Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Head and Neck Pathology 1/2018

20.03.2018 | Proceedings of the North American Society of Head and Neck Pathology Companion Meeting, March 18, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Update on Merkel Cell Carcinoma

verfasst von: Michael T. Tetzlaff, Priyadharsini Nagarajan

Erschienen in: Head and Neck Pathology | Ausgabe 1/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. Incidence of MCC continues to rise, and risk factors include advanced age, pale skin, chronic sun exposure, and immune suppression. Diagnosing MCC utilizes a combination of morphology and immunohistochemistry. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is present in approximately 70–80% of MCCs and represents a key pathogenic driver in those MCCs. In contrast, MCPyV-negative MCCs arise through progressive accumulation of ultraviolet-light induced somatic mutations. Staging of MCC proceeds according to the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) 8th Edition, which utilizes features of the primary tumor together with regional lymph node(s) (clinically and/or pathologically detected) and/or distant metastases. Many potentially useful biomarkers have been studied to refine risk stratification in MCC. In recent years, the host immune infiltrate has been leveraged as immune checkpoint blockade has emerged as an efficacious mode of treatment for patients with advanced MCC.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Chable-Montero F, Sagy N, Schwartz AM, Henson DE. Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(1):20 – 7.PubMedCrossRef Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Chable-Montero F, Sagy N, Schwartz AM, Henson DE. Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(1):20 – 7.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Andea AA, Coit DG, Amin B, Busam KJ. Merkel cell carcinoma: histologic features and prognosis. Cancer 2008;113(9):2549–58.PubMedCrossRef Andea AA, Coit DG, Amin B, Busam KJ. Merkel cell carcinoma: histologic features and prognosis. Cancer 2008;113(9):2549–58.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Engels EA, Frisch M, Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, Miller RW. Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection. Lancet 2002;359(9305):497–8.PubMedCrossRef Engels EA, Frisch M, Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, Miller RW. Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection. Lancet 2002;359(9305):497–8.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitzgerald TL, Dennis S, Kachare SD, Vohra NA, Wong JH, Zervos EE. Dramatic Increase in the Incidence and Mortality from Merkel Cell Carcinoma in the United States. Am Surg 2015;81(8):802–6.PubMed Fitzgerald TL, Dennis S, Kachare SD, Vohra NA, Wong JH, Zervos EE. Dramatic Increase in the Incidence and Mortality from Merkel Cell Carcinoma in the United States. Am Surg 2015;81(8):802–6.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Guler-Nizam E, Leiter U, Metzler G, Breuninger H, Garbe C, Eigentler TK. Clinical course and prognostic factors of Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(1):90–4.PubMedCrossRef Guler-Nizam E, Leiter U, Metzler G, Breuninger H, Garbe C, Eigentler TK. Clinical course and prognostic factors of Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(1):90–4.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Tarantola TI, Vallow LA, Halyard MY, et al. Prognostic factors in Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of 240 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(3):425–32.PubMedCrossRef Tarantola TI, Vallow LA, Halyard MY, et al. Prognostic factors in Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of 240 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(3):425–32.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Warner CL, Cockerell CJ. The new seventh edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging of cutaneous non-melanoma skin cancer: a critical review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(3):147–54.PubMedCrossRef Warner CL, Cockerell CJ. The new seventh edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging of cutaneous non-melanoma skin cancer: a critical review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(3):147–54.PubMedCrossRef
8.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Harms KL, Healy MA, Nghiem P, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors from 9387 Merkel cell carcinoma cases forms the basis for the new 8th edition AJCC staging system. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(11):3564–71.PubMedCrossRef Harms KL, Healy MA, Nghiem P, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors from 9387 Merkel cell carcinoma cases forms the basis for the new 8th edition AJCC staging system. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(11):3564–71.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodgson NC. Merkel cell carcinoma: changing incidence trends. J Surg Oncol. 2005;89(1):1–4.PubMedCrossRef Hodgson NC. Merkel cell carcinoma: changing incidence trends. J Surg Oncol. 2005;89(1):1–4.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Tadmor T, Liphshitz I, Aviv A, Landgren O, Barchana M, Polliack A. Increased incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphomas in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma - a population based study of 335 cases with neuroendocrine skin tumour. Br J Haematol. 2012;157(4):457–62.PubMedCrossRef Tadmor T, Liphshitz I, Aviv A, Landgren O, Barchana M, Polliack A. Increased incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphomas in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma - a population based study of 335 cases with neuroendocrine skin tumour. Br J Haematol. 2012;157(4):457–62.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, et al. Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(3):375–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, et al. Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(3):375–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Penn I, First MR. Merkel’s cell carcinoma in organ recipients: report of 41 cases. Transplantation 1999;68(11):1717–21.PubMedCrossRef Penn I, First MR. Merkel’s cell carcinoma in organ recipients: report of 41 cases. Transplantation 1999;68(11):1717–21.