Background
Methods
Data sources and sample
Measures
Outcome variable
Explanatory variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Respondents’ characteristics
2000 | 2006–2007 | 2013 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | n | % | n | % | n | % |
Age, years | ||||||
15–19 | 189 | 11.4 | 252 | 11.5 | 222 | 10.8 |
20–34 | 1124 | 69.0 | 1508 | 71.6 | 1436 | 71.0 |
35–49 | 297 | 19.6 | 355 | 16.9 | 381 | 18.2 |
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 604 | 33.2 | 783 | 40.3 | 910 | 47.6 |
Rural | 1006 | 66.8 | 1332 | 59.7 | 1129 | 52.4 |
Marital status | ||||||
Never married | 664 | 44.4 | 944 | 44.9 | 1021 | 51.3 |
Married/cohabiting | 841 | 49.9 | 1080 | 50.6 | 931 | 44.8 |
Divorced/separated/widow | 105 | 5.7 | 90 | 4.6 | 87 | 3.9 |
Education | ||||||
No education | 268 | 13.3 | 250 | 10.7 | 155 | 5.5 |
Primary | 555 | 35.2 | 626 | 27.9 | 470 | 22.0 |
Secondary | 751 | 49.1 | 1164 | 57.1 | 1327 | 66.7 |
Higher education | 36 | 2.4 | 75 | 4.3 | 87 | 5.7 |
Occupation | ||||||
Not working | 1034 | 66.2 | 1052 | 49.2 | 1203 | 57.1 |
Agriculture | 66 | 5.8 | 269 | 12.6 | 36 | 1.4 |
Paid work | 503 | 28.1 | 778 | 38.2 | 798 | 41.4 |
Wealth, quintiles | ||||||
Poorest | 340 | 23.8 | 422 | 19.8 | 410 | 21.3 |
Poorer | 298 | 21.9 | 451 | 20.8 | 410 | 20.3 |
Average | 317 | 19.5 | 392 | 19.1 | 397 | 19.1 |
Richer | 318 | 17.3 | 417 | 21.1 | 408 | 18.7 |
Richest | 316 | 17.5 | 418 | 19.3 | 403 | 20.6 |
ANC attendance, visits | ||||||
0 | 113 | 6.1 | 86 | 3.9 | 82 | 3.2 |
1–3 | 285 | 18.3 | 378 | 17.7 | 279 | 13.1 |
≥ 4 | 1031 | 68.2 | 1451 | 71.3 | 1237 | 62.5 |
Do not remember | 138 | 7.3 | 140 | 7.1 | 390 | 21.3 |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Health facility | 1211 | 76.9 | 1704 | 81.9 | 1761 | 88.5 |
Home/others | 393 | 23.1 | 410 | 18.1 | 277 | 11.5 |
Delivery mode | ||||||
Vaginal | – | – | 1891 | 87.8 | 1741 | 84.4 |
Caesarean | – | – | 220 | 12.2 | 295 | 15.6 |
Parity | ||||||
1 | 470 | 29.9 | 666 | 32.0 | 625 | 31.7 |
2–3 | 630 | 38.3 | 904 | 43.0 | 860 | 42.7 |
4+ | 510 | 31.9 | 545 | 25.0 | 554 | 25.6 |
Assistance during labour | ||||||
Health professional | 1396 | 90.0 | 1944 | 94.5 | 1896 | 96.2 |
TBAs | 32 | 2.2 | 28 | 1.3 | 15 | 0.5 |
Relatives/self | 136 | 7.8 | 94 | 4.2 | 84 | 3.3 |
Birth order | ||||||
1 | 482 | 30.4 | 683 | 32.6 | 643 | 32.5 |
2–3 | 622 | 38.0 | 890 | 42.5 | 845 | 42.1 |
4+ | 506 | 31.6 | 542 | 24.9 | 551 | 25.5 |
Baby’s sex | ||||||
Male | 807 | 50.7 | 1104 | 52.1 | 990 | 48.3 |
Female | 803 | 49.3 | 1011 | 47.9 | 1049 | 51.7 |
Baby’s birth size | ||||||
Large | 464 | 30.4 | 739 | 35.7 | 779 | 38.6 |
Average | 844 | 53.1 | 1033 | 48.5 | 886 | 43.3 |
Small | 291 | 16.5 | 337 | 15.7 | 392 | 18.1 |
EIBF trends in Namibia
Characteristics | 2000 | 2006–2007 | 2013 | Percentage difference | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | p-valuea | % | 95% CI | p-valuea | % | 95% CI | p-valuea | 2000–2006b | 2006–2013b | 2000–2013b | |
Age, years | ||||||||||||
15–19 | 8.9 | 7.2–10.8 | 7.9 | 6.7–9.4 | 9.1 | 7.7–10.6 | −1 | 1.2 | 0.2 | |||
