Skip to main content
Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior 4/2017

03.06.2016 | Original Paper

Trajectories of Marijuana Use among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1984–2013

verfasst von: Chukwuemeka N. Okafor, Robert L. Cook, Xinguang Chen, Pamela J. Surkan, James T. Becker, Steve Shoptaw, Eileen Martin, Michael W. Plankey

Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior | Ausgabe 4/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

To construct longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use in a sample of men who have sex with men living with or at-risk for HIV infection. We determined factors associated with distinct trajectories of use as well as those that serve to modify the course of the trajectory. Data were from 3658 [1439 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and 2219 HIV-seronegative (HIV−)] participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Frequency of marijuana use was obtained semiannually over a 29-year period (1984–2013). Group-based trajectory models were used to identify the trajectories and to determine predictors and modifiers of the trajectories over time. Four distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: abstainer/infrequent (65 %), decreaser (13 %), increaser (12 %) and chronic high (10 %) use groups. HIV+ status was significantly associated with increased odds of membership in the decreaser, increaser and chronic high use groups. Alcohol, smoking, stimulant and other recreational drug use were associated with increasing marijuana use across all four trajectory groups. Antiretroviral therapy use over time was associated with decreasing marijuana use in the abstainer/infrequent and increaser trajectory groups. Having a detectable HIV viral load was associated with increasing marijuana use in the increaser group only. Future investigations are needed to determine whether long-term patterns of use are associated with adverse consequences especially among HIV+ persons.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruce D, Harper GW, Fernandez MI. Heavy marijuana use among gay and bisexual male emerging adults living with HIV/AIDS. J HIVAIDS Soc Serv. 2013;12(1):26–48.CrossRef Bruce D, Harper GW, Fernandez MI. Heavy marijuana use among gay and bisexual male emerging adults living with HIV/AIDS. J HIVAIDS Soc Serv. 2013;12(1):26–48.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat DʼSouza G, Matson PA, Grady CD, Nahvi S, Merenstein D, Weber KM, et al. Medicinal and recreational marijuana use among HIV-infected women in the womenʼs interagency HIV study (WIHS) cohort, 1994–2010. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61(5):618–26.CrossRefPubMed DʼSouza G, Matson PA, Grady CD, Nahvi S, Merenstein D, Weber KM, et al. Medicinal and recreational marijuana use among HIV-infected women in the womenʼs interagency HIV study (WIHS) cohort, 1994–2010. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61(5):618–26.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Prentiss D, Power R, Balmas G, Tzuang G, Israelski DM. Patterns of marijuana use among patients with HIV/AIDS followed in a public health care setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(1):38–45.CrossRefPubMed Prentiss D, Power R, Balmas G, Tzuang G, Israelski DM. Patterns of marijuana use among patients with HIV/AIDS followed in a public health care setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(1):38–45.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Mimiaga MJ, Reisner SL, Grasso C, Crane HM, Safren SA, Kitahata MM, et al. Substance use among HIV-infected patients engaged in primary care in the United States: findings from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(8):1457–67.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mimiaga MJ, Reisner SL, Grasso C, Crane HM, Safren SA, Kitahata MM, et al. Substance use among HIV-infected patients engaged in primary care in the United States: findings from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(8):1457–67.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris GE, Dupuis L, Mugford GJ, Johnston L, Haase D, Page G, et al. Patterns and correlates of cannabis use among individuals with HIV/AIDS in Maritime Canada. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2014;25(1):e1–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Harris GE, Dupuis L, Mugford GJ, Johnston L, Haase D, Page G, et al. Patterns and correlates of cannabis use among individuals with HIV/AIDS in Maritime Canada. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2014;25(1):e1–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Furler MD, Einarson TR, Millson M, Walmsley S, Bendayan R. Medicinal and recreational marijuana use by patients infected with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2004;18(4):215–28.CrossRefPubMed Furler MD, Einarson TR, Millson M, Walmsley S, Bendayan R. Medicinal and recreational marijuana use by patients infected with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2004;18(4):215–28.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4795. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4795. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cochran SD, Ackerman D, Mays VM, Ross MW. Prevalence of non-medical drug use and dependence among homosexually active men and women in the US population. Addiction. 2004;99(8):989–98.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cochran SD, Ackerman D, Mays VM, Ross MW. Prevalence of non-medical drug use and dependence among homosexually active men and women in the US population. Addiction. 2004;99(8):989–98.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat McCabe SE, Hughes TL, Bostwick WB, West BT, Boyd CJ. Sexual orientation, substance use behaviors and substance dependence in the United States. Addiction. 2009;104(8):1333–45.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral McCabe SE, Hughes TL, Bostwick WB, West BT, Boyd CJ. Sexual orientation, substance use behaviors and substance dependence in the United States. Addiction. 2009;104(8):1333–45.