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemminki K, Liu X, Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Kaposi sarcoma and Merkel cell carcinoma after autoimmune disease. Int J Cancer 2012;131(3):E326-E8.CrossRef Hemminki K, Liu X, Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Kaposi sarcoma and Merkel cell carcinoma after autoimmune disease. Int J Cancer 2012;131(3):E326-E8.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Keymeulen A, Mascre G, Youseff KK, et al. Epidermal progenitors give rise to Merkel cells during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. J Cell Biol. 2009;187(1):91–100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Van Keymeulen A, Mascre G, Youseff KK, et al. Epidermal progenitors give rise to Merkel cells during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. J Cell Biol. 2009;187(1):91–100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Sauer CM, Haugg AM, Chteinberg E, et al. Reviewing the current evidence supporting early B-cells as the cellular origin of Merkel cell carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol. 2017;116:99–105.CrossRef Sauer CM, Haugg AM, Chteinberg E, et al. Reviewing the current evidence supporting early B-cells as the cellular origin of Merkel cell carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol. 2017;116:99–105.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong HY, Liu W, Cohen P, Mahle CE, Zhang W. B-cell specific activation protein encoded by the PAX-5 gene is commonly expressed in merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(5):687–92.PubMedCrossRef Dong HY, Liu W, Cohen P, Mahle CE, Zhang W. B-cell specific activation protein encoded by the PAX-5 gene is commonly expressed in merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(5):687–92.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Kolhe R, Reid MD, Lee JR, Cohen C, Ramalingam P. Immunohistochemical expression of PAX5 and TdT by Merkel cell carcinoma and pulmonary small cell carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall but useful discriminatory marker. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013;6(2):142–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Kolhe R, Reid MD, Lee JR, Cohen C, Ramalingam P. Immunohistochemical expression of PAX5 and TdT by Merkel cell carcinoma and pulmonary small cell carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall but useful discriminatory marker. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013;6(2):142–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Saxena R, Zhang S, et al. Pax-5 immunoexpression in various types of benign and malignant tumours: a high-throughput tissue microarray analysis. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60(6):709 – 14.PubMedCrossRef Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Saxena R, Zhang S, et al. Pax-5 immunoexpression in various types of benign and malignant tumours: a high-throughput tissue microarray analysis. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60(6):709 – 14.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Murakami I, Takata K, Matsushita M, et al. Immunoglobulin expressions are only associated with MCPyV-positive Merkel cell carcinomas but not with MCPyV-negative ones: comparison of prognosis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38(12):1627–35.PubMedCrossRef Murakami I, Takata K, Matsushita M, et al. Immunoglobulin expressions are only associated with MCPyV-positive Merkel cell carcinomas but not with MCPyV-negative ones: comparison of prognosis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38(12):1627–35.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Zur Hausen A, Rennspiess D, Winnepenninckx V, Speel EJ, Kurz AK. Early B-cell differentiation in Merkel cell carcinomas: clues to cellular ancestry. Cancer Res. 2013;73(16):4982–7.PubMedCrossRef Zur Hausen A, Rennspiess D, Winnepenninckx V, Speel EJ, Kurz AK. Early B-cell differentiation in Merkel cell carcinomas: clues to cellular ancestry. Cancer Res. 2013;73(16):4982–7.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatia K, Goedert JJ, Modali R, Preiss L, Ayers LW. Merkel cell carcinoma subgroups by Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA relative abundance and oncogene expression. Int J Cancer 2010;126(9):2240–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Bhatia K, Goedert JJ, Modali R, Preiss L, Ayers LW. Merkel cell carcinoma subgroups by Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA relative abundance and oncogene expression. Int J Cancer 2010;126(9):2240–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Buresh CJ, Oliai BR, Miller RT. Reactivity with TdT in Merkel cell carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;129(6):894–8.PubMedCrossRef Buresh CJ, Oliai BR, Miller RT. Reactivity with TdT in Merkel cell carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;129(6):894–8.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Sidiropoulos M, Hanna W, Raphael SJ, Ghorab Z. Expression of TdT in Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;135(6):831–8.PubMedCrossRef Sidiropoulos M, Hanna W, Raphael SJ, Ghorab Z. Expression of TdT in Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;135(6):831–8.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Sur M, AlArdati H, Ross C, Alowami S. TdT expression in Merkel cell carcinoma: potential diagnostic pitfall with blastic hematological malignancies and expanded immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol. 2007;20(11):1113–20.PubMedCrossRef Sur M, AlArdati H, Ross C, Alowami S. TdT expression in Merkel cell carcinoma: potential diagnostic pitfall with blastic hematological malignancies and expanded immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol. 2007;20(11):1113–20.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Schadendorf D, Lebbe C, Zur Hausen A, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: epidemiology, prognosis, therapy and unmet medical needs. Eur J Cancer 2017;71:53–69.PubMedCrossRef Schadendorf D, Lebbe C, Zur Hausen A, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: epidemiology, prognosis, therapy and unmet medical needs. Eur J Cancer 2017;71:53–69.