Umeclidinium (UMEC; long-acting muscarinic antagonist) plus vilanterol (VI; long-acting beta2 agonist [LABA]) and the LABA/inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (FP/SAL) are approved maintenance treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This 12-week, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, double-dummy study compared the efficacy and safety of these treatments in symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe COPD with no exacerbations in the year prior to enrolment.
Methods
Patients (n = 717) were randomised 1:1 to once-daily UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg or twice-daily FP/SAL 500/50 mcg. Endpoints included 0–24 h weighted mean (wm) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (Day 84; primary), trough FEV1 (Day 85; secondary), other lung function endpoints, symptoms, quality of life (QoL) and safety.
Results
Improvements with UMEC/VI versus FP/SAL were 0.080 L (95 % confidence interval: 0.046–0.113; wmFEV1) and 0.090 L (0.055–0.125; trough FEV1) (both p < 0.001). UMEC/VI statistically significantly improved all other lung function measures versus FP/SAL. Both treatments demonstrated a clinically meaningful improvement in symptoms (Transition Dyspnoea Index ≥1 unit) and QoL (St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire Total score ≥4 unit decrease from baseline) over 12 weeks. The incidence of adverse events was 28 % (UMEC/VI) and 29 % (FP/SAL); nasopharyngitis and headache were most common.
Conclusions
Once-daily UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg over 12 weeks resulted in significant and sustained improvements in lung function versus twice-daily FP/SAL 500/50 mcg in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and with no exacerbations in the year prior to enrolment.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0092-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
DS has served as consultant to Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingleheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GSK, Novartis, Nycomed and Roche; has received research grants from Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingleheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GSK, Novartis, Nycomed and Roche; has received payment for lectures including service on speakers bureaus from Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingleheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GSK, Novartis, Nycomed, Roche and Takeda. All other authors (SW, C-QZ, LH and AC) are employed by and hold stock in GSK.
Authors’ contribution
DS contributed to the conception and design of the study and data interpretation. SW contributed to the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data and data interpretation. C-QZ contributed to the data analyses and data interpretation. LH contributed to the conception and design of the study and data interpretation. AC contributed to the conception and design of the study and data interpretation. Employees of the sponsor were involved in the conception, design and conduct of the study, and in data collection and analysis. All authors, including authors employed by the sponsor, participated in the development of the manuscript, and had access to the data from the study. The decision to submit for publication was that of the authors alone.
Abkürzungen
AE
Adverse event
ANCOVA
Analysis of covariance
BDI
Baseline dyspnoea index
CAT
COPD assessment test
CI
Confidence interval
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
FEV1
Forced expiratory volume in 1 s
FP/SAL
Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
EQ-5D
EuroQol-5D
FVC
Forced vital capacity
GOLD
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
ICS
Inhaled corticosteroids
ITT
Intent-to-treat
LABA
Long-acting beta2 agonist
LAMA
Long-acting muscarinic antagonist
LS
Least squares
mMRC
Modified Medical Research Council
QoL
Quality of life
SGRQ-C
St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD patients
TDI
Transition dyspnoea index
UMEC
Umeclidinium
VI
Vilanterol
wm
Weighted mean
Background
For the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease™ (GOLD) [1] recommends a management strategy based on assessment of the level of symptoms and degree of risk. There are four categories, with categories C and D including patients defined as higher risk than those in categories A and B, on the basis of severe airflow obstruction (i.e., forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] <50 % predicted) and/or a history of ≥2 exacerbations (or ≥1 leading to hospitalisation). Patients in categories B and D experience more symptoms than those in categories A and C.
Long-acting bronchodilators are the mainstay of COPD treatment as they improve lung function, and reduce symptoms and exacerbations [1]. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are used to reduce exacerbations in patients with COPD with moderate-to-very severe airflow limitation, and there is good evidence for the efficacy of combination ICS/long-acting beta2 agonist (LABA) treatments in patients with a history of exacerbations (i.e., GOLD C and D patients) [1]. However, ICS are often prescribed to patients without a history of exacerbations and the evidence for efficacy in these patients is less compelling [2]; long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/LABA therapies offer an alternative treatment option that may have a better benefit-risk profile in these patients. LAMA/LABA combination treatments are a recognised treatment option for GOLD B, C or D patients [1]; these treatments maximise lung function improvements by using two bronchodilators with different mechanisms of action to provide additive clinical benefits [3].
