Background
Methods
Ethics
Aboriginal leadership
Settings
Sample
Treatment program
Program pathways
Measures
Procedure
Statistical methods
Demographic and treatment characteristics
Substance use characteristics
Mental health and quality of life characteristics
Data analysis
Results
Key characteristics of Aboriginal residential rehabilitation programs
Key services provided | Study sites | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Namatjira Haven | The Glen Centre | Weigelli | Orana Haven | Oolong House | Maayu Mali | |
Client assessments | ||||||
Pre-entrya | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Program entry (week 1)b | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Mid-program (weeks 4–8)c | ✓ (week 6) | ✓ (week 4) | ✓(week 6) | ✓(week 6) | ✓ (week 4) | ✗ |
Program exit (week 12–16)d | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Eligibility | Males 18 years + | Males 18 years + | Males/females/couples 18 years + | Males 18 years + | Males 18 years + | Males/females 18 years + |
Treatment options | ||||||
Length (weeks) | 12 to 36 | 12 | 12 | 12 to 52 | 16+ (individual plans) | 12 |
Bed numbers | 16 | 20 (program) 18 (transition) | 18 | 16 | 21 | 14 (males) 4 (females) |
Manage withdrawal syndrome | ✓ (2 beds) | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
Treatment components and other health care | ||||||
1. Cultural healinge | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
2. Case management | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
3. Education/life skills | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Other outside programs | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
4. Therapeutic activities: | ||||||
Group work | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Counselling (SEWB support)f | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Physical health check (GPs) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
5. Time out from substances | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
6. Aftercare planning/supportg | (Opportunistic)h | (Transition, 3–12 months)i | (Planned to 6-months)j | (Opportunistic) | (Planned to 12-months) | (Planned to 12-months) |
Demographic and treatment characteristics
Demographic and treatment characteristics Admissions (n) | Study sites (N = 2645) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Namatjira Haven | The Glen Centre | Weigelli | Orana Haven | Oolong House | Maayu Mali | |
n = 382 | n = 798 | n = 589 | n = 329 | n = 344 | n = 203 | |
Socio demographics | ||||||
Age (mean)a,b | 35 | 33 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 33 |
Age groups (in years; %) | ||||||
18–25 | 20 | 25 | 28 | 25 | 25 | 22 |
26–35 | 34 | 35 | 38 | 36 | 34 | 41 |
36–45 | 27 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 24 |
≥ 46 | 19 | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 13 |
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (%) | 92 | 59 | 83 | 85 | 62 | –c |
Length of stay (%)d,e | ||||||
Less than 2 weeks | 14 | 18 | 21 | 20 | 33 | – |
2 to less than 4 weeks | 12 | 11 | 20 | 15 | 9 | – |
4 to less than 6 weeks | 24 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 13 | – |
6 to less than 8 weeks | 30 | 32 | 8 | 5 | 7 | – |
8 + weeks | 20 | 21 | 37 | 49 | 38 | – |
Referral source (%) | ||||||
Criminal justice system | 16 | 28 | 24 | – | 28 | – |
Self | 29 | 38 | 43 | – | 60 | – |
Other | 56 | 34 | 33 | – | 12 | – |
Discharge type (%) | ||||||
Completedf | – | 55 | – | 33 | 30 | – |
Self-discharge | – | 44 | – | 47 | 40 | – |
House rules violation | – | 1 | – | 20 | 30 | – |
Substance use characteristics
Principal and secondary substance of concern
Substance use characteristics | Study sites (N = 2104) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Namatjira Havena n = 349 | The Glen Centreb n = 703 | Weigelli n = 589 | Orana Havenc n = 51 | Oolong House n = 344 | Maayu Mali n = 68 | |
Principal substance of concern (%) | % | |||||
Alcohol | 66 | 36 | 29 | 16 | 48 | 41 |
Cannabis | 3 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 12 | 16 |
Amphetamines | 18 | 45 | 41 | 63 | 32 | 39 |
Opioids | 13 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 3 |
Other | – | 4 | 7 | – | 3 | 1 |
Secondary substance of concern (%) | ||||||
Alcohol | 7 | – | 34 | – | – | – |
Amphetamines | 34 | – | 27 | – | – | – |
Opioids | 5 | – | 11 | – | – | – |
Cannabis | 53 | – | 26 | – | – | – |
Other | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – |
Smoking status (%) | ||||||
Smoker (in the last 12 months) | 56 | 82 | 84 | 81 | – | – |
Non-smoker (in the last 12 months) | 37 | 18 | 6 | 19 | – | – |
Not stated | 7 | – | 10 | – | – | – |
Alcohol use risk: 10-item AUDIT (%) | ||||||
Low risk (doug0–7) | 20 | – | – | – | – | – |
Moderate risk (8–15) | 10 | – | – | – | – | – |
High risk (16–19) | 11 | – | – | – | – | – |
Dependent (20 +) | 59 | – | – | – | – | – |
Drug use risk: 10-item DUDIT (%) | ||||||
Low risk (score 0–24) | 12 | – | – | – | – | – |
High risk (score > 25) | 88 | – | – | – | – | – |
Severity of dependence (%) (Indigenous Risk Impact Screen—IRIS) | ||||||
At risk (score 10+) | 98 | – | – | – | – | – |
(Severity of Dependence Scale—SDS) | ||||||
Low (score 0–3) | – | 4 | 10 | – | – | – |
Mild (score 4–6) | – | 13 | 25 | – | – | – |
Moderate (score 7–9) | – | 28 | 28 | – | – | – |
Substantial (score 10–12) | – | 35 | 21 | – | – | – |
Severe (score 13–15) | – | 20 | 16 | – | – | – |
Tobacco
Alcohol and other drug use and dependence
Mental health and quality of life characteristics
Mental health and quality of life characteristics | Study sites (N=2422) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Namatjira Havena | The Glen Centreb | Weigelli | Orana Haven | Oolong House | Maayu Mali | |
n = 200 | n = 703 | n = 589 | ||||
Mental health (%) | ||||||
Kessler-10 (%) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Low psychological distress (score 10–15) | 13 | 39 | 12 | – | – | – |
Moderate psychological distress (score 16–21) | 17 | 23 | 17 | – | – | – |
High psychological distress (score 22–29) | 28 | 19 | 35 | – | – | – |
Very high psychological distress (score > 30) | 42 | 19 | 36 | – | – | – |
Indigenous Risk Impact Screen (IRIS)—mental health and wellbeing | ||||||
At risk (score 11 +) | 88 | – | – | – | – | – |
Quality of life (%) | ||||||
WHO-Quality of Life (8 item version)c | ||||||
Total score for all 6 domains: mean, median | 26, 26 | 30, 31 | – | – | – | – |
Index score (raw score for each of the 8 items): | 25 | 30 | – | – | – | – |
Individual domain scores: mean, median | ||||||
1. Quality of life | 5.9, 6.0 | 8.3, 8.0 | – | – | – | – |
2. Health | 5.9, 6.0 | 7.3, 8.0 | – | – | – | – |
3. Physical quality of life | 6.7, 7.0 | 8.1, 8.0 | – | – | – | – |
4. Psychological quality of life | 6.5, 6.0 | 7.5, 8.0 | – | – | – | – |
5. Satisfaction with social relationships | 6.3, 6.0 | 7.0, 8.0 | – | – | – | – |
6. Satisfaction with environment | 6.3, 7.0 | 7.4, 8.0 | – | – | – | – |