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker JC, Stang A, DeCaprio JA, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3: 170–77.CrossRef Becker JC, Stang A, DeCaprio JA, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3: 170–77.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Berrios C, Padi M, Keibler MA, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen promotes pro-glycolytic metabolic perturbations required for transformation. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(11):e1006020.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Berrios C, Padi M, Keibler MA, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen promotes pro-glycolytic metabolic perturbations required for transformation. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12(11):e1006020.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kassem A, Schopflin A, Diaz C, et al. Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas and identification of a unique deletion in the VP1 gene. Cancer Res. 2008;68(13):5009–13.PubMedCrossRef Kassem A, Schopflin A, Diaz C, et al. Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas and identification of a unique deletion in the VP1 gene. Cancer Res. 2008;68(13):5009–13.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker JC, Houben R, Ugurel S, Trefzer U, Pfohler C, Schrama D. MC polyomavirus is frequently present in Merkel cell carcinoma of European patients. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(1):248–50.PubMedCrossRef Becker JC, Houben R, Ugurel S, Trefzer U, Pfohler C, Schrama D. MC polyomavirus is frequently present in Merkel cell carcinoma of European patients. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(1):248–50.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Garneski KM, Warcola AH, Feng Q, Kiviat NB, Leonard JH, Nghiem P. Merkel cell polyomavirus is more frequently present in North American than Australian Merkel cell carcinoma tumors. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(1):246–8.PubMedCrossRef Garneski KM, Warcola AH, Feng Q, Kiviat NB, Leonard JH, Nghiem P. Merkel cell polyomavirus is more frequently present in North American than Australian Merkel cell carcinoma tumors. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(1):246–8.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Duncavage EJ, Zehnbauer BA, Pfeifer JD. Prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2009;22(4):516 – 21.PubMedCrossRef Duncavage EJ, Zehnbauer BA, Pfeifer JD. Prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2009;22(4):516 – 21.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Sastre-Garau X, Peter M, Avril MF, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: pathological and molecular evidence for a causative role of MCV in oncogenesis. J Pathol. 2009;218(1):48–56.PubMedCrossRef Sastre-Garau X, Peter M, Avril MF, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: pathological and molecular evidence for a causative role of MCV in oncogenesis. J Pathol. 2009;218(1):48–56.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Shuda M, Arora R, Kwun HJ, et al. Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors. Int J Cancer 2009;125(6):1243–9.PubMedCrossRef Shuda M, Arora R, Kwun HJ, et al. Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors. Int J Cancer 2009;125(6):1243–9.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Sihto H, Kukko H, Koljonen V, Sankila R, Bohling T, Joensuu H. Clinical factors associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(13):938–45.PubMedCrossRef Sihto H, Kukko H, Koljonen V, Sankila R, Bohling T, Joensuu H. Clinical factors associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(13):938–45.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Loyo M, Guerrero-Preston R, Brait M, et al. Quantitative detection of Merkel cell virus in human tissues and possible mode of transmission. Int J Cancer 2010;126(12):2991–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Loyo M, Guerrero-Preston R, Brait M, et al. Quantitative detection of Merkel cell virus in human tissues and possible mode of transmission. Int J Cancer 2010;126(12):2991–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Busam KJ, Jungbluth AA, Rekthman N, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in merkel cell carcinomas and its absence in combined tumors and pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(9):1378–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Busam KJ, Jungbluth AA, Rekthman N, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in merkel cell carcinomas and its absence in combined tumors and pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(9):1378–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Andres C, Belloni B, Puchta U, Sander CA, Flaig MJ. Prevalence of MCPyV in Merkel cell carcinoma and non-MCC tumors. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(1):28–34.PubMedCrossRef Andres C, Belloni B, Puchta U, Sander CA, Flaig MJ. Prevalence of MCPyV in Merkel cell carcinoma and non-MCC tumors. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(1):28–34.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Houben R, Schrama D, Alb M, et al. Comparable expression and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein in Merkel cell polyoma virus-positive and negative Merkel cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010;126(3):796–8.PubMedCrossRef Houben R, Schrama D, Alb M, et al. Comparable expression and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein in Merkel cell polyoma virus-positive and negative Merkel cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010;126(3):796–8.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatia K, Goedert JJ, Modali R, Preiss L, Ayers LW. Immunological detection of viral large T antigen identifies a subset of Merkel cell carcinoma tumors with higher viral abundance and better clinical outcome. Int J Cancer 2010;127(6):1493–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bhatia K, Goedert JJ, Modali R, Preiss L, Ayers LW. Immunological detection of viral large T antigen identifies a subset of Merkel cell carcinoma tumors with higher viral abundance and better clinical outcome. Int J Cancer 2010;127(6):1493–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Mertz KD, Paasinen A, Arnold A, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen is detected in rare cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40(6):543–9.PubMedCrossRef Mertz KD, Paasinen A, Arnold A, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen is detected in rare cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40(6):543–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Duncavage EJ, Le BM, Wang D, Pfeifer JD. Merkel cell polyomavirus: a specific marker for Merkel cell carcinoma in histologically similar tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(12):1771–7.PubMedCrossRef Duncavage EJ, Le BM, Wang D, Pfeifer JD. Merkel cell polyomavirus: a specific marker for Merkel cell carcinoma in histologically similar tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(12):1771–7.