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The LAMA/LABA combination umeclidinium (UMEC)/vilanterol (VI), delivered via a single inhaler, is approved in the European Union, United States and several other countries as a once-daily maintenance treatment for COPD [4, 5]. Studies in patients with COPD have shown that UMEC/VI is well tolerated and significantly improves lung function and symptoms versus placebo [6, 7] and versus long-acting bronchodilator monotherapy [6‐8]. However, an important clinical question is how the efficacy of UMEC/VI compares with that of ICS/LABA combinations, which are often used in symptomatic patients with COPD who do not have a history of exacerbations (i.e., GOLD B and a subset of GOLD D patients).
The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of once-daily UMEC/VI (62.5/25 mcg) with twice-daily fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (FP/SAL) (500/50 mcg) over 12 weeks in patients with COPD with dyspnoea and without exacerbations in the year prior to enrolment. FP/SAL is an established ICS/LABA therapy in COPD [9], and we hypothesised that UMEC/VI would be a more effective treatment in this particular group of patients. Preliminary results have been presented in abstract form [10].
Methods
Patients
The inclusion criteria were: male or female patients ≥40 years old; an established COPD clinical history [1]; a post-salbutamol FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <0.70 and a post-salbutamol FEV1 of ≥30 % and ≤70 % of predicted normal values; a dyspnoea score of ≥2 (modified Medical Research Council [mMRC] Dyspnoea Scale); current or former (stopped smoking for ≥6 months) cigarette smokers with a history of cigarette smoking of ≥10 pack-years. Key exclusion criteria were: asthma/other respiratory disorders; hospitalisation for pneumonia within 12 weeks of screening; a documented history of ≥1 COPD exacerbation requiring oral corticosteroids, antibiotics and/or hospitalisation in the 12 months preceding screening.
All patients provided written, informed consent prior to conducting any study-specific procedures. This study was approved by local ethics committees (Additional file 1) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [11] and Good Clinical Practice guidelines [12].
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Study design, randomisation and treatment
This study (Additional file 2) was a phase IIIb, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial (GSK study number DB2116134; www.clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT01822899) conducted in 69 centres in eight countries (Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation and Spain) between 2 April and 7 October 2013.
A validated computer system (RandAll; GSK, Brentford, UK) was used to generate a central randomisation schedule. Patients were randomised, using a Registration And Medication Ordering System (RAMOS; GSK, Brentford, UK), 1:1 to receive either UMEC/VI or FP/SAL. Patients and study personnel were blinded to the study medication.
After screening, eligible patients had a 7–14-day run-in period, in which as-needed salbutamol, mucolytics and as-needed oxygen therapy (≤12 h/day) were the only permitted COPD treatments, for assessment of baseline salbutamol use and disease stability. Following randomisation, patients received either UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg (delivered doses 55/22 mcg) via the ELLIPTA®1 dry powder inhaler (DPI) once daily (morning) and placebo via the DISKUS®2 inhaler (twice daily, morning and evening approximately 12 h apart) or FP/SAL 500/50 mcg via the DISKUS inhaler twice daily and placebo via the ELLIPTA DPI (once daily in the morning) for 12 weeks. There were further study visits at Weeks 4, 8 and 12 (end of treatment), and a 7 ± 2 day follow-up safety assessment. Patients were permitted to use salbutamol for as-needed symptom relief throughout the study, as long as it was withheld in the 4 h prior to spirometry testing. Further details of restricted and permitted concomitant COPD medications are provided in the Additional file 3. Treatment compliance was assessed by reviewing the inhaler dose counters at each study visit.
