Background
Methods
Study design and data source
Instruments
Measures
Urinary incontinence (UI)
Activities of daily living (ADL)
Cognitive performance scale (CPS)
Limitation in range of joint motion and loss of voluntary movement
Comorbidities
Statistical analyses
Results
Subjects’ characteristics
All | No UI | UI | |
---|---|---|---|
n = 44’811 |
n = 20’277 |
n =24’534 | |
All | 100% | 45.3% | 54.7% |
Age | |||
65– 74 | 8.7% | 51.8% | 48.2% |
75 – 84 | 37.2% | 48.2% | 51.8% |
85 – 94 | 48.3% | 43.1% | 56.9% |
>94 | 5.8% | 34.4% | 65.6% |
ADL Hierarchy | |||
0 (Independent) | 19.0% | 78.7% | 21.3% |
1 (Supervision) | 10.9% | 66.2% | 33.8% |
2 (Limited) | 19.3% | 47.6% | 52.4% |
3 (Extensiv 1) | 25.5% | 32.5% | 67.5% |
4 (Extensiv 2) | 12.4% | 25.1% | 74.9% |
5 (Dependent) | 11.4% | 21.9% | 78.1% |
6 (Total dependence) | 1.6% | 3.9% | 96.1% |
Cognitive performance scale | |||
0 (Intact) | 26.9% | 69.2% | 30.8% |
1 (Borderline Intact) | 18.1% | 52.1% | 47.9% |
2 (Mild Impairment) | 15.7% | 44.7% | 55.3% |
3 (Moderate Impairment) | 24.2% | 33.4% | 66.6% |
4 (Mod. Severe Impairment) | 3.8% | 19.6% | 80.4% |
5 (Severe Impairment) | 9.7% | 13.5% | 86.5% |
6 (Very Severe Impairment) | 1.6% | 2.9% | 97.1% |
Number of comorbidites | |||
0 | 5.8% | 56.9% | 43.1% |
1 | 14.9% | 49.0% | 51.0% |
2 | 23.0% | 46.3% | 53.7% |
3 | 22.6% | 44.7% | 55.3% |
4 | 15.9% | 41.8% | 58.2% |
5 | 9.4% | 41.2% | 58.8% |
6 | 5.0% | 39.9% | 60.1% |
7 | 2.1% | 41.9% | 58.1% |
8 | 0.8% | 36.1% | 63.9% |
9 | 0.3% | 41.6% | 58.4% |
10 | 0.1% | 33.3% | 66.7% |
11 (n = 13) | 0.0% | 23.1% | 76.9% |
Limitation in rang of join motion | |||
Arm | |||
0 (no limitation) | 71.2% | 49.3% | 50.7% |
1 (limitation on one side) | 15,4% | 40.9% | 59.1% |
2 (limitation on both side) | 13.3% | 28.6% | 71.4% |
Hand | |||
0 (no limitation) | 82.5% | 47.8% | 52.2% |
1 (limitation on one side) | 9.3% | 37.3% | 62.7% |
2 (limitation on both side) | 8.2% | 28.1% | 71.9% |
Leg | |||
0 (no limitation) | 64.8% | 51.1% | 48.9% |
1 (limitation on one side) | 16.4% | 42.6% | 57.4% |
2 (limitation on both side) | 18.8% | 27.3% | 72.7% |
Foot | |||
0 (no limitation) | 77.9% | 49.5% | 50.5% |
1 (limitation on one side) | 9.0% | 38.5% | 61.5% |
2 (limitation on both side) | 13.1% | 24.7% | 75.3% |
Loss of voluntary movement | |||
Arm | |||
0 (no loss) | 70.9% | 49.7% | 50.3% |
1 (partial loss) | 26.4% | 35.2% | 64.8% |
2 (full loss) | 2.7% | 27.1% | 72.9% |
Hand | |||
0 (no loss) | 81.8% | 48.20% | 51.8% |
1 (partial loss) | 16.0% | 33.20% | 66.8% |
2 (full loss) | 2.2% | 23.10% | 76.9% |
Leg | |||
0 (no loss) | 63.9% | 51.8% | 48.2% |
1 (partial loss) | 33.1% | 34.6% | 65.4% |