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Jung HS, Choi YL, Choi JS, et al. Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Histol Histopathol. 2011;26(10):1231–41.PubMed Jung HS, Choi YL, Choi JS, et al. Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Histol Histopathol. 2011;26(10):1231–41.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Leitz M, Stieler K, Grundhoff A, Moll I, Brandner JM, Fischer N. Merkel cell polyomavirus detection in Merkel cell cancer tumors in Northern Germany using PCR and protein expression. J Med Virol. 2014;86(10):1813–9.PubMedCrossRef Leitz M, Stieler K, Grundhoff A, Moll I, Brandner JM, Fischer N. Merkel cell polyomavirus detection in Merkel cell cancer tumors in Northern Germany using PCR and protein expression. J Med Virol. 2014;86(10):1813–9.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Leroux-Kozal V, Leveque N, Brodard V, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: histopathologic and prognostic features according to the immunohistochemical expression of Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen correlated with viral load. Hum Pathol. 2015;46(3):443–53.PubMedCrossRef Leroux-Kozal V, Leveque N, Brodard V, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: histopathologic and prognostic features according to the immunohistochemical expression of Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen correlated with viral load. Hum Pathol. 2015;46(3):443–53.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Agostino M, Cinelli C, Willard R, Hofmann J, Jellinek N, Robinson-Bostom L. Epidermotropic Merkel cell carcinoma: a case series with histopathologic examination. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):463–8.PubMedCrossRef D’Agostino M, Cinelli C, Willard R, Hofmann J, Jellinek N, Robinson-Bostom L. Epidermotropic Merkel cell carcinoma: a case series with histopathologic examination. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):463–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Gomez LG, DiMaio S, Silva EG, Mackay B. Association between neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma and squamous carcinoma of the skin. Am J Surg Pathol. 1983;7(2):171–7.PubMedCrossRef Gomez LG, DiMaio S, Silva EG, Mackay B. Association between neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma and squamous carcinoma of the skin. Am J Surg Pathol. 1983;7(2):171–7.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Cerroni L, Kerl H. Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma in association with squamous- and basal-cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 1997;19(6):610–3.PubMedCrossRef Cerroni L, Kerl H. Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma in association with squamous- and basal-cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 1997;19(6):610–3.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Iacocca MV, Abernethy JL, Stefanato CM, Allan AE, Bhawan J. Mixed Merkel cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(5 Pt 2):882–7.PubMedCrossRef Iacocca MV, Abernethy JL, Stefanato CM, Allan AE, Bhawan J. Mixed Merkel cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(5 Pt 2):882–7.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Boutilier R, Desormeau L, Cragg F, Roberts P, Walsh N. Merkel cell carcinoma: squamous and atypical fibroxanthoma-like differentiation in successive local tumor recurrences. Am J Dermatopathol. 2001;23(1):46 – 9.PubMedCrossRef Boutilier R, Desormeau L, Cragg F, Roberts P, Walsh N. Merkel cell carcinoma: squamous and atypical fibroxanthoma-like differentiation in successive local tumor recurrences. Am J Dermatopathol. 2001;23(1):46 – 9.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hwang JH, Alanen K, Dabbs KD, Danyluk J, Silverman S. Merkel cell carcinoma with squamous and sarcomatous differentiation. J Cutan Pathol. 2008;35(10):955–9.PubMedCrossRef Hwang JH, Alanen K, Dabbs KD, Danyluk J, Silverman S. Merkel cell carcinoma with squamous and sarcomatous differentiation. J Cutan Pathol. 2008;35(10):955–9.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Sirikanjanapong S, Melamed J, Patel RR. Intraepidermal and dermal Merkel cell carcinoma with squamous cell carcinoma in situ: a case report with review of literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(8):881–5.PubMedCrossRef Sirikanjanapong S, Melamed J, Patel RR. Intraepidermal and dermal Merkel cell carcinoma with squamous cell carcinoma in situ: a case report with review of literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(8):881–5.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Ball NJ, Tanhuanco-Kho G. Merkel cell carcinoma frequently shows histologic features of basal cell carcinoma: a study of 30 cases. J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34(8):612–9.PubMedCrossRef Ball NJ, Tanhuanco-Kho G. Merkel cell carcinoma frequently shows histologic features of basal cell carcinoma: a study of 30 cases. J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34(8):612–9.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Moll R, Lowe A, Laufer J, Franke WW. Cytokeratin 20 in human carcinomas. A new histodiagnostic marker detected by monoclonal antibodies. Am J Pathol. 1992;140(2):427–47.PubMedPubMedCentral Moll R, Lowe A, Laufer J, Franke WW. Cytokeratin 20 in human carcinomas. A new histodiagnostic marker detected by monoclonal antibodies. Am J Pathol. 1992;140(2):427–47.PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan JK, Suster S, Wenig BM, Tsang WY, Chan JB, Lau AL. Cytokeratin 20 immunoreactivity distinguishes Merkel cell (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinomas and salivary gland small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of various sites. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21(2):226–34.PubMedCrossRef Chan JK, Suster S, Wenig BM, Tsang WY, Chan JB, Lau AL. Cytokeratin 20 immunoreactivity distinguishes Merkel cell (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinomas and salivary gland small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of various sites. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21(2):226–34.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Schirren CG, Rutten A, Kaudewitz P, Diaz C, McClain S, Burgdorf WH. Trichoblastoma and basal cell carcinoma are neoplasms with follicular differentiation sharing the same profile of cytokeratin intermediate filaments. Am J Dermatopathol. 1997;19(4):341–50.PubMedCrossRef Schirren CG, Rutten A, Kaudewitz P, Diaz C, McClain S, Burgdorf WH. Trichoblastoma and basal cell carcinoma are neoplasms with follicular differentiation sharing the same profile of cytokeratin intermediate filaments. Am J Dermatopathol. 1997;19(4):341–50.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott MP, Helm KF. Cytokeratin 20: a marker for diagnosing Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 1999;21(1):16–20.PubMedCrossRef Scott MP, Helm KF. Cytokeratin 20: a marker for diagnosing Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 1999;21(1):16–20.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat McNiff JM, Eisen RN, Glusac EJ. Immunohistochemical comparison of cutaneous lymphadenoma, trichoblastoma, and basal cell carcinoma: support for classification of lymphadenoma as a variant of trichoblastoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1999;26(3):119 – 24.PubMedCrossRef McNiff JM, Eisen RN, Glusac EJ. Immunohistochemical comparison of cutaneous lymphadenoma, trichoblastoma, and basal cell carcinoma: support for classification of lymphadenoma as a variant of trichoblastoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1999;26(3):119 – 24.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Poniecka AW, Alexis JB. An immunohistochemical study of basal cell carcinoma and trichoepithelioma. Am J Dermatopathol. 1999;21(4):332–6.PubMedCrossRef Poniecka AW, Alexis JB. An immunohistochemical study of basal cell carcinoma and trichoepithelioma. Am J Dermatopathol. 1999;21(4):332–6.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanly AJ, Elgart GW, Jorda M, Smith J, Nadji M. Analysis of thyroid transcription factor-1 and cytokeratin 20 separates merkel cell carcinoma from small cell carcinoma of lung. J Cutan Pathol. 2000;27(3):118–20.PubMedCrossRef Hanly AJ, Elgart GW, Jorda M, Smith J, Nadji M. Analysis of thyroid transcription factor-1 and cytokeratin 20 separates merkel cell carcinoma from small cell carcinoma of lung. J Cutan Pathol. 2000;27(3):118–20.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicholson SA, McDermott MB, Swanson PE, Wick MR. CD99 and cytokeratin-20 in small-cell and basaloid tumors of the skin. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2000;8(1):37–41.PubMed Nicholson SA, McDermott MB, Swanson PE, Wick MR. CD99 and cytokeratin-20 in small-cell and basaloid tumors of the skin. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2000;8(1):37–41.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Leech SN, Kolar AJ, Barrett PD, Sinclair SA, Leonard N. Merkel cell carcinoma can be distinguished from metastatic small cell carcinoma using antibodies to cytokeratin 20 and thyroid transcription factor 1. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54(9):727–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Leech SN, Kolar AJ, Barrett PD, Sinclair SA, Leonard N. Merkel cell carcinoma can be distinguished from metastatic small cell carcinoma using antibodies to cytokeratin 20 and thyroid transcription factor 1. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54(9):727–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang DT, Holden JA, Florell SR. CD117, CK20, TTF-1, and DNA topoisomerase II-alpha antigen expression in small cell tumors. J Cutan Pathol. 2004;31(3):254 – 61.PubMedCrossRef Yang DT, Holden JA, Florell SR. CD117, CK20, TTF-1, and DNA topoisomerase II-alpha antigen expression in small cell tumors. J Cutan Pathol. 2004;31(3):254 – 61.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Llombart B, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Guerrero JA, et al. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 20 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma in search of prognostic markers. Histopathology 2005;46(6):622–34.PubMedCrossRef Llombart B, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Guerrero JA, et al. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 20 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma in search of prognostic markers. Histopathology 2005;46(6):622–34.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Bobos M, Hytiroglou P, Kostopoulos I, Karkavelas G, Papadimitriou CS. Immunohistochemical distinction between merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Am J Dermatopathol. 2006;28(2):99–104.PubMedCrossRef Bobos M, Hytiroglou P, Kostopoulos I, Karkavelas G, Papadimitriou CS. Immunohistochemical distinction between merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Am J Dermatopathol. 2006;28(2):99–104.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Rekhi B, Kane SV, Jambhekar NA. Clinicopathological spectrum of a series of Merkel cell carcinomas diagnosed at a tertiary cancer referral center in India, with current concepts. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2015;19(5):341–6.PubMedCrossRef Rekhi B, Kane SV, Jambhekar NA. Clinicopathological spectrum of a series of Merkel cell carcinomas diagnosed at a tertiary cancer referral center in India, with current concepts. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2015;19(5):341–6.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Hashimoto K, Lee MW, D’Annunzio DR, Balle MR, Narisawa Y. Pagetoid Merkel cell carcinoma: epidermal origin of the tumor. J Cutan Pathol. 1998;25(10):572–9.PubMedCrossRef Hashimoto K, Lee MW, D’Annunzio DR, Balle MR, Narisawa Y. Pagetoid Merkel cell carcinoma: epidermal origin of the tumor. J Cutan Pathol. 