Outcome assessments
Efficacy (lung function) assessments
Spirometry was conducted at each visit. Baseline spirometry assessments were recorded prior to randomisation, during the same study visit. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in weighted mean (wm) FEV1 over 0–24 h on Day 84, calculated from pre-dose FEV1 and post-dose FEV1 evaluations at 5 and 15 min and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 (pre-evening dose), 13, 15, 18, 23 and 24 h after the morning dose. The secondary endpoint was change from baseline in trough FEV1 on Day 85 (i.e., the mean of the FEV1 values recorded 23 h and 24 h after morning dosing on Day 84). Other lung function endpoints included (change from baseline unless otherwise stated): peak FEV1 over 0–6 h post-dose on Days 1 and 84; time to onset (an increase of ≥0.100 L above baseline in FEV1 during 0–6 h post-dose on Day 1); proportion of patients achieving an increase in FEV1 ≥ 12 % and ≥0.200 L above baseline at any time during 0–6 h post-dose on Day 1; wmFVC 0–24 h post-dose on Day 84; trough FVC on Day 85; and wmFVC 0–6 h post-dose on Days 1 and 84. The proportion of patients achieving an increase in FEV1 ≥ 0.100 L above baseline on Day 1 at 5 and 15 min, and 1, 3 and 6 h post-dose was evaluated in a post hoc analysis.
Symptomatic endpoints and health outcomes
Patients completed daily diaries, including rescue medication use (puffs/day, percentage of rescue-free days were calculated). Dyspnoea was assessed using the Baseline Dyspnoea Index (BDI) focal score at baseline, and the Transition Dyspnoea Index (TDI) focal score on Days 28, 56 and 84. Quality of life was assessed using the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire for patients with COPD (SGRQ-C) at baseline and on Days 28 and 84. Health outcome assessments were evaluated using the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) questionnaire at randomisation and on Day 84. The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) was used to assess COPD-related health status at baseline and on Day 84.
Safety evaluations
Safety and tolerability included monitoring adverse events (AEs) throughout the study. AEs were coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. COPD exacerbations were recorded. Vital signs were evaluated on Days 1 and 84.
Statistical analyses
The sample size calculation was based on a two-sided 5 % significance level and an estimated residual standard deviation of 0.220 L for wmFEV1 based on a mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM) analyses of previous studies in patients with COPD [6‐8, 13]. Two hundred and eighty-four patients/group would have 90 % power to detect a 0.060 L treatment difference in 0–24 h wmFEV1. Assuming a 20 % drop-out rate, approximately 710 patients (355/group) were to be randomised.
All analyses were conducted on the intent-to-treat population (all randomised patients who took at least one dose of study medication). To account for multiplicity across endpoints, a step-down, closed-testing procedure was used. If the primary endpoint was statistically significant at the 5 % level, then the secondary endpoint was evaluated. If the latter was also statistically significant (5 % level) then inferences at the 5 % significance level would be made for all other comparisons.
An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model (covariates: baseline FEV1, smoking status and treatment) was used to analyse the 0–24 h wmFEV1 on Day 84. Trough FEV1 on Day 85 was analysed using MMRM analysis with covariates of baseline FEV1, smoking status, day, treatment, day by baseline interaction and day by treatment interaction, where day is nominal. The primary and secondary endpoints were also descriptively analysed by using the FEV1 % predicted to categorise patients as GOLD B (FEV1 ≥ 50 % predicted) or GOLD D (FEV1 < 50 % predicted), as all patients were required to have an mMRC score ≥2.
Results
Study population
Of 1009 patients enrolled, 870 were screened, 717 were randomised (Fig. 1), and 674 completed the study (UMEC/VI: 334; FP/SAL: 340). The most common reasons for withdrawal are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
Flow diagram for disposition of patients (CONSORT). Abbreviations: ITT, intent-to-treat; FP/SAL, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol; UMEC, umeclidinium; VI, vilanterol. aOne patient was randomised in error; this patient was a run-in failure
×
At baseline, patient demographics and characteristics were similar between groups (Table 1) and 55 % and 45 % of patients overall were categorised as GOLD B and D, respectively. COPD medication taken pre-study is summarised in the Additional file 3.