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Ware MA, Rueda S, Singer J, Kilby D. Cannabis use by persons living with HIV/AIDS: patterns and prevalence of use. J Cannabis Ther. 2003;3(2):3–15.CrossRef Ware MA, Rueda S, Singer J, Kilby D. Cannabis use by persons living with HIV/AIDS: patterns and prevalence of use. J Cannabis Ther. 2003;3(2):3–15.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Corless IB, Lindgren T, Holzemer W, Robinson L, Moezzi S, Kirksey K, et al. Marijuana effectiveness as an HIV self-care strategy. Clin Nurs Res. 2009;18(2):172–93.CrossRefPubMed Corless IB, Lindgren T, Holzemer W, Robinson L, Moezzi S, Kirksey K, et al. Marijuana effectiveness as an HIV self-care strategy. Clin Nurs Res. 2009;18(2):172–93.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Milloy M-J, Marshall B, Kerr T, Richardson L, Hogg R, Guillemi S, et al. High-intensity cannabis use associated with lower plasma human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA viral load among recently infected people who use injection drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2015;34(2):135–40.CrossRefPubMed Milloy M-J, Marshall B, Kerr T, Richardson L, Hogg R, Guillemi S, et al. High-intensity cannabis use associated with lower plasma human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA viral load among recently infected people who use injection drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2015;34(2):135–40.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Borgelt LM, Franson KL, Nussbaum AM, Wang GS. The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther. 2013;33(2):195–209.CrossRef Borgelt LM, Franson KL, Nussbaum AM, Wang GS. The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther. 2013;33(2):195–209.CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Rom S, Persidsky Y. Cannabinoid receptor 2: potential role in immunomodulation and neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol Off J Soc NeuroImmune Pharmacol. 2013;8(3):608–20.CrossRef Rom S, Persidsky Y. Cannabinoid receptor 2: potential role in immunomodulation and neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol Off J Soc NeuroImmune Pharmacol. 2013;8(3):608–20.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1990;87(5):1932–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1990;87(5):1932–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Fusar-Poli P, Crippa JA, Bhattacharyya S, Borgwardt SJ, Allen P, Martin-Santos R, et al. Distinct effects of {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on neural activation during emotional processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(1):95–105.CrossRefPubMed Fusar-Poli P, Crippa JA, Bhattacharyya S, Borgwardt SJ, Allen P, Martin-Santos R, et al. Distinct effects of {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on neural activation during emotional processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(1):95–105.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Cristiani SA, Pukay-Martin ND, Bornstein RA. Marijuana use and cognitive function in HIV-infected people. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;16(3):330–5.CrossRefPubMed Cristiani SA, Pukay-Martin ND, Bornstein RA. Marijuana use and cognitive function in HIV-infected people. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;16(3):330–5.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez R, Schuster RM, Vassileva J, Martin EM. Impact of HIV and a history of marijuana dependence on procedural learning among individuals with a history of substance dependence. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2011;33(7):735–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gonzalez R, Schuster RM, Vassileva J, Martin EM. Impact of HIV and a history of marijuana dependence on procedural learning among individuals with a history of substance dependence. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2011;33(7):735–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonn-Miller MO, Oser ML, Bucossi MM, Trafton JA. Cannabis use and HIV antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-related symptoms. J Behav Med. 2014;37(1):1–10.CrossRefPubMed Bonn-Miller MO, Oser ML, Bucossi MM, Trafton JA. Cannabis use and HIV antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-related symptoms. J Behav Med. 2014;37(1):1–10.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Viswanathan S, Detels R, Mehta SH, Macatangay BJC, Kirk GD, Jacobson LP. Level of adherence and HIV RNA suppression in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). AIDS Behav. 2014;19(4):601–11.CrossRef Viswanathan S, Detels R, Mehta SH, Macatangay BJC, Kirk GD, Jacobson LP. Level of adherence and HIV RNA suppression in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). AIDS Behav. 2014;19(4):601–11.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnett JJ. The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. J Drug Issues. 2005;35(2):235–54.CrossRef Arnett JJ. The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. J Drug Issues. 2005;35(2):235–54.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat DeWit DJ, Adlaf EM, Offord DR, Ogborne AC. Age at first alcohol use: a risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(5):745–50.CrossRefPubMed DeWit DJ, Adlaf EM, Offord DR, Ogborne AC. Age at first alcohol use: a risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(5):745–50.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Tarter RE, Horner M, Ridenour T. Developmental perspective of substance use disorder etiology. In: Shaffer HJ, LaPlante DA, Nelson SE, editors. APA addiction syndrome handbook, vol 1: Foundations, influences, and expressions of addiction. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2012. p. 261–87. (APA handbooks in psychology.). Tarter RE, Horner M, Ridenour T. Developmental perspective of substance use disorder etiology. In: Shaffer HJ, LaPlante DA, Nelson SE, editors. APA addiction syndrome handbook, vol 1: Foundations, influences, and expressions of addiction. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2012. p. 261–87. (APA handbooks in psychology.).
