Background
Rapid identification of pathogens responsible for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and their resistance mechanisms is a challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU). Indeed, conventional microbiological cultures (CMCs) require ≥ 48 h to grow the causative pathogens and determine their antimicrobial susceptibilities. While awaiting those results, empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed [1‐3]. A key issue in antimicrobial stewardship is decreasing consumption of broad-spectrum antibiotics [3]; shortening their empirical use may be a way to achieve that goal. Notably, molecular methods have been developed to supplement time-consuming CMCs, e.g. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of bacterial DNA has been evaluated to shorten the time to diagnosis, but was restricted to specific pathogens and resistance mechanisms (e.g. mecA methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains) [4]. Moreover, PCR is not available for pathogens usually causing VAP [5], or resistance mechanism identification requires a positive culture [4].
Recently, new multiplex PCRs (mPCRs) directly testing fresh samples have been developed to diagnose infections, including pneumonia. They target a panel of prevalent pneumonia-causing microorganisms, and some kits are commercially available. One of them, the mPCR Unyvero system pneumonia cartridge (Curetis GmbH, Holzgerlingen, Germany; henceforth Unyvero) can directly identify 20 bacteria and one fungus, amongst the most frequently causing VAP, and 19 of their resistance markers in clinical specimens, with a turnaround time of 4–5 h [6, 7]. Some published studies evaluated Unyvero, but their designs and test versions differed [6‐11].
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We undertook this prospective, observational study to evaluate the ability of the Unyvero pneumonia cartridge to diagnose VAP in ICU patients strongly suspected of being affected, i.e. with light microscopy visualisation of intracellular bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).
Methods
Patients
Our ICU patients suspected of having VAP undergo fiberoptic bronchoscopy with BAL [8]. Half of BALF was sent to the bacteriology laboratory for CMM, and the rest was processed in ICU, as previously described [8, 9]: briefly, after cytocentrifugation and Diff-Quick staining, ICU physicians directly examine BALF by light microscopy for intracellular bacteria in neutrophils, thereby allowing 24/7 adaptation of empirical antimicrobials to the type of pathogens (i.e. bacilli, cocci or both) [8].
Between January 2016 and January 2019, all directly examined positive BALF (i.e. containing microscopy-detected intracellular bacteria) during office hours were included prospectively. VAP was diagnosed when all the following criteria were met: (1) clinically suspected VAP, defined as a new and persistent pulmonary infiltrate on chest radiograph associated with at least one of the following: temperature ≥ 38 °C, white blood cell (WBC) count ≥ 10 Giga/L and/or purulent tracheal secretions (for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, for whom demonstration of radiological deterioration was difficult, at least one of the three preceding criteria sufficed); (2) significant quantitative CMC growth (≥ 104 cfu/mL) of distal BALF samples [12, 13].
Gold standard: CMCs
The bacteriology laboratory processed BALF for CMCs. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined with the disc diffusion method, as recommended by the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology (CA-SFM), and the Alere® PBP2a rapid test (Abbott, Rungis, France) to identify methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
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Unyvero P55 and HPN cartridges
Processing of BALF for the Unyvero P55 or the hospitalised pneumonia (HPN) cartridge was performed in the ICU following the manufacturer’s recommendations. At study onset, pneumonia cartridge P55 was used. During the study (September 2017), Curetis discontinued P55 and commercialised the upgraded HPN cartridge, incorporating Chlamydophila pneumoniae into the previous pathogen panel. The first 51 VAP episodes were tested with the P55 cartridge, and the remaining 42 with HPN.
Specimens were processed one or two at a time, either immediately after obtaining BALF or after storage at 4 °C for < 12 h, depending on the sampling time of the day. Briefly, 180 μL of the patient’s native sample underwent processing in a lysator for ~ 30 min; then, the lysis product and a master mix were loaded into a self-contained cartridge containing PCR primers (Curetis GmbH®) and placed in the analyser, where DNA was extracted, purified, amplified and specifically identified, generating complete diagnostic information within 4 h. To detect many analytes, eight mPCRs were run in parallel to detect panel-specific microarrays. The total time from obtaining BALF to results is a minimum of 4.5 h [6, 10]. The P55- and HPN-detected pathogens and resistance mechanisms are given in Supplementary Appendix Tables S1 and S2.