1998;25(10):572–9.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Miraflor AP, LeBoit PE, Hirschman SA. Intraepidermal Merkel cell carcinoma with pagetoid Bowen’s disease. J Cutan Pathol. 2016;43(11):921–6.PubMedCrossRef Miraflor AP, LeBoit PE, Hirschman SA. Intraepidermal Merkel cell carcinoma with pagetoid Bowen’s disease. J Cutan Pathol. 2016;43(11):921–6.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Skelton HG, Smith KJ, Hitchcock CL, McCarthy WF, Lupton GP, Graham JH. Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of clinical, histologic, and immunohistologic features of 132 cases with relation to survival. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(5 Pt 1):734–9.PubMedCrossRef Skelton HG, Smith KJ, Hitchcock CL, McCarthy WF, Lupton GP, Graham JH. Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of clinical, histologic, and immunohistologic features of 132 cases with relation to survival. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(5 Pt 1):734–9.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kontochristopoulos GJ, Stavropoulos PG, Krasagakis K, Goerdt S, Zouboulis CC. Differentiation between merkel cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma: an immunohistochemical study. Dermatology 2000;201(2):123–6.PubMedCrossRef Kontochristopoulos GJ, Stavropoulos PG, Krasagakis K, Goerdt S, Zouboulis CC. Differentiation between merkel cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma: an immunohistochemical study. Dermatology 2000;201(2):123–6.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Acebo E, Vidaurrazaga N, Varas C, Burgos-Bretones JJ, Diaz-Perez JL. Merkel cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 11 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(5):546 – 51.PubMedCrossRef Acebo E, Vidaurrazaga N, Varas C, Burgos-Bretones JJ, Diaz-Perez JL. Merkel cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 11 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(5):546 – 51.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Ralston J, Chiriboga L, Nonaka D. MASH1: a useful marker in differentiating pulmonary small cell carcinoma from Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2008;21(11):1357–62.PubMedCrossRef Ralston J, Chiriboga L, Nonaka D. MASH1: a useful marker in differentiating pulmonary small cell carcinoma from Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2008;21(11):1357–62.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Andres C, Ihrler S, Puchta U, Flaig MJ. Merkel cell polyomavirus is prevalent in a subset of small cell lung cancer: a study of 31 patients. Thorax. 2009;64(11):1007–8.PubMedCrossRef Andres C, Ihrler S, Puchta U, Flaig MJ. Merkel cell polyomavirus is prevalent in a subset of small cell lung cancer: a study of 31 patients. Thorax. 2009;64(11):1007–8.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Moshiri AS, Nghiem P. Milestones in the staging, classification, and biology of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2014;12(9):1255–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moshiri AS, Nghiem P. Milestones in the staging, classification, and biology of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2014;12(9):1255–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Su LD, Lowe L, Bradford CR, Yahanda AI, Johnson TM, Sondak VK. Immunostaining for cytokeratin 20 improves detection of micrometastatic Merkel cell carcinoma in sentinel lymph nodes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(5):661–80.PubMedCrossRef Su LD, Lowe L, Bradford CR, Yahanda AI, Johnson TM, Sondak VK. Immunostaining for cytokeratin 20 improves detection of micrometastatic Merkel cell carcinoma in sentinel lymph nodes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(5):661–80.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Foote M, Veness M, Zarate D, Poulsen M. Merkel cell carcinoma: the prognostic implications of an occult primary in stage IIIB (nodal) disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(3):395–9.PubMedCrossRef Foote M, Veness M, Zarate D, Poulsen M. Merkel cell carcinoma: the prognostic implications of an occult primary in stage IIIB (nodal) disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(3):395–9.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Tarantola TI, Vallow LA, Halyard MY, et al. Unknown primary Merkel cell carcinoma: 23 new cases and a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(3):433–40.PubMedCrossRef Tarantola TI, Vallow LA, Halyard MY, et al. Unknown primary Merkel cell carcinoma: 23 new cases and a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(3):433–40.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen KT, Papavasiliou P, Edwards K, et al. A better prognosis for Merkel cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin. Am J Surg. 2013;206(5):752–7.PubMedCrossRef Chen KT, Papavasiliou P, Edwards K, et al. A better prognosis for Merkel cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin. Am J Surg. 2013;206(5):752–7.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Andea AA, Patel R, Ponnazhagan S, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: correlation of KIT expression with survival and evaluation of KIT gene mutational status. Hum Pathol. 2010;41(10):1405–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Andea AA, Patel R, Ponnazhagan S, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: correlation of KIT expression with survival and evaluation of KIT gene mutational status. Hum Pathol. 2010;41(10):1405–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Swick BL, Srikantha R, Messingham KN. Specific analysis of KIT and PDGFR-alpha expression and mutational status in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40(7):623–30.PubMedCrossRef Swick BL, Srikantha R, Messingham KN. Specific analysis of KIT and PDGFR-alpha expression and mutational status in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40(7):623–30.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim J, McNiff JM. Nuclear expression of survivin portends a poor prognosis in Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2008;21(6):764–9.PubMedCrossRef Kim J, McNiff JM. Nuclear expression of survivin portends a poor prognosis in Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2008;21(6):764–9.PubMedCrossRef
86.