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook RL, Zhu F, Belnap BH, Weber KM, Cole SR, Vlahov D, et al. Alcohol consumption trajectory patterns in adult women with HIV infection. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(5):1705–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cook RL, Zhu F, Belnap BH, Weber KM, Cole SR, Vlahov D, et al. Alcohol consumption trajectory patterns in adult women with HIV infection. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(5):1705–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall BDL, Shoveller JA, Kahler CW, Koblin BA, Mayer KH, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Heavy drinking trajectories among men who have sex with men: a longitudinal. Group-Based Analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(2):380–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Marshall BDL, Shoveller JA, Kahler CW, Koblin BA, Mayer KH, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Heavy drinking trajectories among men who have sex with men: a longitudinal. Group-Based Analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(2):380–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Akhtar-Khaleel WZ, Cook RL, Shoptaw S, Surkan PJ, Teplin LA, Stall R, et al. Long-term cigarette smoking trajectories among HIV-seropositive and seronegative MSM in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. AIDS Behav. 2016;27:1–9. Akhtar-Khaleel WZ, Cook RL, Shoptaw S, Surkan PJ, Teplin LA, Stall R, et al. Long-term cigarette smoking trajectories among HIV-seropositive and seronegative MSM in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. AIDS Behav. 2016;27:1–9.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim SH, Ostrow D, Stall R, Chmiel J, Herrick A, Shoptaw S, et al. Changes in stimulant drug use over time in the MACS: evidence for resilience against stimulant drug use among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2010;16(1):151–8.CrossRef Lim SH, Ostrow D, Stall R, Chmiel J, Herrick A, Shoptaw S, et al. Changes in stimulant drug use over time in the MACS: evidence for resilience against stimulant drug use among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2010;16(1):151–8.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaslow RA, Ostrow DG, Detels R, Phair JP, Polk BF, Rinaldo CR. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: rationale, organization, and selected characteristics of the participants. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126(2):310–8.CrossRefPubMed Kaslow RA, Ostrow DG, Detels R, Phair JP, Polk BF, Rinaldo CR. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: rationale, organization, and selected characteristics of the participants. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126(2):310–8.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Detels R, Phair JP, Saah AJ, Rinaldo CR, Murioz A, Kaslow RA, et al. Recent Scientific Contributions to Understanding HIV/AIDS from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Epidemiol. 1992;2(2 sup):11–9.CrossRef Detels R, Phair JP, Saah AJ, Rinaldo CR, Murioz A, Kaslow RA, et al. Recent Scientific Contributions to Understanding HIV/AIDS from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Epidemiol. 1992;2(2 sup):11–9.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Dudley J, Jin S, Hoover D, Metz S, Thackeray R, Chmiel J. The multicenter AIDS cohort study: retention after 9 1/2 years. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(3):323–30.CrossRefPubMed Dudley J, Jin S, Hoover D, Metz S, Thackeray R, Chmiel J. The multicenter AIDS cohort study: retention after 9 1/2 years. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(3):323–30.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Gribble JN, Miller HG, Cooley PC, Catania JA, Pollack L, Turner CF. The impact of T-ACASI interviewing on reported drug use among men who have sex with men. Subst Use Misuse. 2000;35(6–8):869–90.CrossRefPubMed Gribble JN, Miller HG, Cooley PC, Catania JA, Pollack L, Turner CF. The impact of T-ACASI interviewing on reported drug use among men who have sex with men. Subst Use Misuse. 2000;35(6–8):869–90.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Radloff LS. The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385–401.CrossRef Radloff LS. The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385–401.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Giorgi JV, Cheng HL, Margolick JB, Bauer KD, Ferbas J, Waxdal M, et al. Quality control in the flow cytometric measurement of T-lymphocyte subsets: the multicenter AIDS cohort study experience. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1990;55(2):173–86.CrossRefPubMed Giorgi JV, Cheng HL, Margolick JB, Bauer KD, Ferbas J, Waxdal M, et al. Quality control in the flow cytometric measurement of T-lymphocyte subsets: the multicenter AIDS cohort study experience. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1990;55(2):173–86.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones BL, Nagin DS, Roeder K. A SAS procedure based on mixture models for estimating developmental trajectories. Sociol Methods Res. 2001;29(3):374–93.CrossRef Jones BL, Nagin DS, Roeder K. A SAS procedure based on mixture models for estimating developmental trajectories. Sociol Methods Res. 2001;29(3):374–93.