Unyvero results were collected and entered into the database but were not used to initiate or modify antimicrobial regimens.
Data collection and analysis
The following data were prospectively collected: age, sex, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II, McCabe and Jackson Score for comorbidities, primary reason for ICU admission, date and reason for mechanical ventilation, antimicrobials received before VAP onset, clinical data at VAP onset and antimicrobial regimen for the VAP episode (including empirical and definite treatment).
CMCs served as the gold standard for the comparison between techniques, considering a test result: (1) a true positive, when CMC and Unyvero identified the same organism (CMC+, Unyvero+); (2) a false positive, when Unyvero but not CMC detected an organism (CMC−, Unyvero+); (3) a true negative, when neither method detected an organism (CMC−, Unyvero−); and (4) a false negative, when CMC but not Unyvero detected an organism (CMC+, Unyvero−). Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated using those findings. The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for test characteristics was calculated with Wilson’s method. We excluded resistance gene detection from this analysis because of too few data.
Data are expressed as median [interquartile range, IQR] or n (%). Analyses were computed using the StatView 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) software, with p < 0.05 defining significance.
Ethics
In accordance with French law in January 2016 and our hospitals’ ethical committee recommendation (Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects Ile de France VI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital), informed consent was not obtained because this observational study did not modify existing diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. However, patients and/or their relatives were informed about the anonymous data collection and were told that they could decline inclusion. This database is registered at the National Commission for Informatics and Liberties (CNIL registration no.: 1950673).
Results
Ninety-three suspected VAP episodes in 83 patients were evaluated prospectively. Table 1 reports the baseline characteristics of the 83 patients, and Table 2 gives the characteristics of their 93 suspected VAP episodes.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of 83 patients
Characteristic | Patients |
|---|---|
Age, years | 58 (43–64) |
Male sex | 63 (76) |
Admission SAPS II | 66 (52–76) |
McCabe and Jackson Score for comorbidities ≥ 2 | 28 (34) |
Primary reason for ICU admission | |
Medical | 61 (74) |
Emergency surgery | 20 (24) |
Planned surgery | 2 (2) |
Reason for mechanical ventilation | |
Shock | 37 (45) |
Acute respiratory failure | 24 (29) |
Postoperative respiratory failure | 19 (23) |
Coma | 2 (2) |
Others | 1 (1) |
Immunodepression | 16 (19) |
Chronic treatment with steroids | 15 (18) |
Risk factor for MDR bacteria | 39 (47) |
ICU mortality | 42 (51) |
Table 2
Clinical characteristics of the 93 suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) episodes
Characteristic | Episodes |
|---|---|
MV duration before VAP, days | 9 (4–20) |
Prior antimicrobial treatment | 75 (81) |
Broad-spectrum antimicrobials | 52 (56) |
Parameters at VAP onset | |
Temperature, °C | 37.2 (36.1–38.2) |
White blood cell count, Giga/L | 15.5 (10.3–23.1) |
Neutrophil count, Giga/L | 13.1 (8.1–19.1) |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mmHg | 130 (84–179) |
mCPIS | 5 (4–7) |
Pathogen responsible for VAPa | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 46 (49) |
Other non-fermenting GNB | 9 (10) |
Enterobacteriaceae | 53 (57) |
Escherichia coli | 17 (18) |
Enterobacter spp. | 1 (1) |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 12 (13) |
Klebsiella oxytoca | 2 (2) |
Klebsiella variicola | 1 (1) |
Proteus mirabilis | 6 (6) |
Morganella morganii | 1 (1) |
Serratia marcescens | 1 (1) |
Citrobacter freundii | 1 (1) |
Proteus vulgaris | 1 (1) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 4 (4) |
Haemophilus influenzae | 3 (3) |
Enterococcus spp. | 2 (2) |
Polymicrobial oropharyngeal flora | 3 (3) |
Miscellaneousb | 3 (3) |
Negative BAL | 2 (2) |
Positive blood culture | 5 (5) |
Days of antimicrobial treatment | 8 (6–8) |
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CMC and Unyvero concordance
Pathogen identification
Amongst the 93 suspected VAP episodes, Unyvero agreed with CMCs for 68 (73%) of them and differed for 25 (27%). Unyvero correctly detected the pathogens in two episodes, but their growth was non-significant (< 104 cfu/mL). These discordances are detailed in Table 3.