20–34 | 58.2 | 54.4–61.9 | 0.143 | 53.1 | 50.4–55.8 | 0.057 | 52.7 | 50.0–55.3 | 0.160 | −5.1 | −0.4 | −5.5 |
35–49 | 15.4 | 13.3–17.8 | 11.7 | 10.1–13.6 | 13.2 | 11.4–15.2 | −3.7 | 1.5 | −2.2 | |||
Residence | ||||||||||||
Rural | 27.6 | 23.8–31.7 | 0.210 | 27.7 | 24.8–30.7 | 0.856 | 34.9 | 32.3–37.4 | 0.579 | 0.1 | 7.2* | 7.3** |
Urban | 54.8 | 50.9–58.7 | 45.1 | 42.5–47.8 | 40.1 | 37.4–42.8 | −9.7 | −5 | −14.7** | |||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Never married | 35.8 | 32.3–39.4 | 33.2 | 30.5–35.9 | 37.1 | 34.4–39.7 | −2.6 | 3.9 | 1.3 | |||
Married/cohabiting | 42.2 | 38.6–45.9 | 0.322 | 36 | 33.3–38.8 | 0.497 | 35.1 | 32.5–37.8 | 0.021 | −6.2 | −0.9 | −7.1 |
Divorced/separated/widow | 4.4 | 3.4–5.8 | 3.6 | 2.7–4.7 | 2.8 | 2.0–3.8 | −0.8 | −0.8 | −1.6 | |||
Education | ||||||||||||
No formal | 11.5 | 8.9–14.6 | 7.8 | 6.5–9.4 | 4.2 | 3.3–5.4 | −3.7 | −3.6** | −7.3** | |||
Primary | 29.1 | 25.6–32.8 | 0.805 | 21.3 | 19.4–23.5 | 0.542 | 17.3 | 15.3–19.4 | 0.071 | −7.8** | −4 | −11.8** |
Secondary | 39.9 | 36.4–43.4 | 40.6 | 37.8–43.4 | 50.0 | 47.1–53.0 | 0.7 | 9.4 | 10.1** | |||
Tertiary | 2.0 | 1.2–3.3 | 3.0 | 2.0–4.5 | 3.4 | 2.4–4.9 | 1 | 0.4 | 1.4 | |||
Occupation | ||||||||||||
Not working | 54.3 | 50.7–57.8 | 36.6 | 33.9–39.4 | 44.2 | 41.4–47.1 | −12.8** | 1.7 | −11.1** | |||
Agriculture | 5.2 | 3.3–7.9 | 0.114 | 9.4 | 7.8–11.1 | 0.933 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 | 0.023 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 3.6 |
Paid work | 23.0 | 20.2–26.0 | 27.0 | 24.1–30.0 | 29.6 | 27.3–32.0 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 3.6 | |||
Wealth, quintiles | ||||||||||||
Poorest | 19.9 | 17.1–23.1 | 15.1 | 13.1–17.2 | 15.7 | 13.7–18.0 | −4.8 | 0.6 | −4.2 | |||
Poorer | 19.0 | 16.2–22.2 | 15.9 | 13.9–18.1 | 15.8 | 13.7–18.1 | −3.1 | −0.1 | −3.2 | |||
Average | 16.0 | 13.1–19.5 | 0.378 | 13.5 | 11.6–15.7 | 0.624 | 15.0 | 12.9–17.2 | 0.198 | −2.5 | 1.5 | − 1 |
Richer | 13.8 | 11.2–16.8 | 14.5 | 12.7–16.6 | 14.2 | 12.3–16.4 | 0.7 | −0.3 | 0.4 | |||
Richest | 13.8 | 11.1–17.0 | 13.9 | 12.2–15.8 | 14.3 | 12.3–16.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |||
ANC attendance, visits | ||||||||||||
0 | 5.4 | 4.0–7.3 | 3.1 | 2.3–4.3 | 2.6 | 1.9–3.5 | −2.3 | −0.5 | −2.8** | |||
1–3 | 15.3 | 13.3–17.5 | 0.523 | 13.5 | 11.9–15.2 | 0.379 | 10.3 | 8.8–11.9 | 0.063 | −1.8 | −3.2 | −5** |
≥ 4 | 55.2 | 51.2–59.0 | 51.4 | 48.5–54.2 | 45.7 | 42.8–45.6 | −3.8 | −5.7** | −9.5** | |||
Don’t remember | 6.3 | 4.7–8.3 | 4.8 | 3.9–5.8 | 16.4 | 14.2–18.8 | −1.5 | 11.6** | 10.1** | |||
Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
Health facility | 63.5 | 59.9–67.0 | 0.870 | 60.0 | 57.1–62.7 | 0.342 | 65.9 | 63.4–68.4 | 0.456 | −3.5 | 5.9* | 2.4 |
Home/others | 19.0 | 16.8–22.3 | 12.9 | 11.2–14.8 | 9.0 | 7.6–10.6 | −6.1* | −3.9 | −10** | |||
Delivery mode | ||||||||||||
Vaginal | – | – | – | 66.9 | 64.3–69.5 | < 0.001 | 66.2 | 63.6–68.7 | < 0.001 | −0.7 | ||
Caesarean | – | – | – | 5.8 | 4.6–7.4 | 8.7 | 7.2–10.5 | 2.9 | ||||
Parity | ||||||||||||
1 | 23.3 | 20.9–26.0 | 23.6 | 21.2–26.3 | 23.9 | 21.8–26.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | |||