Table 1
Baseline patient demographics, lung function and clinical characteristics (ITT population)
UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg (N = 358)
FP/SAL 500/50 mcg (N = 358)
Total (N = 716)
Age, mean ± SD, years
61.8 ± 7.94
61.4 ± 8.06
61.6 ± 8.00
Sex: male, n (%)
261 (73)
254 (71)
515 (72)
BMI, mean ± SD (range), kg/m2
27.69 ± 5.085
27.26 ± 5.018
27.47 ± 5.052
(16.9–45.8)
(15.6–44.4)
(15.6–45.8)
Race, n (%)
White
358 (100)
358 (100)
716 (100)
Smoking history and status
Current smoker, n (%)
204 (57)
217 (61)
421 (59)
Years smoked, mean ± SD (range)
37.8 ± 10.15
37.7 ± 10.27
37.8 ± 10.20
(7–67)
(10–70)
(7–70)
No. cigarettes/day, mean ± SD (range)
21.6 ± 8.18
20.8 ± 7.72
21.2 ± 7.96
(5–60)
(7–80)
(5–80)
Smoking pack years, mean ± SD (range)
40.7 ± 19.26
39.4 ± 19.09
40.1 ± 19.17
(10–125)
(10–140)
(10–140)
COPD history
Duration of COPD, n (%), years
< 1
10 (3)
15 (4)
25 (3)
≥ 1 to <5
141 (39)
140 (39)
281 (39)
≥ 5 to <10
128 (36)
122 (34)
250 (35)
≥ 10
79 (22)
81 (23)
160 (22)
COPD type, n (%)a
Chronic bronchitis
279 (78)
287 (80)
566 (79)
Emphysema
189 (53)
180 (50)
369 (52)
Screening lung function, mean (SD)
Pre-salbutamol FEV1, L
1.423 (0.4573)
1.457 (0.4555)
1.440 (0.4564)
Post-salbutamol FEV1, L
1.550 (0.4488)
1.595 (0.4614)
1.572 (0.4554)
Pre-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC
47.7 (10.70)
48.2 (10.08)
47.9 (10.39)
Post-salbutamol FEV1/FVC
49.0 (10.69)
49.8 (10.19)
49.4 (10.45)
Post-salbutamol percent predicted FEV1, (%)
50.2 (10.85)
51.1 (10.50)
50.6 (10.68)
Percent reversibility to salbutamol, (%)
10.7 (12.64)
10.9 (12.63)
10.8 (12.63)
Reversibility to salbutamol, L
0.127 (0.159)
0.138 (0.154)
0.133 (0.157)
Reversible to salbutamol, n (%)
100 (28)
108 (30)
208 (29)
GOLD stage (percent predicted FEV1), n (%)
Stage B
193 (54)
201 (56)
394 (55)
Stage D
165 (46)
157 (44)
322 (45)
mMRC dyspnoea scale, mean (SD)
2.2 (0.41)
2.2 (0.42)
2.2 (0.41)
Rescue salbutamol use
Puffs per day
2.9 (3.30)b
2.4 (2.38)
-
Rescue-free days (%)
24.4 (35.01)b
28.3 (37.40)
-
BDI focal score on Day 1
6.2 (1.78)
6.4 (1.58)c
-
SGRQ Total score, mean (SD)
46.57 (16.523)d
44.02 (15.756)b
-
EQ-5D utility score, mean (SD)
0.70 (0.213)
0.75 (0.191)
-
CAT score, mean (SD)
18.48 (6.698)
17.20 (7.031)
-
BDI baseline Dyspnoea Index, BMI body mass index, CAT COPD Assessment Test, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, EQ-5D EuroQol-5D questionnaire, FP/SAL fluticasone propionate/salmeterol, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, GOLD Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, ITT intent-to-treat, mMRC modified Medical Research Council, SD standard deviation, SGRQ St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, UMEC umeclidinium, VI vilanterol
aPatients could select chronic bronchitis, emphysema or both; bn = 354; cn = 356; dn = 353
Treatment compliance was approximately 100 % in both treatment groups, and is summarised in the Additional file 3.
Efficacy
Primary and secondary endpoints
On Day 84, UMEC/VI caused a significantly greater improvement of 0.080 L (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.046–0.113; p < 0.001) in the least squares (LS) mean change from baseline in 0–24 h wmFEV1 (primary endpoint) versus FP/SAL (Table 2). The increased effect of UMEC/VI compared with FP/SAL was also demonstrated in the 0–24 h serial FEV1 measurements on Day 84 (Fig. 2).
