Background
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent and also reduces the mortality among adults and children when used as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients. Drug resistant to TMP-SMX along with Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production among Enterobacteriaceae is creating major therapeutic problem in clinical settings for treating the bacterial infections among HIV individuals.
Methods
TMP-SMX drug resistance among the isolates was identified using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and ESBL production by combination disc method (CDM). Cefotaxime (30µg) and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (30μg/10μg) discs were placed 20 mm apart on the agar surface. Similarly, the ceftazidime (30µg) and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid (30μg/10μg) discs were also placed. After incubating overnight at 37°C, a ≥ 5mm increase in the zone diameter was interpreted as positive for ESBL production. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 15.0.
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Results
A total of 103(40 Escherichia coli, 15 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 13 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10 Klebsiella oxytoca, 8 Proteus mirabilis, 2 Proteus vulgaris, 11 Staphylococcus aureus, 3 Staphylococcus epidermidis and 1 Streptococcus sp.) bacterial strains were isolated from HIV patients. Among these 65(63.10%;p=0.008) isolates were resistance to TMP-SMX and only 40(38.83%;p=0.023) isolates were resistant to extended spectrum β-lactam antibiotics. Twenty nine ESBL producers from HIV patients were found to be co resistant to TMP-SMX. All ESBL producing isolates showed resistance to ceftazidime and also for ceftazidime/clavulanic acid combination.
Conclusion
A rapid increase in the use of prophylactic TMP-SMX might be responsible for the TMP-SMX drug resistance among opportunistic bacterial infections in HIV patients.
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