Table 3
The 25 pathogen detection discordances between conventional microbiological cultures and Unyvero
Discordance | Conventional culturesa | Unyvero* |
|---|---|---|
Unyvero failed to detect a pathogen | ||
1 | Klebsiella pneumoniae | |
Escherichia coli | Escherichia coli | |
2 | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | ||
3b | Enterobacter aerogenes | Klebsiella oxytoca |
Proteus mirabilis | ||
4 | Staphylococcus aureus | |
Acinetobacter baumannii | Acinetobacter baumannii | |
5 | Klebsiella pneumoniae | |
Escherichia coli | Escherichia coli | |
Morganella morganii | Morganella morganii | |
6 | Enterobacter aerogenes | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | Klebsiella pneumoniae | |
7 | Enterobacter aerogenes | – |
8 | Klebsiella oxytoca | – |
9 | Klebsiella pneumoniae | – |
10 | Staphylococcus aureus | – |
11 | Klebsiella variicola | – |
Conventional cultures detected no specific pathogen | ||
12 | Oropharyngeal flora | – |
13 | Oropharyngeal flora | – |
14 | Oropharyngeal flora | – |
Pathogen not in the Unyvero panel | ||
15 | Kluyvera ascorbata | Enterobacter cloacae |
16 | Raoultella ornithinolytica | |
Proteus mirabilis | Proteus spp. | |
17 | Achromobacter xylosoxidans | |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | |
18 | Enterococcus faecium | – |
19 | Enterococcus faecium | |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | |
Unyvero overdetected pathogens | ||
20 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Serratia marcescens | Serratia marcescens | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | Klebsiella pneumoniae | |
Escherichia coli | ||
21 | Enterobacter cloacae | Enterobacter cloacae |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | ||
22 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | ||
23 | – | Staphylococcus aureus |
24 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | ||
25 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | ||
Discordance patterns were classified as false positive for six of the 25 episodes and false negative for the other 19. Amongst the latter, discordance patterns varied. A VAP causative pathogen was not included in the Unyvero panel for five episodes (Enterococcus faecium for two; Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Kluyvera ascorbata or Raoultella ornithinolytica for one each). Unyvero failed to detect a pathogen for 11 episodes, despite their significant growth levels (> 104 cfu/mL): for five Unyvero− results, a pathogen was retrieved from CMCs; the two methods detected the same pathogens for six episodes, but CMCs grew a second pathogen not detected by Unyvero. For three episodes, CMCs grew “oropharyngeal flora” with no single causative pathogen, with Unyvero− for all three.
Unyvero yielded six false-positive results for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, in addition to other bacteria in four episodes; S. aureus in one episode that was CMC−; and Escherichia coli in addition to other bacteria in the last episode.
Compared to CMCs, Unyvero had 77.4% sensitivity and 14.3% specificity for pathogen identification (Table 4). When analysed separately, P55 and HPN cartridge results did not differ. Moreover, the analysis yielded similar concordance rates of patients with or without previous antimicrobial treatment (Table 4).
Table 4
Comparisons of Unyvero vs conventional microbiological methods for all episodes, according to Unyvero version and to previous antibiotic use
Finding | N positive | N negative | Sensitivity | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
True | False | True | False | |||||
Total (n = 93) | ||||||||
Pathogen identification | 65 | 6 | 1 | 19 | 77.4 | 14.3 | 91.5 | 5 |
Resistance mechanism | 19 | 9 | 43 | 22 | 46.3 | 82.7 | 67.9 | 66.2 |
P55 cartridge (n = 51) | ||||||||
Pathogen identification | 39 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 79.6 | 50 | 97.5 | 9 |
Resistance mechanism | 12 | 7 | 21 | 11 | 52.1 | 75 | 63.2 | 65.6 |
HPN cartridge (n = 42) | ||||||||
Pathogen identification | 26 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 74.3 | 0 | 83.9 | 0 |
Resistance mechanism | 7 | 2 | 22 | 11 | 38.9 | 91.7 | 77.8 | 66.7 |
Previous antimicrobial treatment (n = 75) | ||||||||
Pathogen identification | 54 | 6 | 1 | 14 | 79.4 | 14.2 | 90 | 6.7 |
Resistance mechanism | 15 | 8 | 31 | 21 | 41.7 | 79.5 | 65.2 | 59.6 |
No previous antimicrobial treatment (n = 18) | ||||||||
Pathogen identification | 13 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 72.2 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
Resistance mechanism | 4 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 80 | 92.3 | 80 | 92.3 |
Antimicrobial resistance detection
Resistance mechanisms were in concordance for 62 episodes (Table 4), while Unyvero and CMCs differed for 31 (33%) episodes, mostly when Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered (n = 24, 77%). Moreover, for most episodes, discordance was primarily attributable to Unyvero’s failure to detect resistance (71%).