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagin DS. Group-based Modeling of Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2005.CrossRef Nagin DS. Group-based Modeling of Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2005.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Brook JS, Lee JY, Brown EN, Finch SJ, Brook DW. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personality and social role outcomes1, 2. Psychol Rep. 2011;108(2):339–57.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Brook JS, Lee JY, Brown EN, Finch SJ, Brook DW. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personality and social role outcomes1, 2. Psychol Rep. 2011;108(2):339–57.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson SE, Van Ryzin MJ, Dishion TJ. Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use trajectories from age 12 to 24 years: demographic correlates and young adult substance use problems. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27(Special Issue 01):253–77.CrossRefPubMed Nelson SE, Van Ryzin MJ, Dishion TJ. Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use trajectories from age 12 to 24 years: demographic correlates and young adult substance use problems. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27(Special Issue 01):253–77.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Passarotti AM, Crane NA, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. Longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood. Addict Behav. 2015;45:301–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Passarotti AM, Crane NA, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. Longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood. Addict Behav. 2015;45:301–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellickson PL, Martino SC, Collins RL. Marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: multiple developmental trajectories and their associated outcomes. Health Psychol. 2004;23(3):299–307.CrossRefPubMed Ellickson PL, Martino SC, Collins RL. Marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: multiple developmental trajectories and their associated outcomes. Health Psychol. 2004;23(3):299–307.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Windle M, Wiesner M. Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: predictors and outcomes. Dev Psychopathol. 2004;16(4):1007–27.CrossRefPubMed Windle M, Wiesner M. Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: predictors and outcomes. Dev Psychopathol. 2004;16(4):1007–27.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulenberg JE, Merline AC, Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Laetz VB. Trajectories of marijuana use during the transition to adulthood: the big picture based on national panel data. J Drug Issues. 2005;35(2):255–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Schulenberg JE, Merline AC, Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Laetz VB. Trajectories of marijuana use during the transition to adulthood: the big picture based on national panel data. J Drug Issues. 2005;35(2):255–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Brook JS, Zhang C, Brook DW. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personal predictors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(1):55–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Brook JS, Zhang C, Brook DW. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personal predictors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(1):55–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Raftery AE. Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociol Methodol. 1995;25:111–63.CrossRef Raftery AE. Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociol Methodol. 1995;25:111–63.CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Akaike H. New look at statistical-model identification. IEEE Trans Automatic Control. 1974;19:716–23.CrossRef Akaike H. New look at statistical-model identification. IEEE Trans Automatic Control. 1974;19:716–23.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Juon H-S, Fothergill KE, Green KM, Doherty EE, Ensminger ME. Antecedents and consequences of marijuana use trajectories over the life course in an African American population. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;118(2–3):216–23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Juon H-S, Fothergill KE, Green KM, Doherty EE, Ensminger ME. Antecedents and consequences of marijuana use trajectories over the life course in an African American population. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;118(2–3):216–23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitesell NR, Asdigian NL, Kaufman CE, Crow CB, Shangreau C, Keane EM, et al. Trajectories of substance use among young American Indian adolescents: patterns and predictors. J Youth Adolesc. 2013;43(3):437–53.CrossRefPubMed Whitesell NR, Asdigian NL, Kaufman CE, Crow CB, Shangreau C, Keane EM, et al. Trajectories of substance use among young American Indian adolescents: patterns and predictors. J Youth Adolesc. 2013;43(3):437–53.