Background
Origins of tumor-recruited stroma
TASC subtypes
Nomenclature
TAFs/CAFs
Cancer-associated adipocytes
Cancer-associated endothelial cells
Tumor-associated immune stroma
TASCs and soluble factor signaling within the tumor microenvironment
IL-6
CXCL1 (GRO-alpha)
TNF-alpha and IL-1beta
TASCs and microRNAs
microRNA dysregulation in TAFs
miRs are capable of transitioning normal fibroblasts into TAFs
miRs are involved in the recruitment and modification of stromal cells by tumor cells
TAFs and exosomes
Exosomes derived from cancer cells induce the transition of stromal cells into TAFs
TAFs, exosomes, and therapeutic resistance
Conclusions
Dysregulation in TASCs | Regulator of TAF transition | Regulator of stromal cell recruitment | Mediates TASC-induced therapeutic resistance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
IGFBP-2 | [21] | - | - | - |
MMP-11 | [22] | - | - | - |
IL-6 | [35] | |||
IL-8 | [40] | - | - | - |
IL-1beta | [40] | - | - | |
TNF-alpha | [31] | - | - | |
NF-kappaB | [24] | - | - | - |
TGF-beta | [39] | - | - | - |
CXCL1/2 | - | - | ||
FAP | [35] | - | - | - |
MCP-1 | [40] | - | - | - |
Twist1 | - | - | - | |
miR-21 | [43] | [44] | - | - |
miR-221/222 | [44] | [44] | - | [46] |
MAPK/ERK | [45] | - | - | - |
miR-15a/16 | [47] | - | - | - |
miR-210 | [51] | [51] | - | - |
Exosomes | - | - | [58] | |
mTOR-4E-BP-1 | - | - | - | [38] |
miR-126/126* | - | - | [52] | - |
miR-149 | - | - | [33] | - |
miR-155 | - | - | - | |
miR-31 | - | [50] | - | - |
miR-214 | - | [50] | - | - |