Background
Methods
Study population
Sample collection
Chemicals
Sample preparation and total arsenic detection
Determination of arsenic species in urine and saliva by HPLC-ICP-MS
Creatinine (Cr) in urine
Statistical analysis
Results and Discussion
The characteristics of human subjects and distribution of total arsenic in drinking water
Arsenic levels in drinking water (μg/L) | Skin lesions (n) | Arsenic concentration (μg/L) | Salivary arsenic (μg/L) | Urinary arsenic (μg/gCr) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Absent/Present | Median (Min ~ Max) (n) | Median (95%CI) (n) | Median (95%CI) (n) | |
<50 | 17/4 | 11.15 (0.55 ~ 41.86) (14) | 3.41a (0.96–18.54) (21) | 53.20a (7.53–330.71) (21) |
50–200 | 10/12 | 125.61 (73.25 ~ 199.92) (13) | 11.20b (2.78–44.03) (22) | 123.34b (32.40–435.93) (22) |
>200 | 6/21 | 317.63 (204.16 ~ 720.00) (15) | 22.91c (9.56–62.11) (27) | 167.70c (103.95–723.10) (27) |
Sum | 33/37 | 127.22 (0.55 ~ 720.00) (42) | 12.31 (1.86–46.62) (70) | 124.93 (21.80–497.70) (70) |
Total Arsenic concentration in saliva and urine of individuals
Correlations among total arsenic concentrations in saliva, urine and drinking water
Relationship between skin lesions and total arsenic in drinking water, urine and saliva
Skin lesions | Numbers | Arsenic in drinking water (μg/L) | Urinary arsenic (μg/gCr) | Salivary arsenic (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Absent | 33 | 111.99 ± 19.14 | 98.89 ± 14.52 | 9.21 ± 1.26 |
Present | 37 | 225.97 ± 30.12**
| 233.69 ± 28.91**
| 23.18 ± 2.53**
|
t value | — | −3.194 | −4.167 | −4.938 |
Arsenic species in urine and saliva of individuals
Urine As (μg/gCr) | Saliva As (μg/L) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (95%CI) | Median (95%CI) | |||
Male (37) | Female (33) | Male (37) | Female (33) | |
AsIII
| 14.3 (2.76–34.44) | 16.60 (2.72–46.90) | 10.08 (1.42–35.59) | 8.78 (1.83–29.73) |
AsV
| 18.15 (4.53–55.58) | 21.85 (4.28–54.74) | 7.51 (1.78–19.00) | 3.27 (ND*–15.05) |
MMA | 35.15 (6.24–101.22) | 40.8 (9.4–167.76) | 2.14 (0.70–3.34) | 1.73 (ND–3.35) |
DMA | 85.75 (10.23–238.00) | 103.60 (18.52–432.48) | 3.03 (1.14–7.28) | 1.83 (1.24–5.69) |
Sum Asa
| 153.45 (24.96–429.24) | 198.45 (37.60–687.00) | 28.23 (6.82–43.05) | 22.14 (6.55–34.86) |
TAsb
| 164.37 (27.05–447.24) | 205.84 (48.25–775.73) | 26.34 (3.32–63.67) | 19.51 (1.90–35.61) |
Comparison of the proportion of arsenic species and methylation indices in urine and saliva
Proportion (%) | Methylation indices | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMA | MMA | AsIII
| AsV
| PMIa
| SMIb
| |
Urine Samples | ||||||
Mean | 54.38 | 23.14 | 8.98 | 12.67 | 0.78**
| 0.7*
|
Std. Deviation | 1.02 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.69 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Percentiles | ||||||
25 | 50.40 | 22.09 | 7.47 | 11.05 | 0.74 | 0.68 |
50 | 55.21 | 23.35 | 9.11 | 12.46 | 0.78 | 0.71 |
75 | 57.60 | 24.29 | 10.39 | 15.22 | 0.8 | 0.72 |
Saliva Samples | ||||||
Mean | 13.08 | 9.13 | 48.22 | 27.97 | 0.22 | 0.55 |
Std. Deviation | 1.41 | 1.12 | 5.43 | 3.17 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
Percentiles | ||||||
25 | 6.01 | 6.35 | 30.81 | 11.79 | 0.06 | 0.51 |
50 | 15.78 | 9.16 | 33.85 | 33.78 | 0.25 | 0.6 |
75 | 17.38 | 14.08 | 86.79 | 39.75 | 0.32 | 0.67 |