Background
Methods
Study design and study area
Study population and sample size determination
Collections of sociodemographic information
Anthropometric measurement and nutritional status assessment
Parasitological examinations
Quality control
Statistical analysis
Results
Socio demographic characteristics
Variables | Categories | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Sex student | Female | 189 | 49.5 |
Male | 193 | 50.5 | |
Age of students | 7–8 | 118 | 30.9 |
9–10 | 175 | 45.8 | |
11–13 | 89 | 23.3 | |
Family monthly income (ETBa) | <500 | 106 | 18.1 |
500-1500 | 215 | 56.5 | |
>1500 | 61 | 25.4 | |
Mother education | Illiterate | 125 | 32.5 |
Primary school | 143 | 37.4 | |
Secondary school and above | 114 | 29.8 | |
Hand washing habit | Sometimes | 170 | 44.5 |
Always | 212 | 55.5 | |
Shoe wearing habit | Sometimes | 201 | 52.6 |
Always | 181 | 47.4 | |
Religion | Orthodox | 265 | 69.4 |
Muslim | 49 | 12.8 | |
Protestant | 68 | 17.8 | |
Finger cleanness | Not clean | 117 | 30.6 |
Clean | 265 | 69.4 | |
Meal frequency | ≤3times a day | 288 | 75.4 |
>3 times/day | 94 | 24.6 | |
Overall nutritional status | HAZ, BAZ & WAZ<-2 SD | 159 | 41.6 |
HAZ, BAZ & WAZ >-2SD | 223 | 58.4 | |
Stunting | HAZ<-2 SD | 70 | 18.3 |
HAZ>-2 SD | 312 | 81.7 | |
Thinness | BAZ<-2 SD | 102 | 26.7 |
BAZ>-2 SD | 280 | 73.3 | |
Underweight | WAZ<-2 SD | 76 | 25.9 |
WAZ>-2 SD | 217 | 74.1 | |
Parasitic infection | Infected | 200 | 52.4 |
Not infected | 182 | 47.6 |
Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and associated risk factors
Parasite species | Parasite infected students by sex | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female No. (%) | Male No. (%) | Total No. (%) | Chi-Square P-value | ||
Protozoa |
Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
| 30 (7.9) | 34 (8.9) | 64 (16.8) | 0.65 |
Giardia lamblia
| 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0.32 | |
Isospora belli
| 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0.32 | |
Enterobius vermicularis
| 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.31 | |
Helminths |
Ascaris lumbricoides
| 27 (7.1) | 25 (6.5) | 52 (13.6) | 0.70 |
Hookworm
| 30 (7.9) | 26 (6.8) | 56 (14.7) | 0.51 | |
Hymenoleps nana
| 12 (3.1) | 16 (4.2) | 28 (7.3) | 0.48 | |
Schistosoma mansoni
| 6 (1.6) | 3 (0.8) | 9 (2.4) | 0.29 | |
Trichuris trichiura
| 4 (1) | 3 (0.8) | 7 (1.8) | 0.68 | |
Strongyloides stericoralis
| 1 (0.3) | 4 (1) | 5 (1.3) | 0.19 | |
Taenia spp
| 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0.32 | |
Single infection | 85 (22.3) | 91 (23.8) | 176 (46.1) | 0.67 | |
Multiple infection | 13 (3.4) | 11 (2.9) | 24 (6.3) | 0.64 | |
Over all infection | 98 (25.7) | 102 (26.7) | 200 (52.4) | 0.85 |
Risk factors | Categories | Parasitic infection | Crude OR (CI 95%) | Adjusted OR (CI 95%)a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | Total (%) | ||||