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Pahl K, Brook JS, Koppel J. Trajectories of marijuana use and psychological adjustment among urban African American and Puerto Rican women. Psychol Med. 2011;41(8):1775–83.CrossRefPubMed Pahl K, Brook JS, Koppel J. Trajectories of marijuana use and psychological adjustment among urban African American and Puerto Rican women. Psychol Med. 2011;41(8):1775–83.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Pardini D, Bechtold J, Loeber R, White H. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use among men examining linkages with criminal behavior and psychopathic features into the mid-30s. J Res Crime Delinq. 2015;52(6):797–828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pardini D, Bechtold J, Loeber R, White H. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use among men examining linkages with criminal behavior and psychopathic features into the mid-30s. J Res Crime Delinq. 2015;52(6):797–828.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Brook JS, Lee JY, Finch SJ, Brook DW. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: relationship with using weapons including guns. Aggress Behav. 2014;40(3):229–37.CrossRefPubMed Brook JS, Lee JY, Finch SJ, Brook DW. Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: relationship with using weapons including guns. Aggress Behav. 2014;40(3):229–37.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Brook JS, Lee JY, Brook DW. Trajectories of marijuana use beginning in adolescence predict tobacco dependence in adulthood. Subst Abuse. 2015;36(4):470–7.CrossRef Brook JS, Lee JY, Brook DW. Trajectories of marijuana use beginning in adolescence predict tobacco dependence in adulthood. Subst Abuse. 2015;36(4):470–7.CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis PN, Kapadia F, Bub KL, Barton S, Moreira AD, Stults CB. A longitudinal investigation of syndemic conditions among young gay, bisexual, and other MSM: the P18 Cohort Study. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(6):970–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Halkitis PN, Kapadia F, Bub KL, Barton S, Moreira AD, Stults CB. A longitudinal investigation of syndemic conditions among young gay, bisexual, and other MSM: the P18 Cohort Study. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(6):970–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Halkitis PN, Siconolfi DE, Stults CB, Barton S, Bub K, Kapadia F. Modeling substance use in emerging adult gay, bisexual, and other YMSM across time: the P18 cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;1(145):209–16.CrossRef Halkitis PN, Siconolfi DE, Stults CB, Barton S, Bub K, Kapadia F. Modeling substance use in emerging adult gay, bisexual, and other YMSM across time: the P18 cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;1(145):209–16.CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Stall R, Mills TC, Williamson J, Hart T, Greenwood G, Paul J, et al. Association of co-occurring psychosocial health problems and increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among urban men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(6):939–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Stall R, Mills TC, Williamson J, Hart T, Greenwood G, Paul J, et al. Association of co-occurring psychosocial health problems and increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among urban men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(6):939–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Macalino GE, Celentano DD, Latkin C, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D. Risk behaviors by audio computer-assisted self-interviews among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative injection drug users. AIDS Educ Prev Off Publ Int Soc AIDS Educ. 2002;14(5):367–78.CrossRef Macalino GE, Celentano DD, Latkin C, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D. Risk behaviors by audio computer-assisted self-interviews among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative injection drug users. AIDS Educ Prev Off Publ Int Soc AIDS Educ. 2002;14(5):367–78.CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer DJ, Curran PJ. Distributional assumptions of growth mixture models: implications for overextraction of latent trajectory classes. Psychol Methods. 2003;8(3):338–63.CrossRefPubMed Bauer DJ, Curran PJ. Distributional assumptions of growth mixture models: implications for overextraction of latent trajectory classes. Psychol Methods. 2003;8(3):338–63.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagin DS, Tremblay RE. Developmental trajectory groups: fact or a useful statistical fiction? Criminology. 2005;43(4):873–904.CrossRef Nagin DS, Tremblay RE. Developmental trajectory groups: fact or a useful statistical fiction? Criminology. 2005;43(4):873–904.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Trajectories of Marijuana Use among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1984–2013
verfasst von
Chukwuemeka N. Okafor
Robert L. Cook
Xinguang Chen
Pamela J. Surkan
James T. Becker
Steve Shoptaw
Eileen Martin
Michael W. Plankey
Publikationsdatum
03.06.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
AIDS and Behavior / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1445-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2017

AIDS and Behavior 4/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.