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunner M, Thurnher D, Pammer J, et al. Expression of hedgehog signaling molecules in Merkel cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2010;32(3):333–40.PubMed Brunner M, Thurnher D, Pammer J, et al. Expression of hedgehog signaling molecules in Merkel cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2010;32(3):333–40.PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuromi T, Matsushita M, Iwasaki T, et al. Association of expression of the hedgehog signal with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and prognosis of Merkel cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2017;69:8–14.PubMedCrossRef Kuromi T, Matsushita M, Iwasaki T, et al. Association of expression of the hedgehog signal with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and prognosis of Merkel cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2017;69:8–14.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Carroll TM, Williams JS, Daily K, et al. Hedgehog signaling inhibitors fail to reduce Merkel cell carcinoma viability. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(5):1187–90.PubMedCrossRef Carroll TM, Williams JS, Daily K, et al. Hedgehog signaling inhibitors fail to reduce Merkel cell carcinoma viability. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(5):1187–90.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernandez-Figueras MT, Puig L, Musulen E, et al. Prognostic significance of p27Kip1, p45Skp2 and Ki67 expression profiles in Merkel cell carcinoma, extracutaneous small cell carcinoma, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2005;46(6):614–21.PubMedCrossRef Fernandez-Figueras MT, Puig L, Musulen E, et al. Prognostic significance of p27Kip1, p45Skp2 and Ki67 expression profiles in Merkel cell carcinoma, extracutaneous small cell carcinoma, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2005;46(6):614–21.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Henderson SA, Tetzlaff MT, Pattanaprichakul P, et al. Detection of mitotic figures and G2 + tumor nuclei with histone markers correlates with worse overall survival in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2014;41(11):846 – 52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Henderson SA, Tetzlaff MT, Pattanaprichakul P, et al. Detection of mitotic figures and G2 + tumor nuclei with histone markers correlates with worse overall survival in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2014;41(11):846 – 52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Sihto H, Kukko H, Koljonen V, Sankila R, Bohling T, Joensuu H. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection, large T antigen, retinoblastoma protein and outcome in Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(14):4806–13.PubMedCrossRef Sihto H, Kukko H, Koljonen V, Sankila R, Bohling T, Joensuu H. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection, large T antigen, retinoblastoma protein and outcome in Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(14):4806–13.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Higaki-Mori H, Kuwamoto S, Iwasaki T, et al. Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with clinicopathological differences in Merkel cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2012;43(12):2282–91.PubMedCrossRef Higaki-Mori H, Kuwamoto S, Iwasaki T, et al. Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with clinicopathological differences in Merkel cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2012;43(12):2282–91.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Haymerle G, Janik S, Fochtmann A, et al. Expression of Merkelcell polyomavirus (MCPyV) large T-antigen in Merkel cell carcinoma lymph node metastases predicts poor outcome. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0180426.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Haymerle G, Janik S, Fochtmann A, et al. Expression of Merkelcell polyomavirus (MCPyV) large T-antigen in Merkel cell carcinoma lymph node metastases predicts poor outcome. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0180426.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Schrama D, Peitsch WK, Zapatka M, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus status is not associated with clinical course of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(8):1631–8.PubMedCrossRef Schrama D, Peitsch WK, Zapatka M, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus status is not associated with clinical course of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(8):1631–8.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall BJ, Pincus LB, Yu SS, Oh DH, Wilson AR, McCalmont TH. Immunohistochemical prognostication of Merkel cell carcinoma: p63 expression but not polyomavirus status correlates with outcome. J Cutan Pathol. 2012;39(10):911–7.PubMedCrossRef Hall BJ, Pincus LB, Yu SS, Oh DH, Wilson AR, McCalmont TH. Immunohistochemical prognostication of Merkel cell carcinoma: p63 expression but not polyomavirus status correlates with outcome. J Cutan Pathol. 2012;39(10):911–7.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Asioli S, Righi A, Volante M, Eusebi V, Bussolati G. p63 expression as a new prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 2007;110(3):640–7.PubMedCrossRef Asioli S, Righi A, Volante M, Eusebi V, Bussolati G. p63 expression as a new prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 2007;110(3):640–7.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Asioli S, Righi A, de Biase D, et al. Expression of p63 is the sole independent marker of aggressiveness in localised (stage I-II) Merkel cell carcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(11):1451–61.PubMedCrossRef Asioli S, Righi A, de Biase D, et al. Expression of p63 is the sole independent marker of aggressiveness in localised (stage I-II) Merkel cell carcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(11):1451–61.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Fleming KE, Ly TY, Pasternak S, Godlewski M, Doucette S, Walsh NM. Support for p63 expression as an adverse prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma: report on a Canadian cohort. Hum Pathol. 2014;45(5):952 – 60.PubMedCrossRef Fleming KE, Ly TY, Pasternak S, Godlewski M, Doucette S, Walsh NM. Support for p63 expression as an adverse prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma: report on a Canadian cohort. Hum Pathol. 2014;45(5):952 – 60.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Stetsenko GY, Malekirad J, Paulson KG, et al. p63 expression in Merkel cell carcinoma predicts poorer survival yet may have limited clinical utility. Am J Clin Pathol. 2013;140(6):838 – 44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stetsenko GY, Malekirad J, Paulson KG, et al. p63 expression in Merkel cell carcinoma predicts poorer survival yet may have limited clinical utility. Am J Clin Pathol. 2013;140(6):838 – 44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Paulson KG, Iyer JG, Blom A, et al. Systemic immune suppression predicts diminished Merkel cell carcinoma-specific survival independent of stage. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(3):642–6.PubMedCrossRef Paulson KG, Iyer JG, Blom A, et al. Systemic immune suppression predicts diminished Merkel cell carcinoma-specific survival independent of stage. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(3):642–6.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Paulson KG, Iyer JG, Tegeder AR, et al. Transcriptome-wide studies of merkel cell carcinoma and validation of intratumoral CD8 + lymphocyte invasion as an independent predictor of survival. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(12):1539–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Paulson KG, Iyer JG, Tegeder AR, et al. Transcriptome-wide studies of merkel cell carcinoma and validation of intratumoral CD8 + lymphocyte invasion as an independent predictor of survival. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(12):1539–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Sihto H, Bohling T, Kavola H, et al. Tumor infiltrating immune cells and outcome of Merkel cell carcinoma: a population-based study. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(10):2872–81.PubMedCrossRef Sihto H, Bohling T, Kavola H, et al. Tumor infiltrating immune cells and outcome of Merkel cell carcinoma: a population-based study. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(10):2872–81.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Feldmeyer L, Hudgens CW, Ray-Lyons G, et al. Density, distribution, and composition of immune infiltrates correlate with survival in Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(22):5553–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Feldmeyer L, Hudgens CW, Ray-Lyons G, et al. Density, distribution, and composition of immune infiltrates correlate with survival in Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(22):5553–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong SQ, Waldeck K, Vergara IA, et al. UV-Associated mutations underlie the etiology of MCV-negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2015;75(24):5228–34.PubMedCrossRef Wong SQ, Waldeck K, Vergara IA, et al. UV-Associated mutations underlie the etiology of MCV-negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2015;75(24):5228–34.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Harms PW, Vats P, Verhaegen ME, et al. The distinctive mutational spectra of polyomavirus-negative Merkel CELL carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2015;75(18):3720–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Harms PW, Vats P, Verhaegen ME, et al. The distinctive mutational spectra of polyomavirus-negative Merkel CELL carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2015;75(18):3720–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloom R, Amber KT, Nouri K. An increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in US patients with Merkel cell carcinoma versus Australian patients: a clinical clue to a different mechanism of pathogenesis? Australas J Dermatol. 2016;57(3):e114-6.PubMedCrossRef Bloom R, Amber KT, Nouri K. An increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in US patients with Merkel cell carcinoma versus Australian patients: a clinical clue to a different mechanism of pathogenesis? Australas J Dermatol. 2016;57(3):e114-6.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Paik JY, Hall G, Clarkson A, et al. Immunohistochemistry for Merkel cell polyomavirus is highly specific but not sensitive for the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma in the Australian population. Hum Pathol. 2011;42(10):1385–90.PubMedCrossRef Paik JY, Hall G, Clarkson A, et al. Immunohistochemistry for Merkel cell polyomavirus is highly specific but not sensitive for the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma in the Australian population. Hum Pathol. 2011;42(10):1385–90.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin B, Poblet E, Rios JJ, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma with divergent differentiation: histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases with PCR analysis for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Histopathology 2013;62(5):711 – 22.PubMedCrossRef Martin B, Poblet E, Rios JJ, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma with divergent differentiation: histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases with PCR analysis for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Histopathology 2013;62(5):711 – 22.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwasaki T, Matsushita M, Kuwamoto S, et al. Usefulness of significant morphologic characteristics in distinguishing between Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive and Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 2013;44(9):1912–7.PubMedCrossRef Iwasaki T, Matsushita M, Kuwamoto S, et al. Usefulness of significant morphologic characteristics in distinguishing between Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive and Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 2013;44(9):1912–7.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Pulitzer MP, Brannon AR, Berger MF, et al. Cutaneous squamous and neuroendocrine carcinoma: genetically and immunohistochemically different from Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2015;28(8):1023–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pulitzer MP, Brannon AR, Berger MF, et al. Cutaneous squamous and neuroendocrine carcinoma: genetically and immunohistochemically different from Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2015;28(8):1023–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Harms PW, Collie AM, Hovelson DH, et al. Next generation sequencing of Cytokeratin 20-negative Merkel cell carcinoma reveals ultraviolet-signature mutations and recurrent TP53 and RB1 inactivation. Mod Pathol. 2016;29(3):240–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Harms PW, Collie AM, Hovelson DH, et al. Next generation sequencing of Cytokeratin 20-negative Merkel cell carcinoma reveals ultraviolet-signature mutations and recurrent TP53 and RB1 inactivation. Mod Pathol. 2016;29(3):240–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Harms PW, Patel RM, Verhaegen ME, et al. Distinct gene expression profiles of viral- and paxnonviral-associated merkel cell carcinoma revealed by transcriptome analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(4):936–45.PubMedCrossRef Harms PW, Patel RM, Verhaegen ME, et al. Distinct gene expression profiles of viral- and paxnonviral-associated merkel cell carcinoma revealed by transcriptome analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(4):936–45.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatia S, Storer BE, Iyer JG, et al. Adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy in Merkel cell carcinoma: survival analyses of 6908 cases from the national cancer data base. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108(9). Bhatia S, Storer BE, Iyer JG, et al. Adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy in Merkel cell carcinoma: survival analyses of 6908 cases from the national cancer data base. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108(9).
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Mortier L, Mirabel X, Fournier C, Piette F, Lartigau E. Radiotherapy alone for primary Merkel cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139(12):1587–90.PubMedCrossRef Mortier L, Mirabel X, Fournier C, Piette F, Lartigau E. Radiotherapy alone for primary Merkel cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139(12):1587–90.PubMedCrossRef
117.
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufman HL, Russell J, Hamid O, et al. Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(10):1374–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kaufman HL, Russell J, Hamid O, et al. Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(10):1374–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Winkler JK, Bender C, Kratochwil C, Enk A, Hassel JC. PD-1 blockade: a therapeutic option for treatment of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(1):216–9.PubMedCrossRef Winkler JK, Bender C, Kratochwil C, Enk A, Hassel JC. PD-1 blockade: a therapeutic option for treatment of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(1):216–9.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Metadaten
Titel
Update on Merkel Cell Carcinoma
verfasst von
Michael T. Tetzlaff
Priyadharsini Nagarajan
Publikationsdatum
20.03.2018
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Head and Neck Pathology / Ausgabe 1/2018
Elektronische ISSN: 1936-0568
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-018-0898-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2018

Head and Neck Pathology 1/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Sine qua non Clinicopathologic Correlation

Angioleiomyoma (Vascular Leiomyoma) of the Oral Cavity

Proceedings of the North American Society of Head and Neck Pathology Companion Meeting, March 18, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Proceedings of the NASHNP Companion Meeting, March 18th, 2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada: Salivary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma—An Overview of a Rare Disease with an Emphasis on Determining Tumor Origin

Neu im Fachgebiet Pathologie