Nutritional status | Undernourished (Z<-2SD) | 71 (18.6) | 88 (23) | 159 (41.6) | 1.70 (1.13-2.56)* | 1.69 (1.05-2.74)* |
Normal (Z>-2SD) | 129 (33.8) | 94 (24.6) | 223 (58.4) | 1 | 1 | |
Hand washing habit | Sometimes | 149 (39) | 63 (16.5) | 212 (55.5) | 5.52 (3.55-8.58)** | 8.05(4.66-13.89)** |
Always | 51 (13.4) | 119 (31.2) | 170 (44.5) | 1 | 1 | |
Shoe wearing habit | Sometimes | 115 (30.1) | 86 (22.5) | 201 (52.6) | 1.51 (1.01-2.26)* | 1.02(0.61-1.70) |
Always | 85 (22.3) | 96 (25.1) | 181 (47.4) | 1 | 1 | |
Fingernail cleanness | Not clean | 85 (22.3) | 32 (8.4) | 117 (30.6) | 3.46 (2.16-5.56)** | 4.96 (2.79-8.82)** |
Clean | 115 (30.1) | 150 (39.3) | 265 (69.4) | 1 | 1 | |
Mother education | Illiterate | 76 (19.9) | 49 (12.8) | 125 (32.7) | 2.03 (1.24-3.30)** | 2.00 (1.12-3.57)* |
Primary school | 62 (16.2) | 81 (21.2 | 143 (37.4) | 1.30 (0.78-2.18) | 1.56 (0.84-2.90) | |
Secondary school & above | 62 (16.2) | 52 (13.6) | 114 (29.8) | 1 | 1 | |
Family monthly income (ETB@) | <500 | 57 (14.9) | 49 (12.8) | 106 (27.7) | 0.81 (0.51-1.28) | |
500-1500 | 104 (27.2) | 111 (29.1) | 215 (56.3) | 1.52 (0.79-2.91) | ||
>1500 | 39 (10.2) | 22 (5.8) | 61 (16) | 1 | ||
Meal frequency | ≤ 3times a day | 152 (39.8) | 136 (35.6) | 288 (75.4) | 1.07 (0.67-1.71) | |
>3 times/day | 48 (12.6) | 46 (12) | 94 (24.6) | 1 | ||
Sex of students | Male | 102 (26.7) | 91 (23.8) | 193 (50.5) | 0.96 (0.64-1.44) | |
Female | 98 (25.7) | 91 (23.8) | 189 (49.5) | 1 | ||
Age (years) | 7-8 | 63 (16.5) | 55 (14.4) | 118 (30.9) | 0.88 (0.55-1.41) | |
9-10 | 88 (23) | 87 (22.8) | 175 (45.8) | 1.07(0.62-1.86) | ||
11-13 | 49 (12.8) | 40 (10.5) | 89 (23.3) | 1 |
Prevalence of undernutrition and its associated risk factors
Risk factors | Categories | Nutritional Status | Crude OR (CI 95%) | Adjusted OR (CI 95%)a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | Total (%) | ||||
Family monthly income (ETB@) | <500 | 53 (13.9) | 53 (15.9) | 106 (27.7) | 3.36 (1.65-8.81)** | 5.87 (2.61-13.23)** |
500-1500 | 92 (24.1) | 123 (32.3) | 215 (56.3) | 2.51 (1.30-4.83)* | 5.51(2.45-12.40)** | |
>1500 | 14 (3.7) | 47 (12.3) | 61 (16) | 1 | 1 | |
Meal frequency | ≤ 3times a day | 106 (27.7) | 182 (47.6) | 288 (75.4) | 2.22 (1.38-3.56)** | 4.11(2.23-7.59)** |
>3 times/day | 53 (13.9) | 41 (10.7) | 94 (24.6) | 1 | 1 | |
Parasitic infection | Infected | 71 (18.6) | 129 (33.8) | 200 (52.4) | 1.70 (1.13-2.56)* | 1.60 (1.03-2.46)* |
Not infected | 88 (23) | 94 (24.6) | 182 (47.6) | 1 | 1 | |
Sex of students | Male | 90 (23.6) | 103 (27) | 193 (50.5) | 1.52 (1.01-2.29)* | 1.46 (0.95-2.26) |
Female | 69 (18.1) | 120 (31.4) | 189 (49.5) | 1 | 1 | |
Age (years) | 7-8 | 42 (11) | 76 (19.9) | 118 (30.9) | 1.36 (0.84-2.19) | 1.82 (0.99-3.34) |
9-10 | 75 (19.6) | 100 (26.2) | 175 (45.8) | 1.62 (0.92-2.84) | 1.35 (0.77-2.38) | |
11-13 | 42 (11) | 47 (12.3) | 89 (23.3) | 1 | 1 | |
Hand washing habit | Sometimes | 81 (21.2) | 131 (34.3) | 212 (55.5) | 1.37(0.91-2.07) | |
Always | 78 (20.4) | 92 (24.1) | 170 (44.5) | 1 | ||
