Background
Methods
Data
Study variables
Drug use in the past year
Driving under the influence of alcohol in the past year
Alcohol abuse and dependence in the past year
Sociodemographic characteristics
Statistical analysis
Results
Sociodemographic (Table 1)
Adult substance users (N = 206,473) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Alcohol only | Prescription opioids onlya | Marijuana onlya | Other single druga | Prescription opioids-Marijuanaa | Multiple prescription drugsa | Other multiple drugsa | |
Sample size | N = 206,473 | n = 141,521 (78.80%) | n = 5337 (2.31%) | n = 32,206 (10.47%) | n = 3789 (1.65%) | n = 3921 (1.08%) | n = 1267 (0.55%) | n = 18,432 (5.14%) |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
Age in years | ||||||||
18–25 | 100,189 (16.28) | 56,075 (11.40) | 2829 (19.19) | 21,723 (34.22) | 1999 (20.11) | 2878 (42.35) | 596 (18.18) | 14,089 (46.38) |
26–34 | 33,909 (17.80) | 24,313 (16.16) | 965 (22.63) | 4651 (22.87) | 669 (21.95) | 583 (26.74) | 268 (26.51) | 2460 (26.29) |
35–49 | 44,233 (28.38) | 36,100 (29.67) | 1099 (32.73) | 4118 (23.19) | 774 (30.89) | 361 (19.82) | 293 (32.03) | 1488 (17.89) |
50 + | 28,142 (37.54) | 25,033 (42.77) | 444 (25.44) | 1714 (19.73) | 347 (27.05) | 99 (11.09) | 110 (23.28) | 395 (9.43) |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 100,107 (51.03) | 64,513 (49.08) | 2387 (49.37) | 17,803 (59.83) | 1721 (47.54) | 2328 (63.00) | 442 (40.00) | 10,913 (63.43) |
Female | 106,366 (48.97) | 77,008 (50.92) | 2950 (50.63) | 14,403 (40.17) | 2068 (52.46) | 1593 (37.00) | 825 (60.00) | 7519 (36.57) |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 136,140 (70.65) | 94,604 (71.33) | 3148 (61.68) | 19,281 (65.83) | 2449 (70.42) | 2566 (71.40) | 923 (75.65) | 13,169 (73.39) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 23,657 (10.47) | 14,991 (9.80) | 695 (12.08) | 5671 (16.37) | 322 (7.79) | 541 (13.23) | 89 (7.05) | 1348 (8.61) |
Hispanic | 29,583 (13.05) | 20,622 (12.96) | 993 (18.83) | 4279 (12.24) | 667 (16.51) | 445 (10.14) | 171 (14.15) | 2406 (12.89) |
Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 7882 (4.05) | 6113 (4.41) | 235 (5.09) | 873 (2.57) | 149 (2.71) | 82 (1.91) | 28 (2.00) | 402 (2.22) |
Other | 9211 (1.78) | 5191 (1.50) | 266 (2.33) | 2102 (2.99) | 202 (2.57) | 287 (3.32) | 56 (1.15) | 1107 (2.89) |
Annual household income | ||||||||
≤$49,999 | 116,601 (45.48) | 73,790 (42.03) | 3393 (53.87) | 21,299 (57.51) | 2268 (53.68) | 2673 (62.81) | 773 (55.02) | 12,405 (62.90) |
$50,000–$74,999 | 33,718 (17.82) | 24,874 (18.54) | 816 (18.00) | 4339 (15.07) | 573 (16.41) | 574 (15.14) | 192 (15.00) | 2350 (13.52) |
≥$75,000 | 56,154 (36.70) | 42,857 (39.43) | 1128 (28.13) | 6568 (27.42) | 948 (29.91) | 674 (22.05) | 302 (29.98) | 3677 (23.58) |
Population density | ||||||||