Table 2
Results from the analyses of the primary, secondary and selected other endpoints (ITT population)
Endpoint
UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg (N = 358)
FP/SAL 500/50 mcg (N = 358)
Primary endpoint
wm 0–24 h FEV1 on Day 84, L
n
332
337
LS mean (SE)
1.618 (0.0122)
1.539 (0.0121)
LS mean (SE) change from baseline
0.166 (0.0122)
0.087 (0.0121)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
0.080 (0.046–0.113)
p < 0.001
Secondary endpoint
Trough FEV1 on Day 85, L
n
344
353
na
333
338
LS mean (SE)
1.600 (0.0126)
1.511 (0.0125)
LS mean (SE) change from baseline
0.151 (0.0126)
0.062 (0.0125)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
0.090 (0.055–0.125)
p < 0.001
Other endpoints (selected)
Peak FEV1 0–6 h
Day 1
n
358
358
na
358
358
LS mean (SE)
1.712 (0.0083)
1.678 (0.0083)
LS mean (SE) change from baseline
0.266 (0.0083)
0.231 (0.0083)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
0.034 (0.011–0.057)
p = 0.003
Day 84
n
358
358
na
335
340
LS mean (SE)
1.773 (0.0131)
1.676 (0.0130)
LS mean (SE) change from baseline
0.327 (0.0131)
0.229 (0.0130)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
0.097 (0.061–0.134)
p < 0.001
Time to onset on Day 1 (increase in FEV1 ≥ 0.100 L above baseline)
n
358
358
Median time to onset, min
17
60
Hazard ratio (95 % CI)
1.3 (1.1–1.5)
p = 0.002
Analysis of the primary endpoint was performed using ANCOVA with covariates of baseline FEV1, smoking status and treatment. Analysis of the secondary endpoint was by MMRM analysis including covariates of baseline FEV1, smoking status, day, treatment, day by baseline interaction and day by treatment interaction, where day is nominal
CI confidence interval, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FP/SAL fluticasone propionate/salmeterol, ITT intent-to-treat, LS least squares, MRMM mixed-effect model repeated measure model, SE, standard error, UMEC umeclidinium, VI vilanterol, wm weighted mean
aNumber of patients with analysable data at the current time point
Fig. 2
Change from baseline in FEV1 (L) over 0–24 h on Day 84 (ITT population). Data are least squares mean (95 % CI) change from baseline. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; ITT, intent-to-treat; LS, least squares; FP/SAL, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol; UMEC, umeclidinium; VI, vilanterol
×
UMEC/VI statistically significantly improved the LS mean change from baseline in trough FEV1 on Day 85 (secondary endpoint) by 0.090 L (95 % CI: 0.055–0.125; p < 0.001) versus FP/SAL (Table 2, Fig. 3). Similar improvements were also seen on Days 28, 56 and 84 (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
Change from baseline in trough FEV1 (L) (ITT population). Data are least squares mean (95 % CI) differences of change from baseline in trough FEV1 (L) at Days 28, 56, 84 and 85. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; ITT, intent-to-treat; LS, least squares; FP/SAL, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol; UMEC, umeclidinium; VI, vilanterol
×
Raw mean change from baseline for the primary and secondary endpoints was numerically greater in patients receiving UMEC/VI compared with FP/SAL in both GOLD B and GOLD D patients, although no statistical analysis was performed (Table 3). Relative improvements in mean change from baseline with UMEC/VI versus FP/SAL were similar for GOLD B and GOLD D patients for both the primary (0.085 L vs. 0.081 L) and secondary (0.092 L vs. 0.094 L) endpoints. For both UMEC/VI and FP/SAL, the raw mean change from baseline for the primary and secondary endpoints was numerically greater in GOLD B compared with GOLD D patients.
