Background
Methods
Fresh urine analysis
Immunofluorescent staining
Sediment culture
Statistics
Results
Study profile
Obstetric characteristics | ||
---|---|---|
Gestation in weeks | 38 + 6 | (37 + 6–39 + 2) |
Primiparous | 6 | (18.8) |
Multiparous | 26 | (81.2) |
Primary indication for elective caesarean section | ||
Previous caesarean section | 13 | (40.6) |
Breech presentation | 6 | (18.8) |
Placenta praevia | 2 | (6.3) |
Twin pregnancy | 1 | (3.1) |
Previous traumatic delivery | 3 | (9.4) |
Medical co-morbidity | 6 | (18.8) |
Maternal choice | 1 | (3.1) |
Infant | ||
Live births | 32 | (100) |
Birthweight in grams | 3.225 | (2900–3635) |
Admission to neonatal unit | 5 | (15.6) |
Lower urinary tract symptoms
Lower urinary tract symptoms | ||
---|---|---|
Daytime frequency | 9 | (6–12) |
Nocturnal frequency | 2 | (1–4) |
Daytime incontinence | 0 | (0- > 5/d) |
Nocturnal incontinence | 0 | (0–0) |
Pad incontinence | 5 | (15.2) |
Incontinence requiring catheterisation | 0 | (0–0) |
Stress incontinence symptoms | 0 | (0–1.8) |
Overactive bladder symptoms | 1 | (0–3) |
Voiding symptoms | 0 | (0–2) |
Pain symptoms | 0 | (0–0) |
Total symptoms | 3 | (0–8) |
Duration of symptoms | ||
Antenatal period only | 23 | (69.7) |
Pre-pregnancy | 4 | (12.1) |
Not answered | 6 | (18.2) |
Antenatal history of urinary tract infection
Fresh urine analysis
Variable | MSU
n = 32 | CSU
n = 32 | Z |
P
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume in millilitres | 75 | (41.25–100) | 30 | (25–40) | −4.45 | <0.001* |
Specific gravity | 1.010 | (1.005–1.015) | 1.010 | (1.010–1.015) | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Protein | ||||||
Negative | 17 | (53.1) | 18 | (56.3) | ||
Trace | 10 | (31.3) | 9 | (28.1) | 0.00 | 1.00 |
+ | 4 | (12.5) | 3 | (9.4) | ||
++ | 1 | (3.1) | 2 | (6.3) | ||
Leukocyte esterase | ||||||
Negative | 4 | (12.5) | 19 | (59.4) | −4.61 | <0.001* |
Trace | 6 | (18.8) | 11 | (34.4) | ||
+ | 12 | (37.5) | 2 | (6.3) | ||
++ | 2 | (6.3) | 0 | – | ||
+++ | 8 | (25.0) | 0 | – | ||
ATP concentrationa
| 2504 | (1415–5779) | 12,323 | (8250–2098) | −4.56 | <0.001* |
RBC countb
| 4 | (0.5–12.0) | 7 | (2.0–36.0) | −2.79 | 0.004* |
WBC countb
| 67 | (40.5–135.5) | 46 | (32.0–70.5) | −2.75 | 0.005* |
EPC countb
| 41 | (17.5–69.5) | 22 | (10.5–36.5) | −2.57 | 0.009* |
Immunofluorescent staining
Sediment culture
Variable | MSU
n = 31 | CSU
n = 31 | Z |
P
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of species identified | ||||||
No growth | 0 | – | 16 | (47.1) | ||
1 | 2 | (5.9) | 12 | (35.3) | ||
2 | 6 | (17.6) | 3 | (8.8) | −4.78 | <0.001* |
3 | 11 | (32.4) | 1 | (2.9) | ||
4 | 11 | (32.4) | 0 | – | ||
5 | 2 | (5.9) | 0 | – | ||
Routine laboratory culturea
| ||||||
Screening culture negative | 13 | (40.6) | 28 | (87.5) | −3.66 | <0.001* |
No significant growth | 6 | (18.8) | 1 | (3.1) | ||
Mixed growth, uncertain significance | 3 | (9.4) | 0 | – | ||
Growth × 104–105
| 1 | (3.1) | 0 | – | ||
Growth × 105
| 8 | (25.0) | 0 | – | ||
Growth, no bacterial count | 0 | – | 2 | (6.3) | ||
Missing | 1 | (3.1) | 1 | (3.1) |
Species | MSU
n (%) | CSU
n (%) |
---|---|---|
Staphylococcus | 37 (35.9) | 4 (21.1) |
Enterococcus | 20 (19.4) | 2 (10.5) |
Escherichia coli
| 17 (16.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Lactobacillus | 9 (8.7) | 4 (21.1) |
Streptococcus | 9 (8.7) | 3 (15.8) |
Corynebacterium | 5 (4.9) | 2 (10.5) |
Yeast | 3 (2.9) | 2 (10.5) |
Proteus | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Unidentifiablea
| 2 (1.9) | 2 (10.5) |
Total number of species | 103 | 19 |
Total cfu/ml | EPC count | UP3+: DAPI+ | Clue cells: UP3+ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | P | R | P | R | P | |
MSU | 0.13 | 0.47 | −0.15 | 0.43 | 0.16 | 0.39 |
CSU | 0.005 | 0.98 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.31 |