2 (full loss) | 3.1% | 22.8% | 77.2% |
Foot | |||
0 (no loss) | 77.1% | 49.8% | 50.2% |
1 (partial loss) | 20.0% | 31.1% | 68.9% |
2 (full loss) | 3.0% | 21.6% | 78.4% |
Odds for UI
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value | |
ADL Hierarchy | ||||||
0 (Independent) | Reference | Reference | ||||
1 (Supervision) | 1.238 | 1.14–1.35 | <.001 | 1.427 | 1.22–1.69 | <.001 |
2 (Limited) | 2.723 | 2.54–2.92 | <.001 | 2.232 | 1.99–2.50 | <.001 |
3 (Extensiv 1) | 4.701 | 4.39–5.04 | <.001 | 3.293 | 2.95–3.68 | <.001 |
4 (Extensiv 2) | 6.209 | 5.71–6.76 | <.001 | 3.831 | 3.29–4.46 | <.001 |
5 (Dependent) | 7.364 | 6.74–8.05 | <.001 | 4.353 | 3.72–5.09 | <.001 |
6 (Total dependence) | 16.598 | 10.3–26.9 | <.001 | 30.25 | 3.70–248 | 0.001 |
Cognitive performance scale | ||||||
0 (Intact) | Reference | Reference | ||||
1 (Borderline Intact) | 1.619 | 1.52–1.72 | <.001 | 1.349 | 1.18–1.54 | <.001 |
2 (Mild Impairment) | 2.217 | 2.07–2.37 | <.001 | 1.406 | 1.21–1.63 | <.001 |
3 (Moderate Impairment) | 2.975 | 2.78–3.19 | <.001 | 1.287 | 1.05–1.59 | 0.170 |
4 (Mod. Severe Impairment) | 4.990 | 4.36–5.72 | <.001 | 1.338 | 0.48–3.70 | 0.575 |
5 (Severe Impairment) | 6.902 | 6.20–7.68 | <.001 | 1.599 | 0.74–3.46 | 0.233 |
6 (Very Severe Impairment) | 12.593 | 7.31–21.7 | <.001 | 5.988 | 0.68–52.5 | 0.106 |
Age | ||||||
65– 74 | Reference | Reference | ||||
75 – 84 | 1.201 | 1.11–1.30 | <0.001 | 1.189 | 1.10–1.29 | <0.001 |
85 – 94 | 1.452 | 1.34–1.57 | <0.001 | 1.409 | 1.30–1.53 | <0.001 |
> 94 | 1.754 | 1.56–1.97 | <0.001 | 1.677 | 1.49–1.89 | <0.001 |
Comorbidities (Reference not diseased) | ||||||
Diabetes Mellitus | 1.189 | 1.12–1.26 | <0.001 | 1.181 | 1.12–1.25 | <0.001 |
Arthrose/Arthritis | 1.530 | 1.10–1.21 | <0.001 | 1.155 | 1.10–1.21 | <0.001 |
Dementia | 1.090 | 1.04–1.16 | <0.001 | 1.107 | 1.05–1.17 | <0.001 |
2
), the two highest groups were aggregated (ADL hierarchy = 5 and 6, and CPS = 5 and 6) in a further model, which provided almost identical estimates and model fits, both for the model with and without interaction and thus is not reported in this paper. However, there is of course no longer a unique effect for total dependence or severe impairment in this model, as those cases are placed in the dependent and severe impairment group, respectively. Women with an indwelling urinary catheter (n = 2538), excluded from the main analysis, were younger (mean age of 83.2 ± 7.3 years), more comorbid (comorbidities of 3.29 ± 1.92) and more impaired according to the ADL (mean 4.35 ± 1.10) and CPS scale (2.59 ± 1.92) compared to the main collective (student’s t-test, p < 0.001).