Table 3
0–24 h wmFEV1 and trough FEV1 by GOLD subgroup (ITT population)
Endpoint
UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg (N = 358)
FP/SAL 500/50 mcg (N = 358)
0–24 h wmFEV1 on Day 84, L, change from baseline
GOLD Ba,b
n
184
189
mean (SD)
0.181 (0.2476)
0.096 (0.2230)
GOLD Db,c
n
148
148
mean (SD)
0.152 (0.2111)
0.071 (0.2038)
Trough FEV1 on Day 85, L, change from baseline
GOLD Ba,b
n
185
189
mean (SD)
0.162 (0.2661)
0.070 (0.2340)
GOLD Db,c
n
148
149
mean (SD)
0.143 (0.2067)
0.049 (0.2160)
Descriptive analyses of change from baseline in 0–24 h wmFEV1 on Day 84 and in trough FEV1 on Day 85 by GOLD subgroup
FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FP/SAL fluticasone propionate/salmeterol, GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease™, ITT intent-to-treat, SD standard deviation, UMEC umeclidinium, VI vilanterol, wm weighted mean
aFEV1 ≥ 50 % to <80 % predicted; bAll but three patients fulfilled the exclusion criterion regarding no exacerbations in the past year—no further details of exacerbation history were collected; cFEV1 ≥ 30 % to <50 % predicted
Other lung function endpoints
For peak FEV1 over 0–6 h post-dose, statistically significantly greater improvements in LS mean change from baseline were seen with UMEC/VI versus FP/SAL on Days 1 (p = 0.003) and 84 (p < 0.001) (Table 2). Median time to onset on Day 1 (increase in FEV1 ≥ 0.100 L above baseline) was significantly (p = 0.002) shorter with UMEC/VI compared with FP/SAL (Table 2). The proportion of patients achieving this increase in FEV1 on Day 1 was significantly greater (p < 0.05) with UMEC/VI versus FP/SAL at 5 min (Table 2), 15 min, 1, 3 and 6 h post-dose (Additional file 4). Patients treated with UMEC/VI had statistically significantly greater odds than patients treated with FP/SAL of achieving an increase from baseline in FEV1 ≥ 12 % and ≥0.200 L at any time during 0–6 h post-dose on Day 1 (p = 0.011), and in trough FEV1 ≥ 0.100 L on Day 85 (p < 0.001; Additional file 5), versus not achieving these increases.
UMEC/VI also significantly improved FVC endpoints (change from baseline in: wm 0–24 h FVC on Day 84, trough FVC on Day 85, and wm 0–6 h FVC on Days 1 and 84) compared with FP/SAL (all p < 0.001) (Additional file 6).
Symptomatic endpoints and health outcomes
No differences in rescue salbutamol use, mean TDI focal score, or SGRQ Total scores were seen between the UMEC/VI and FP/SAL groups at any time point (Table 4). UMEC/VI and FP/SAL resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in mean TDI scores (≥1 unit focal score) at all time points and in SGRQ Total scores (≥4 unit decrease from baseline) at all time points (except on Day 28 in the UMEC/VI group, where a 3.83-unit decrease was observed) (Table 4). The mean change from baseline on Day 84 for EQ-5D utility scores and CAT scores were similar for both treatments (Table 4).
Table 4
Results for symptomatic endpoints and health outcome measures (ITT population)
Endpoint
UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg (N = 358)
FP/SAL 500/50 mcg (N = 358)
Rescue salbutamol use
Mean number of puffs/day, weeks 1–12
n
334
349
LS mean (SE)
1.3 (0.08)
1.4 (0.08)
LS mean (SE) change from baseline
−1.3 (0.08)
−1.2 (0.08)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
−0.1 (−0.3–0.1)
p = 0.559
Percent rescue-free days during 12 weeks, change from baseline
n
334
349
Mean (SD), (%)
24.5 (36.38)
23.5 (36.95)
TDI focal score
na
344
351
Day 28
n
343
350
LS mean (SE)
1.7 (0.13)
1.6 (0.13)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
0.2 (−0.2–0.5)
p = 0.369
Day 56
n
336
343
LS mean (SE)
2.0 (0.12)
1.7 (0.12)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
0.3 (0.0–0.6)
p = 0.078
Day 84
n
334
338
LS mean (SE)
2.0 (0.14)
2.1 (0.13)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
−0.1 (−0.4–0.3)
p = 0.702
SGRQ Total score, change from baseline
na
339
349
Day 28
n
337
347
LS mean (SE)
41.25 (0.552)
40.03 (0.544)
LS mean change (SE)
−3.83 (0.552)
−5.05 (0.544)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
1.22 (−0.30–2.75)
p = 0.116
Day 84
n
329
336
LS mean (SE)
39.98 (0.626)
39.44 (0.619)
LS mean change (SE)
−5.10 (0.626)
−5.64 (0.619)
Treatment difference (95 % CI)
0.53 (−1.20–2.26)
p = 0.545
EQ-5D utility score on Day 84, change from baseline
n
335
341
Mean (SD)
0.03 (0.189)
0.03 (0.203)
CAT score on Day 84, change from baseline
n
335
341
Mean (SD)
−2.21 (6.054)
−2.35 (6.432)
CAT COPD Assessment Test, CI confidence interval, EQ-5D EuroQoL-5D, FP/SAL fluticasone propionate/salmeterol, ITT intent-to-treat, LS least squares, SE standard error, SD standard deviation, SGRQ St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, TDI Transition Dyspnea Index, UMEC umeclidinium, VI vilanterol
aNumber of patients with analysis data for one or more time points
Safety assessments
There were no unexpected safety findings with either treatment, and no marked differences were seen in the AE profiles between groups (Table 5). The incidence of cardiac AEs (2 % UMEC/VI; <1 % FP/SAL) and pneumonia (0 % UMEC/VI; <1 % FP/SAL) was very low in both groups. Eight patients treated with UMEC/VI and three treated with FP/SAL experienced COPD exacerbations. Further safety results are provided in the Additional file 3.