Shoe wearing habit | Sometimes | 80 (20.9) | 121 (31.7) | 201 (52.6) | 1.17(0.78-1.76) | |
Always | 79 (20.7) | 102 (26.7) | 181 (47.4) | 1 | ||
Mother education | Illiterate | 55 (14.4) | 70 (18.3) | 125 (32.7) | 0.69 (0.41-1.16) | |
Primary school | 64 (16.8) | 79 (20.7) | 143 (37.4) | 0.67 (0.40-1.11) | ||
Secondary school & above | 40 (10.5) | 74 (19.4) | 114 (29.8) | 1 | ||
Fingernail cleanness | Not clean | 47 (12.3) | 70 (18.3) | 117 (30.6) | 0.92(0.59-1.43) | |
Clean | 112 (29.3) | 153 (40.1) | 265 (69.4) | 1 |
Factor associated with stunting
Risk factors | Categories | Stunting | Crude OR (CI 95%) | Adjusted OR (CI 95%)a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | Total (%) | ||||
Meal frequency | ≤ 3times a day | 34 (8.9) | 254 (66.5) | 288 (75.4) | 4.64 (2.68-8.03)** | 5.56(2.97-10.41)** |
>3 times/day | 36 (9.4) | 58 (15.2) | 94 (24.6) | 1 | 1 | |
Sex of students | Male | 43 (11.3) | 150 (39.3) | 193 (50.5) | 1.72 (1.01-2.92)* | 1.76(0.99-3.12) |
Female | 27 (7.1) | 162 (42.4) | 189 (49.5) | 1 | 1 | |
Age (years) | 7-8 | 15 (3.9) | 103 (27) | 118 (30.9) | 1.42 (0.73-2.77) | 1.28 (0.63-2.61) |
9-10 | 30 (7.9) | 145 (38) | 175 (45.8) | 2.68 (1.32-5.47)* | 3.02(1.41-6.47)* | |
11-13 | 25 (6.5) | 64 (16.8) | 89 (23.3) | 1 | 1 | |
Mother education | Illiterate | 21 (5.5) | 104 (27.2) | 125 (32.7) | 1.72 (0.80-3.67) | 0.82 (0.35-1.94) |
Primary school | 37 (9.7) | 106 (27.7) | 143 (37.4) | 2.97 (1.47-6.01)* | 2.25 (1.06-4.78)* | |
Secondary school & above | 12 (3.1) | 102 (26.7) | 114 (29.8) | 1 | 1 | |
Parasitic infection | Infected | 38 (9.9) | 162 (42.4) | 200 (52.4) | 1.10(0.65-1.85) | |
Not infected | 32 (8.4) | 150 (39.3) | 182 (47.6) | 1 | ||
Family monthly income (ETB@) | <500 | 21 (5.5) | 85 (22.3) | 106 (27.7) | 0.53 (0.21-1.32) | |
500-1500 | 42 (11) | 173 (45.3) | 215 (56.3) | 0.53 (0.23-1.26) | ||
>1500 | 7 (1.8) | 54 (14.1) | 61 (16) | 1 | ||
Hand washing habit | Sometimes | 39 (10.2) | 173 (45.3) | 212 (55.5) | 1.08 (0.64-1.83) | |
Always | 31 (8.1) | 139 (36.4) | 170 (44.5) | 1 | ||
Shoe wearing habit | Sometimes | 38 (9.9) | 163 (42.7) | 201 (52.6) | 1.08 (0.64-1.83) | |
Always | 32 (8.4) | 149 (39) | 181 (47.4) | 1 | ||
Fingernail cleanness | Not clean | 21 (5.5) | 96 (25.1) | 117 (30.6) | 1.04 (0.59-1.82) | |
Clean | 49 (12.8) | 216 (56.5) | 265 (69.4) | 1 |
Factor associated with thinness
Risk factors | Categories | Thinness | Crude OR (CI 95%) | Adjusted OR (CI 95%)a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | Total (%) | ||||
Family monthly income (ETB@) | <500 | 32 (8.4) | 74 (19.4) | 106 (27.7) | 2.21 (1.00-4.88) | 2.99 (1.28-7.01)* |
500-1500 | 60 (15.7) | 155 (40.6) | 215 (56.3) | 1.97 (0.94-4.14) | 2.69 (1.16-6.26)* | |
>1500 | 10 (2.6) | 51 (13.4) | 61 (16.0) | 1 | 1 | |
Parasitic infection | Infected | 40 (10.5) | 160 (41.9) | 200 (52.4 | 2.07 (1.30-3.28)** | 1.92 (1.15-3.19)* |
Not infected | 62 (16.2) | 120 (31.4) | 182 (47.6) | 1 | 1 | |