Discordance patterns for P. aeruginosa were as follows: false resistance to fluoroquinolones for seven episodes and carbapenem or third-generation cephalosporin resistance not found in five and 12 episodes, respectively.
Excluding P. aeruginosa, seven resistance mechanism discordances were observed between Unyvero and CMCs: false resistance to fluoroquinolones for two episodes (E. coli recovered from both), penicillin resistance not detected in one (Proteus mirabilis-infected patient) and third-generation cephalosporin not identified in four episodes (Unyvero failed to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, with Unyvero accurately detecting ESBL-carrying causative E. coli in two episodes or K. pneumoniae in one, but not its resistance mechanism). For the latter four episodes, the patients’ ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonisation was known.
Discussion
Herein, the Unyvero point-of-care tool correctly detected the VAP-causing pathogen for 73% of the episodes and identified the correct resistance mechanism in 67% of them. Intriguingly, the resistance mechanism discordance rate differed when P. aeruginosa was the causative agent, compared to other microorganisms.
Rapid detection of the pathogens responsible for VAP and their resistant mechanisms is a critical issue for ICU patients. To date, six published studies investigated the usefulness of the mPCR-based Unyvero to achieve this goal; their concordance results between the cartridge and CMCs were heterogeneous (Table 5) [6‐11]. However, most had used the older test version; only Gadsby et al. [13] evaluated the P55 cartridge, like us, and we were the only ones to assess the most recent HPN cartridge. Results differed across studies, with recent versions better identifying the pathogens. The four studies that examined CMC–Unyvero resistance concordance found similar rates of ~ 70% (Table 5).
Table 5
Studies that evaluated the usefulness of the Unyvero pneumonia cartridge for patients suspected of having lower respiratory tract infections
Author, year [ref] | Study design | Population | Test | Specimen type | N specimens/N patients | Pathogen identification | Concordant resistance identification | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concordance* | Se/Sp | |||||||
Schulte, 2014 [8] | Prospective observational, fresh samples | Adults with suspected HAP/VAP | Unyvero P50 | BALF, ETA, sputum | 739/NR | NR | 70.6%/95.2% | – |
Jamal, 2014 [6] | Prospective observational, fresh samples | Children and adults with suspected HAP/VAP | Unyvero P50 | BALF, ETA, sputum | 49/49 | 23/49 (47%) | NR | NR |
Kunze, 2015 [7] | Prospective observational, fresh samples | Adults with suspected HAP | Unyvero P50 | ETA, NPTA | 40/40 | 18/40 (45%) | 75%/43% | – |
Personne, 2016 [9] | Prospective observational, fresh samples | Adults with suspected pneumonia | Unyvero P50 | NR | 90/NR | 59/90 (66%) | 95.7%/32.6% | 75.6% |
Papan, 2018 [10] | Prospective observational, fresh samples | Children and neonates with suspected pneumonia | Unyvero P50 | BALF, ETA, pleural fluid | 79/79 | 48/80 (60%) | 73.1%/97.8% | 75% |
Gadsby, 2019 [11] | Prospective observational, frozen samples | Adults with suspected VAP, CAP or HAP | Unyvero P55 | BALF | 74/74 | 57/99 (57.5%) | 56.9%/58.5% | 121/166 (72.9%) |
This study | Prospective observational, fresh samples | Adults with suspected VAP and bacteria in BALF | Unyvero P55 and HPN | BALF | 93/83 | 71% | 77.4%/17.3% | 62/93 (67%) |
Our study differs from the others in several ways. First, we exclusively studied patients with suspected VAP, not hospital-acquired or community-acquired pneumonia. Second, we used the most recent version (but switched from the discontinued P55 to HPN cartridges during the study). Third, we focused on patients strongly suspected of having VAP, primarily to avoid expenditures for unnecessary tests in a context of low pretest pneumonia probability and also to assess Unyvero’s usefulness within our care organisation. These latter points could explain the very low specificity observed.