Table 5
Summary of incidence of different classes of AEs and COPD exacerbation (ITT population)
UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg (N = 358)
FP/SAL 500/50 mcg (N = 358)
AEs, n (%)
Any
99 (28)
105 (29)
Treatment-related
7 (2)
14 (4)
Leading to permanent discontinuation or withdrawal
6 (2)
5 (1)
Serious AEs, n (%)
Any
7 (2)
2 (<1)
Treatment-related
0
0
Fatal
1 (<1)
0
AEs of special interest, n (%)
Cardiac ischaemiaa
3 (<1)
0
Cardiac arrhythmias
3 (<1)
2 (<1)
Pneumonia
0
1 (<1)
LRTI (excluding pneumonia)
1 (<1)
0
AEs occurring in ≥3 % patients in any treatment group, n (%)
Headache
33 (9)
25 (7)
Nasopharyngitis
10 (3)
11 (3)
Back pain
7 (2)
9 (3)
Dysphonia
2 (<1)
9 (3)
COPD exacerbations, n (%)
8 (2)
3 (<1)
Summary of incidence of on-treatment AEs, serious AEs, AEs of special interest, most frequent AEs and COPD exacerbation
Once-daily UMEC/VI (62.5/25 mcg) for 12 weeks significantly improved all lung function endpoints compared with twice-daily FP/SAL (500/50 mcg) in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD with dyspnoea who did not report an exacerbation in the year prior to enrolment. This study extends current understanding of the benefits of LAMA/LABA compared with ICS/LABA combination treatment regimens by comparing these treatments in GOLD B and a subgroup of GOLD D patients without a history of exacerbations in the year prior to enrolment.
In this study, patients with COPD with mMRC score ≥2 and without a history of frequent exacerbations were categorised as either GOLD B (55 %) or D (45 %) on the basis of lung function, according to GOLD [1]. Consistent with findings from other studies that have demonstrated decreased effectiveness of inhaled treatments in patients with COPD with worse lung function [14, 15], in a post hoc analysis the effectiveness of both treatments on the primary and secondary endpoints was observed to be numerically greater in GOLD B patients. However, the relative effectiveness of UMEC/VI and FP/SAL was similar in both GOLD categories.
A 6-week study in patients with moderate COPD demonstrated that the LAMA tiotropium (18 mcg once daily) in combination with the LABA formoterol (12 mcg twice daily), delivered via separate inhalers, significantly improved lung function compared with twice-daily FP/SAL (500/50 mcg) [16]. The ILLUMINATE study also demonstrated significant lung function improvements with once-daily QVA149 (glycopyrronium [a LAMA]/indacaterol [a LABA] 50/110 mcg) versus twice-daily FP/SAL (500/50 mcg) in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD without exacerbations in the previous year [17]. ILLUMINATE and our study demonstrate the potential clinical benefits of inhaled LAMA/LABA fixed-dose combination therapy in patients with COPD without frequent exacerbations. A key difference between ILLUMINATE and the present study was the higher proportion of patients with severe airflow obstruction (18 % vs. 45 %, respectively) in our study. Furthermore, we strictly defined patients as having increased symptoms using the mMRC Dyspnoea Scale as recommended by GOLD [14], and consequently the present study contains a significant proportion of GOLD D patients.