Hand washing habit | Sometimes | 48 (12.6) | 164 (42.9) | 212 (55.5) | 1.59 (1.01-2.51)* | 1.02 (0.58-1.81) |
Always | 54 (14.1) | 116 (30.4) | 170 (44.5) | 1 | 1 | |
Shoe wearing habit | Sometimes | 45 (11.8) | 156 (40.8) | 201 (52.6) | 1.59 (1.01-2.52)* | 1.52 (0.91-1.55) |
Always | 57 (14.9) | 124 (32.5) | 181 (47.4) | 1 | ||
Meal frequency | ≤ 3times a day | 71 (18.6) | 217 (56.8) | 288 (75.4) | 1.50 (0.91-2.49) | 1.76 (0.95-3.29) |
>3 times/day | 31 (8.1) | 63 (16.5) | 94 (24.6) | 1 | 1 | |
Age (years) | 7-8 | 25 (6.5) | 93 (24.3) | 118 (30.9) | 1.49 (0.86-2.58) | 1.39 (0.79-2.47) |
9-10 | 50 (13.1) | 125 (32.7) | 175 (45.8) | 1.62 (0.86-3.05) | 1.71 (0.89-3.29) | |
11-13 | 27 (7.1) | 62 (16.2) | 89 (23.3) | 1 | 1 | |
Mother education | Illiterate | 36 (9.4) | 89 (23.3) | 125 (32.7) | 1.08 (0.62-1.91) | |
Primary school | 35 (9.2) | 108 (28.3) | 143 (37.4) | 0.87 (0.49-1.52) | ||
Secondary school & above | 31 (8.1) | 83 (21.7) | 114 (29.8) | 1 | ||
Fingernail cleanness | Not clean | 28 (7.3) | 89 (23.3) | 117 (30.6) | 1.23 (0.75-2.04) | |
Clean | 74 (19.4) | 191 (50) | 265 (69.4) | 1 | ||
Sex of students | Male | 54 (14.1) | 139 (36.4) | 193 (50.5) | 1.14 (0.73-1.79) | |
Female | 48 (12.6) | 141 (36.9) | 189 (49.5) | 1 |
Factor associated with underweight
Risk factors | Categories | Underweight | Crude OR (CI 95%) | Adjusted OR (CI 95%)a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | Total (%) | ||||
Parasitic infection | Infected | 28 (9.6) | 123 (42) | 151 (51.5) | 2.24 (1.31-3.84)** | 2.43 (1.40-4.22)** |
Not infected | 48 (16.4) | 94 (32.1) | 142 (48.5) | 1 | 1 | |
Meal frequency | ≤ 3times a day | 36 (12.3) | 131 (44.7) | 167 (57) | 1.69 (1.00-2.86) | 1.77 (1.03-3.05)* |
>3 times/day | 40 (13.7) | 86 (29.4) | 126 (43) | 1 | 1 | |
Sex of students | Male | 45 (15.4) | 102 (34.8) | 147 (50.2) | 1.64 (0.96-2.78) | 1.76 (1.02-3.04)* |
Female | 31 (10.6) | 115 (39.2) | 146 (49.8) | 1 | 1 | |
Family monthly income (ETB@) | <500 | 12 (4.1) | 41 (14) | 53 (18.1) | 0.96 (0.42-2.34) | |
500-1500 | 47 (16) | 120 (41) | 167 (57) | 1.29 (0.68-2.44) | ||
>1500 | 17 (5.8) | 56 (19.1) | 73 (24.9) | 1 | ||
Mother education | Illiterate | 28 (9.6) | 66 (22.5) | 94 (32.1) | 1.56 (0.79-3.06) | |
Primary school | 29 (9.9) | 81 (27.6) | 110 (37.5) | 1.32 (0.68-2.56) | ||
Secondary school & above | 19 (6.5) | 70 (23.9) | 89 (30.4) | 1 | ||
Hand washing habit | Sometimes | 31 (10.6) | 100 (34.1) | 131(44.7) | 1.24 (0.73-2.11) | |
Always | 45 (15.4) | 117 (39.9) | 162 (55.3) | 1 | ||
Shoe wearing habit | Sometimes | 31 (10.6) | 100 (34.1) | 131 (44.7) | 1.24 (0.73-2.11) | |
Always | 45 (15.4) | 117 (39.9) | 162 (55.3) | 1 | ||
Fingernail cleanness | Not clean | 12 (4.1) | 41 (14) | 53 (18.1) | 1.24 (0.61-2.51) | |
Clean | 64 (21.8) | 176 (60.1) | 240 (81.9) | 1 | ||
Age (years) | 7-8 | 25 (8.5) | 93 (31.7) | 118 (40.3) | 1.53 (0.88-2.65) | |
9-10 | 51 (17.4) | 124 (42.3) | 175 (59.7) | 1 |