2–3 | 33.0 | 30.4–35.7 | 0.093 | 30.9 | 28.6–33.2 | 0.466 | 31.3 | 29.0–33.7 | 0.086 | −2.1 | 0.4 | −1.7 |
4+ | 26.1 | 23.1–29.4 | 18.3 | 16.3–20.5 | 19.7 | 17.6–22.0 | −7.8 | 1.4 | −6.4** | |||
Delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
Health professional | 73.9 | 70.7–76.8 | 68.2 | 65.6–70.7 | 72.1 | 69.7–74.4 | 0.049 | −5.7 | 3.9 | −1.8 | ||
TBAs | 2.0 | 1.3–3.1 | 0.438 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.1 | 0.062 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.5 | −0.7 | −1.1* | −1.8* | |
Relative/self | 6.2 | 4.7–8.2 | 3.3 | 2.4–4.4 | 2.6 | 2.0–3.5 | −2.9 | −0.7 | −3.6** | |||
Birth order | ||||||||||||
1 | 23.8 | 21.3–26.4 | 23.6 | 21.2–26.3 | 23.9 | 21.8–26.2 | 0.086 | −0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ||
2–3 | 32.8 | 30.2–35.6 | 0.111 | 30.9 | 28.6–33.2 | 0.466 | 31.3 | 28.9–33.7 | −1.9 | 0.4 | −1.5 | |
4+ | 25.8 | 22.8–29.1 | 18.3 | 16.3–20.5 | 19.7 | 17.6–22.0 | −7.5 | 1.4 | −6.1 | |||
Baby’s sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 41.2 | 37.8–44.6 | 0.426 | 36.4 | 34.0–38.9 | 0.284 | 36.8 | 34.4–39.2 | 0.134 | −4.8 | 0.4 | −4.4 |
Female | 41.3 | 38.3–44.3 | 36.4 | 33.8–39.1 | 38.1 | 35.7–40.6 | −4.9 | 1.7 | −3.2 | |||
Baby’s birth size | ||||||||||||
Small | 23.5 | 20.4–26.8 | 24.6 | 22.2–27.2 | 28.6 | 26.1–31.1 | 1.1 | 4 | 5.1 | |||
Average | 47.2 | 43.5–50.9 | 0.001 | 37.7 | 35.2–40.4 | 0.008 | 33.6 | 31.0–36.3 | 0.090 | −9.5** | −4.1 | −13.6** |
Large | 11.7 | 9.7–14.0 | 10.4 | 8.8–12.1 | 12.8 | 11.0–14.9 | −1.3 | 2.4 | 1.1 |
Factors associated with EIBF in Namibia
2000 | 2006–2007 | 2013 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
Age, years | ||||||
15–19 | 0.91 (0.51–1.63) | 1.10 (0.53–2.31) | 0.87 (0.57–1.34) | 1.00 (0.57–1.75) | 1.56 (0.96–2.56) | 2.28 (1.22–4.24)* |
20–34 | 1.38 (0.89–2.15) | 1.55 (0.91–2.62) | 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 1.49 (1.07–2.08)* | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) | 1.30 (0.90–1.87) |
35–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Residence | ||||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 0.74 (0.46–1.19) | 0.58 (0.36–0.93)* | 1.03 (0.77–1.36) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 1.07 (0.84–1.38) | 0.93 (0.68–1.26) |
Marital status | ||||||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married/cohabiting | 1.29 (0.86–1.94) | 1.23 (0.73–2.07) | 0.99 (0.78–1.27) | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | 1.44 (1.10–1.90)* | 1.57 (1.16–2.14)* |
Divorced/separated | 0.93 (0.47–1.81) | 0.96 (0.47–1.96) | 1.44 (0.78–2.64) | 1.41 (0.75–2.65) | 1.09 (0.59–2.01) | 1.11 (0.60–2.03) |
Education | ||||||
Tertiary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Secondary | 0.96 (0.38–2.47) | 0.90 (0.32–2.51) | 1.11 (0.55–2.26) | 0.86 (0.37–1.99) | 1.75 (0.98–3.11) | 1.22 (0.51–2.19) |
Primary | 0.98 (0.41–2.39) | 0.89 (0.32–2.43) | 1.35 (0.66–2.76) | 1.03 (0.43–2.48) | 1.95 (1.07–3.56)* | 1.06 (0.51–2.19) |
No formal | 1.23 (0.46–3.23) | 0.95 (0.31–2.88) | 1.28 (0.62–2.67) | 0.93 (0.37–2.38) | 2.31 (1.14–4.68)* | 1.21 (0.51–2.86) |