Large metro | 92,298 (55.33) | 62,387 (55.00) | 2319 (54.74) | 15,154 (57.50) | 1793 (56.49) | 1680 (52.82) | 529 (49.72) | 8436 (57.06) |
Small metro | 72,108 (30.00) | 49,114 (29.94) | 1950 (30.38) | 11,106 (29.60) | 1340 (30.62) | 1412 (31.10) | 476 (34.33) | 6710 (30.69) |
Non-metro | 42,067 (14.67) | 30,020 (15.06) | 1068 (14.88) | 5946 (12.90) | 656 (12.89) | 829 (16.08) | 262 (15.95) | 3286 (12.25) |
Past-year alcohol abuse/dependence | ||||||||
None | 177,574 (89.95) | 129,606 (93.50) | 4449 (85.29) | 25,794 (81.51) | 3000 (82.04) | 2672 (69.37) | 955 (77.32) | 11,098 (62.93) |
Abuse | 15,738 (5.29) | 6889 (3.57) | 460 (7.40) | 3606 (10.05) | 380 (7.93) | 669 (16.35) | 134 (9.11) | 3600 (17.36) |
Dependence | 13,161 (4.76) | 5026 (2.93) | 428 (7.31) | 2806 (8.44) | 409 (10.03) | 580 (14.28) | 178 (13.57) | 3734 (19.71) |
Survey Year | ||||||||
2008 | 28,441 (13.66) | 19,715 (13.95) | 900 (15.95) | 3797 (11.10) | 582 (14.72) | 567 (12.35) | 199 (12.04) | 2681 (13.44) |
2009 | 28,952 (14.03) | 19,695 (14.16) | 826 (13.92) | 4206 (12.39) | 532 (13.84) | 633 (15.81) | 195 (15.79) | 2865 (14.87) |
2010 | 29,978 (14.07) | 20,474 (14.11) | 794 (14.79) | 4539 (13.40) | 542 (13.15) | 589 (13.99) | 222 (17.19) | 2818 (14.45) |
2011 | 29,743 (14.16) | 20,284 (14.34) | 767 (12.89) | 4728 (14.05) | 548 (13.28) | 633 (14.66) | 148 (12.24) | 2635 (12.65) |
2012 | 28,963 (14.54) | 19,461 (14.39) | 752 (15.81) | 4841 (14.93) | 527 (14.51) | 566 (13.78) | 187 (17.70) | 2629 (15.31) |
2013 | 28,667 (14.62) | 19,378 (14.47) | 662 (13.66) | 4961 (15.92) | 503 (15.08) | 493 (15.70) | 150 (11.65) | 2520 (14.74) |
2014 | 31,729 (14.93) | 22,514 (14.59) | 636 (12.97) | 5134 (18.22) | 555 (15.42) | 440 (13.72) | 166 (13.39) | 2284 (14.54) |
Prevalence trends of past-year DUIA in the United States, 2008–2014 (Table 2)
Past-year alcohol use | Past-year drug use, regardless of pas-year alcohol use status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol only | Prescription opioids only | Marijuana only | Other single drug | Prescription opioids-Marijuana | Multiple prescription drugs | Other multiple drugs | |
Sample size | n = 139,835 | n = 5224 | n = 31,982 | n = 3710 | n = 3903 | n = 1262 | n = 18,367 |
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
Overall prevalence | 12.93 (12.65–13.21) | 22.16 (20.20–24.13) | 29.10 (28.13–30.07) | 27.50 (25.43–29.57) | 39.37 (37.12–41.63) | 34.70 (30.79–38.61) | 48.30 (47.01–49.60) |
Year 2008 | 14.63 (13.74–15.52) | 28.69 (23.29–34.10) | 34.57 (30.86–38.29) | 24.27 (18.34–30.21) | 46.20 (40.82–51.58) | 45.24 (35.93–54.55) | 53.60 (50.77–56.44) |
Year 2009 | 13.28 (12.52–14.04) | 22.58 (18.14–27.02) | 32.89 (30.09–35.69) | 24.25 (18.14–30.37) | 46.81 (40.36–53.27) | 37.38 (24.89–49.87) | 52.42 (48.97–55.87) |
Year 2010 | 12.65 (11.90–13.41) | 21.73 (16.89–26.57) | 30.62 (27.80–33.44) | 32.19 (25.20–39.18) | 42.89 (35.98–49.80) | 38.91 (29.09–48.73) | 49.18 (46.01–52.35) |