Our results showed the usual limitations of PCR-based tools for detecting pathogens in respiratory samples. The first is the overdetection (false positive), i.e. pathogen detection without pneumonia, seen in six episodes. Such overdetection may indicate nucleic acids of non-viable organisms or bacterial presence without reaching a pathogenic threshold (colonisation). One of the advantages of Unyvero’s P55 and HPN cartridges is their semi-quantification, with results being positive only when the sample’s bacterial burden is sufficiently high. Unfortunately, this system does not allow having a true quantification of the bacterial burden. The second limitation of this kind of test is underdetection (false negative), i.e. no pathogen detected despite significant pathogen growth in CMCs, as observed for 19 episodes. One explanation for underdetection was the absence of the VAP causative pathogen in the test panel.
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Notably, resistance mechanism discordances were more frequent when P. aeruginosa, rather than another microorganism, was the responsible agent, perhaps explained P. aeruginosa’s changing resistance profile over time and that the PCR recognises only 17 resistance markers against Gram-negative bacilli (mostly carbapenem resistance; Supplementary Appendix Table S2) [15, 16]. We observed that Unyvero did not identify ESBL in four episodes of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae VAP. Although ESBL enzymes which were present in those patients are unknown (Supplementary Appendix Table S2), Unyvero does not include all ESBL in its assay panel. Importantly, all four patients with false-negative results were known to be colonised by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Therefore, our results do not support the current routine use of this system to adapt antimicrobial treatment.
Several limitations should be underlined. First, this was a monocentric, prospective study, and despite having included a large number of patients, our results warrant further investigations. Second, the strategy chosen required fiberoptic bronchoscopy and BAL, which are not universally available and remain debated as a first-line tool for diagnosing VAP [1, 2]. However, using tracheal aspirates or sputum may generate more false positives with Unyvero. Third, although Unyvero targets the most frequent pathogens responsible for hospital-acquired pneumonia, some VAP causative microorganisms are missing from the cartridge panel. Moreover, polymicrobial VAP (e.g. oropharyngeal flora) may be missed using this system. However, to overcome these limitations, we propose an algorithm based first on direct BALF examination, then Unyvero if bacilli are found. Fourth, all samples were not processed with the same cartridge, since the manufacturer shifted from P55 to HPN during our study. Nonetheless, the two cartridges differ only by the addition of Chlamydophila pneumoniae to the HPN cartridge; because this pathogen is not frequently responsible for VAP and was never detected in our patients, the results would have not been different if we had used the same cartridge throughout the study. Indeed, results were similar when P55 and HPN cartridges were compared. Lastly, molecular tests were not run to explore discordances between the two techniques and to characterise resistance mechanisms.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the Unyvero pneumonia cartridges correctly detected VAP causative pathogens for 73% of the episodes and correctly identified the resistance mechanism in 67% of them, differing according to the responsible pathogen, with P. aeruginosa having the highest discordance rate.
Supplementary information
Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03102-2.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Janet Jacobson for her help during the preparation of the manuscript.
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
In accordance with French law in January 2016 and our hospitals’ ethical committee recommendation (Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects Ile de France VI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital), informed consent was not obtained because this observational study did not modify existing diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. However, patients and/or their relatives were informed about the anonymous data collection and were told that they could decline inclusion. This database is registered at the National Commission for Informatics and Liberties (CNIL registration no.: 1950673).
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
CEL reports personal fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme, Thermo Fisher Brahms, Biomérieux, Carmat, Bayer Healthcare and Aerogen and grants from Bayer Healthcare, outside the submitted work. MS reports lecture fees from Maquet, Getinge and Fresenius, outside the submitted work. Other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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