Occupation | ||||||
Paid work | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Agriculture | 4.03 (0.98–16.5) | 2.87 (0.69–11.9) | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 0.91 (0.62–1.35) | 1.62 (0.62–4.24) | 1.55 (0.58–4.11) |
Not working | 1.03 (0.66–1.56) | 1.05 (0.69–1.60) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) | 0.98 (0.72–1.34) | 1.36 (1.07–174)* | 1.27 (0.97–1.66) |
Wealth | ||||||
Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Richer | 0.87 (0.56–1.35) | 0.91 (0.54–1.51) | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | 1.51 (1.04–2.02)* | 1.35 (0.90–2.03) |
Average | 1.30 (0.81–2.10) | 1.52 (0.86–2.68) | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | 1.47 (0.98–2.20) | 1.22 (0.78–1.91) |
Poorer | 1.36 (0.82–2.22) | 1.82 (1.05–3.17)* | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) | 1.33 (0.93–1.92) | 1.02 (0.67–1.56) |
Poorest | 1.13 (0.70–1.81) | 1.52 (0.89–2.57) | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 1.08 (0.70–1.66) | 1.26 (0.86–1.85) | 0.94 (0.59–1.48) |
ANC attendance, visits | ||||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–3 | 0.69 (0.28–1.70) | 0.19 (0.04–1.05) | 0.81 (0.44–1.52) | 1.02 (0.12–8.55) | 0.62 (0.30–1.26) | 0.17 (0.01–3.16) |
4+ | 0.57 (0.25–1.29) | 0.14 (0.03–0.81)* | 0.67 (0.37–1.20) | 0.85 (0.10–7.09) | 0.45 (0.24–0.84)* | 0.14 (0.01–2.51) |
Do not remember | 0.67 (0.22–2.05) | 0.18 (0.03–1.21) | 0.65 (0.34–1.28) | 0.79 (0.09–6.65) | 0.57 (0.29–1.14) | 0.16 (0.01–3.09) |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Home/others | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Health facility | 1.03 (0.70–1.53) | 1.33 (0.86–2.07) | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 1.53 (1.10–2.14)* | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | 1.25 (0.83–1.90) |
Delivery modea | ||||||
Caesarean | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Vaginal | – | – | 2.53 (1.75–3.68)** | 2.58 (1.68–3.97)** | 2.84 (2.03–3.97)** | 2.74 (1.90–3.93)** |
Delivery assistance | ||||||
TBAs | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Health professional | 0.47 (0.15–1.47) | 0.48 (0.14–1.61) | 0.32 (0.10–1.01) | 0.19 (0.04–0.91)* | 3.60 (1.09–11.8)* | 3.67 (1.23–10.9)* |
Relative/self | 0.44 (0.13–1.47) | 0.13 (0.02–0.81) | 0.47 (0.13–1.71) | 0.30 (0.02–4.30) | 5.31 (1.36–20.7)* | 0.99 (0.05–20.7) |
Birth order | ||||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2–3 | 1.50 (1.01–2.23)* | 1.36 (0.87–2.12) | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | 0.99 (0.69–1.43) | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) |
4+ | 1.10 (0.74–1.64) | 1.20 (0.67–2.15) | 1.21 (0.86–1.72) | 1.23 (0.78–1.95) | 1.42 (1.03–1.97)* | 1.52 (1.03–2.26)* |
Baby’s birth size | ||||||
Average | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Small | 0.39 (0.24–0.63)** | 0.38 (0.24–0.60)** | 0.64 (0.44–0.93)* | 0.63 (0.44–0.90)* | 0.71 (0.51–0.99)* | 0.72 (0.65–1.01) |
Large | 0.55 (0.37–0.79)* | 0.51 (0.34–0.78)* | 0.67 (0.51–0.90)* | 0.69 (0.51–0.94)* | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.86 (0.52–1.13) |