Year 2011 | 13.39 (12.53–14.24) | 23.63 (17.35–29.91) | 28.54 (26.51–30.57) | 29.04 (22.38–35.69) | 39.28 (33.78–44.78) | 25.45 (14.50–36.41) | 46.63 (43.73–49.54) |
Year 2012 | 12.22 (11.50–12.94) | 18.30 (13.90–22.69) | 28.30 (25.81–30.80) | 34.77 (27.67–41.87) | 35.58 (30.05–41.12) | 34.32 (24.28–44.37) | 44.72 (41.11–48.33) |
Year 2013 | 12.70 (11.93–13.47) | 19.90 (14.32–25.49) | 26.85 (24.64–29.06) | 25.56 (18.75–32.36) | 31.30 (25.35–37.24) | 36.94 (25.45–48.42) | 48.62 (44.97–52.26) |
Year 2014 | 11.71 (11.07–12.35) | 19.72 (15.91–23.52) | 25.14 (23.42–26.86) | 23.29 (19.68–26.91) | 34.21 (27.44–40.97) | 23.67 (15.75–31.58) | 43.21 (39.64–46.79) |
Joinpointsa | |||||||
Zero joinpoints | Zero joinpoints | Zero joinpoints | One joinpoint (in 2012) | Zero joinpoints | Zero joinpoints | Zero joinpoints | |
Annual percent change (APC)b | |||||||
Before joinpoint | −2.8* (−4.7, −0.9) | −5.4* (−9.5, −1.1) | −5.0* (−5.8, −4.1) | 8.7 (−13.2, 36.2) | −6.5* (−8.8, − 4.0) | −7.4* (− 13.6, − 0.8) | −3.2* (− 5.0, − 1.3) |
After joinpoint | −2.8* (− 4.7, − 0.9) | − 5.4* (− 9.5, − 1.1) | −5.0* (− 5.8, − 4.1) | −17.6 (− 57.2, 58,8) | −6.5* (− 8.8,-4.0) | − 7.4* (− 13.6, − 0.8) | −3.2* (− 5.0, − 1.3) |
Average annual percent change (AAPC)c | |||||||
2008–2014 | − 2.8* (− 4.7, − 0.9) | −5.4* (− 9.5, − 1.1) | −5.0* (− 5.8, − 4.1) | −0.9 (− 12.2, 11.9) | − 6.5* (− 8.8,-4.0) | −7.4* (− 13.6, − 0.8) | −3.2* (− 5.0, − 1.3) |
Adjusted logistic regression model predicting variables associated with DUIA (Table 3)
Adjusted OR (95% CI) (N = 204,283) | |
---|---|
Age | |
18–25 (ref.) | 1.00 |
26–34 |
1.22 (1.17–1.28)
|
35–49 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) |
50+ |
0.65 (0.62–0.69)
|
Sex | |
Male |
1.60 (1.53–1.66)
|
Female (ref.) | 1.00 |
Race/ethnicity | |
Non-Hispanic White |
1.46 (1.35–1.58)
|
Non-Hispanic Black (ref.) | 1.00 |
Hispanic | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) |
Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander |
0.72 (0.62–0.83)
|
Other | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) |
Annual household income | |
≤$49,999 (ref.) | 1.00 |
$50,000–$74,999 |
1.55 (1.46–1.64)
|
≥$75,000 |
1.80 (1.72–1.88)
|
Population density | |
Large metro | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) |
Small metro |
1.10 (1.04–1.17)
|
Non metro (ref.) | 1.00 |
Alcohol abuse/dependence (past-year) | |
None (ref.) | 1.00 |
Abuse |
9.44 (8.79–10.14)
|
Dependence |
5.99 (5.54–6.47)
|
Year |
0.97 (0.96–0.98)
|
Substance use type | |
Alcohol only (ref.) | 1.00 |
Prescription opioids only a |
1.65 (1.47–1.86)
|
Marijuana only a |
2.18 (2.04–2.32)
|
Other single drug a |
2.12 (1.88–2.39)
|
Prescription opioids-marijuana a |
2.71 (2.43–3.02)
|
Multiple prescription drugs a |
2.83 (2.35–3.41)
|
Other multiple drugs a |
3.68 (3.40–3.97)
|