Both UMEC/VI and FP/SAL had a positive impact on symptomatic endpoints and health outcomes in our study. However, in contrast to the significantly greater lung function improvements seen with UMEC/VI versus FP/SAL, no treatment differences were seen for these endpoints. These findings are unexpected as improving lung function often has beneficial effects on such patient-reported outcomes in patients with COPD [18]. The lack of patient-reported health outcome benefits with UMEC/VI versus FP/SAL might suggest that current tools for measuring patient-reported outcomes are not sensitive enough within this sample size to detect differences between two active treatments. Another possible explanation is that 12 weeks is too short a duration to detect differences in patient-reported outcomes between treatments, and results from the 26-week ILLUMINATE trial [17] support this hypothesis.
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While a numerical imbalance in COPD exacerbations was observed between treatment groups (8 [2 %] patients in UMEC/VI and 3 [<1 %] patients in FP/SAL), this was a small difference in a population with a very low exacerbation rate overall. Longer studies of UMEC/VI versus FP/SAL in a population with greater exacerbation risk are needed to clarify treatment differences on exacerbation rate between UMEC/VI and FP/SAL.
Overall, there were no new safety concerns with UMEC/VI or FP/SAL and both treatments were well tolerated in our study, although the duration of treatment was relatively short (12 weeks). The tolerability profile with UMEC/VI in this study, particularly the very low incidence of cardiovascular effects, is similar to that reported from other studies of longer duration in patients with COPD at the clinical dosing regimen (once-daily 62.5/25 mcg for 24 weeks) [7, 8]. Similarly, the FP/SAL tolerability data in our study are similar to those reported in previous studies [19‐21].
A key strength of our study was the direct comparison of the approved UMEC/VI regimen with a commonly used ICS-based COPD treatment in patients specifically identified as GOLD B or D. Moreover, the study recruited approximately equal proportions of patients categorised as GOLD B or D. Other strengths include the large sample size, very high compliance with the study medications, and application of statistical hierarchy methodology to avoid multiple comparisons and multiplicity issues. Potential limitations of this study are that patient recruitment was restricted to GOLD II and III patients, so the potential benefits of UMEC/VI compared with FP/SAL are unknown in very severe COPD, and that the study was insufficiently long to detect treatment differences in side effects.
Conclusion
Once-daily UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mcg over 12 weeks significantly improved lung function in symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe COPD with no exacerbations in the year prior to enrolment versus twice-daily FP/SAL 500/50 mcg. ICS/LABA combinations are often prescribed to the type of patients enrolled in this study (GOLD B and GOLD D patients without frequent exacerbations). However, our findings indicate that the corticosteroid-sparing dual bronchodilator UMEC/VI may offer a better treatment option in these patients.
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Acknowledgements
This study was sponsored by GSK. The authors wish to thank all patients and investigators involved in this study. We also thank Nathalie Richard (GSK), the statistician involved in protocol development and preparing the statistical analysis plan. Editorial support in the form of development of the draft outline and manuscript first draft in consultation with the authors, editorial suggestions to draft versions of this paper, assembling tables and figures, collating author comments, copyediting, fact checking, referencing and graphic services were provided by Jackie Phillipson, PhD at Gardiner-Caldwell Communications (Macclesfield, UK) and was funded by GSK. Further editorial support in the form of collating author responses to peer-review comments was provided by Gillian Groeger, PhD Fishawack Indicia (Abingdon, UK) and was also funded by GSK.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
DS has served as consultant to Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingleheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GSK, Novartis, Nycomed and Roche; has received research grants from Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingleheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GSK, Novartis, Nycomed and Roche; has received payment for lectures including service on speakers bureaus from Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingleheim, Chiesi, Cipla, GSK, Novartis, Nycomed, Roche and Takeda. All other authors (SW, C-QZ, LH and AC) are employed by and hold stock in GSK.
Authors’ contribution
DS contributed to the conception and design of the study and data interpretation. SW contributed to the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data and data interpretation. C-QZ contributed to the data analyses and data interpretation. LH contributed to the conception and design of the study and data interpretation. AC contributed to the conception and design of the study and data interpretation. Employees of the sponsor were involved in the conception, design and conduct of the study, and in data collection and analysis. All authors, including authors employed by the sponsor, participated in the development of the manuscript, and had access to the data from the study. The decision to submit for publication was that of the authors alone.
