.27) | 0.47 | ||
Advanced prostate cancer | 98/231 | 236/482 | 164/399 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.15(0.85–1.55) | 0.90(0.65–1.25) | 0.15 | ||
Localized prostate cancer | 186/321 | 513/482 | 321/399 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.16(0.91–1.49) | 0.89(0.68–1.16) | 0.11 | ||
High grade prostate cancer | 38/231 | 104/482 | 89/399 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.19(0.78–1.83) | 1.10(0.70–1.72) | 0.91 | ||
Low grade prostate cancer | 133/231 | 370/482 | 190/399 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.17(0.89–1.53) | 0.75(0.56–1.02) | <0.01 | ||
Chocolate | None | 1–3/month | >1–3/month | |||
All prostate cancer | 232/258 | 645/457 | 612/397 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.38(1.09–1.73) | 1.43(1.12–1.82) | 0.03 | ||
Fatal prostate cancer | 59/258 | 119/457 | 129/397 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.26(0.86–1.85) | 1.47(0.99–2.20) | 0.09 | ||
Advanced prostate cancer | 93/258 | 194/457 | 212/397 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.19(0.86–1.63) | 1.40(1.01–1.96) | 0.06 | ||
Localized prostate cancer | 146/258 | 463/457 | 411/397 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.46(1.13–1.89) | 1.43(1.08–1.88) | 0.11 | ||
High grade prostate cancer | 42/258 | 88/457 | 101/397 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.04(0.67–1.60) | 1.20(0.77–1.88) | 0.33 | ||
Low grade prostate cancer | 102/258 | 310/457 | 281/397 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.38(1.03–1.85) | 1.41(1.03–1.93) | 0.09 | ||
Boiled potatoes | 0–4×/w | 4–6×/w | ≥1×/day | |||
All prostate cancer | 266/195 | 668/545 | 555/372 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.92(0.73–1.16) | 1.12(0.87–1.42) | 0.21 | ||
Fatal prostate cancer | 42/195 | 151/545 | 114/372 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.27(0.85–1.90) | 1.31(0.86–2.01) | 0.26 | ||
Advanced prostate cancer | 86/195 | 219/545 | 194/372 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.88(0.64–1.20) | 1.07(0.77–1.49) | 0.45 | ||
Localized prostate cancer | 181/195 | 464/545 | 375/372 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.00(0.79–1.29) | 1.20(0.92–1.57) | 0.13 | ||
High grade prostate cancer | 33/195 | 107/545 | 91/372 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.18(0.75–1.84) | 1.33(0.83–2.12) | 0.21 | ||
Low grade prostate cancer | 134/195 | 107/545 | 91/372 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.90(0.68–1.19) | 1.07(0.79–1.45) | 0.45 | ||
Multivitamins | None | <7/week | ≥7/week | |||
All prostate cancer | 1166/930 | 69/32 | 254/150 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.48(0.95–2.30) | 1.27(1.01–1.60) | 0.07 | ||
Fatal prostate cancer | 183/930 | 12/32 | 37/150 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.65(0.84–3.24) | 1.37(0.95–1.99) | 0.18 | ||
Advanced prostate cancer | 391/930 | 24/32 | 84/150 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.69(0.97–2.97) | 1.29(0.95–1.75) | 0.08 | ||
Localized prostate cancer | 803/930 | 46/32 | 171/150 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.34(0.83–2.17) | 1.21(0.94–1.55) | 0.18 | ||
High grade prostate cancer | 165/930 | 14/32 | 52/150 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 2.20(1.11–4.33) | 1.93(1.32–2.81) | 0.03 | ||
Low grade prostate cancer | 552/930 | 25/32 | 116/150 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.08(0.62–1.89) | 1.25(0.85–1.85) | 0.75 | ||
Vitamin C | None | <7/week | ≥7/week | |||
All prostate cancer | 1271/984 | 106/62 | 112/66 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.20(0.86–1.68) | 1.22(0.88–1.70) | 0.14 | ||
Fatal prostate cancer | 200/984 | 19/62 | 13/66 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.27(0.75–2.16) | 0.86(0.47–1.55) | 0.19 | ||
Advanced prostate cancer | 423/984 | 36/62 | 40/66 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.32(0.85–2.06) | 1.47(0.96–2.25) | 0.14 | ||
Localized prostate cancer | 866/984 | 78/62 | 76/66 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.25(0.87–1.79) | 1.15(0.80–1.65) | 0.20 | ||
High grade prostate cancer | 195/984 | 21/62 | 15/66 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.48(0.86–2,55) | 0.93(0.50–1.71) | 0.80 | ||
Low grade prostate cancer | 593/984 | 43/62 | 57/66 | |||
Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.99(0.65–1.51) | 1.25(0.85–1.85) | 0.18 |