Skip to main content
Erschienen in: International Urogynecology Journal 8/2010

01.08.2010 | REview

Vaginal delivery and pelvic floor dysfunction: current evidence and implications for future research

verfasst von: M. A. T. Bortolini, H. P. Drutz, D. Lovatsis, M. Alarab

Erschienen in: International Urogynecology Journal | Ausgabe 8/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Vaginal delivery is the major risk factor for the development of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary and fecal incontinence, resulting from damage to the pelvic floor muscles, nerves and connective tissue. This article reviews the perineal trauma mechanism during vaginal delivery and discusses implications of current and future research projects.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel DA, Xu X, Thomason AD, Ransom SB, Ivy JS, DeLancey JO (2006) Childbirth and pelvic floor dysfunction: an epidemiologic approach to the assessment of prevention opportunities at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195(1):23–28CrossRefPubMed Patel DA, Xu X, Thomason AD, Ransom SB, Ivy JS, DeLancey JO (2006) Childbirth and pelvic floor dysfunction: an epidemiologic approach to the assessment of prevention opportunities at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195(1):23–28CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bump RC, Norton PA (1998) Epidemiology and natural history of pelvic floor dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 25:723–746CrossRefPubMed Bump RC, Norton PA (1998) Epidemiology and natural history of pelvic floor dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 25:723–746CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsen AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, Colling JC, Clark AL (1997) Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 89:501–506CrossRefPubMed Olsen AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, Colling JC, Clark AL (1997) Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 89:501–506CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Waetjen LE, Subak LL, Shen H, Lin F, Wang TH, Vittinghoff E, Brown JS (2003) Stress urinary incontinence surgery in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 101(4):671–676CrossRefPubMed Waetjen LE, Subak LL, Shen H, Lin F, Wang TH, Vittinghoff E, Brown JS (2003) Stress urinary incontinence surgery in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 101(4):671–676CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamilton-Boyles S, Weber AM, Meyn L (2003) Prolapse procedures in the United States, 1979–1997. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:108–115CrossRef Hamilton-Boyles S, Weber AM, Meyn L (2003) Prolapse procedures in the United States, 1979–1997. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:108–115CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber AM (2007) Elective cesarean delivery: the pelvic perspective. Clin Obstet Gynecol 50(2):510–517CrossRefPubMed Weber AM (2007) Elective cesarean delivery: the pelvic perspective. Clin Obstet Gynecol 50(2):510–517CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Fornell EU, Wingren G, Kjolhede P (2004) Factors associated with pelvic floor dysfunction with emphasis on urinary and fecal incontinence and genital prolapse: an epidemiological study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83:383–389CrossRef Fornell EU, Wingren G, Kjolhede P (2004) Factors associated with pelvic floor dysfunction with emphasis on urinary and fecal incontinence and genital prolapse: an epidemiological study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83:383–389CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Mant J, Painter R, Vessey M (1997) Epidemiology of genital prolapse: observations from the Oxford Family Planning Association Study. Br J Obstet Gynecol 104(5):579–585 Mant J, Painter R, Vessey M (1997) Epidemiology of genital prolapse: observations from the Oxford Family Planning Association Study. Br J Obstet Gynecol 104(5):579–585
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall W, McCracken K, Osterweil P, Guise JM (2003) Frequency and predictors for postpartum fecal incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188(5):1205–1207CrossRefPubMed Hall W, McCracken K, Osterweil P, Guise JM (2003) Frequency and predictors for postpartum fecal incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188(5):1205–1207CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dolan LM, Hosker GL, Mallet VT, Allen RE, Smith ARB (2003) Stress incontinence and pelvic floor neurophysiology 15 years after the first delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110:1107–1114 Dolan LM, Hosker GL, Mallet VT, Allen RE, Smith ARB (2003) Stress incontinence and pelvic floor neurophysiology 15 years after the first delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110:1107–1114
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer S, Schreyer A, DeGrandi P et al (1998) The effects of birth on urinary continence mechanisms and other pelvic-floor characteristics. Obst Gynecol 92:613–618CrossRef Meyer S, Schreyer A, DeGrandi P et al (1998) The effects of birth on urinary continence mechanisms and other pelvic-floor characteristics. Obst Gynecol 92:613–618CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Baessler K, Schuessler B (2003) Childbirth-induced trauma to the urethral continence mechanism: review and recommendations. Urol 62(Suppl 4A):39–44CrossRefPubMed Baessler K, Schuessler B (2003) Childbirth-induced trauma to the urethral continence mechanism: review and recommendations. Urol 62(Suppl 4A):39–44CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitzpatrick M, O’Herlihy C (2001) The effects of labour and delivery on the pelvic floor. Best Pract & Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 15(1):63–79CrossRef Fitzpatrick M, O’Herlihy C (2001) The effects of labour and delivery on the pelvic floor. Best Pract & Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 15(1):63–79CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO (2007) Functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1101:266–296CrossRefPubMed Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO (2007) Functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1101:266–296CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat DeLancey JO (1994) The anatomy of the pelvic floor. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 6(4):313–316PubMed DeLancey JO (1994) The anatomy of the pelvic floor. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 6(4):313–316PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Norton PA (1993) Pelvic floor disorders: the role of fascia and ligaments. Clin Obstet Gynecol 36:926–938CrossRefPubMed Norton PA (1993) Pelvic floor disorders: the role of fascia and ligaments. Clin Obstet Gynecol 36:926–938CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Eason E, Labrecque M, Wells G, Feldman P (2000) Preventing perineal trauma during childbirth: a systematic review. Obst Gynecol 95(3):464–471CrossRef Eason E, Labrecque M, Wells G, Feldman P (2000) Preventing perineal trauma during childbirth: a systematic review. Obst Gynecol 95(3):464–471CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Richardson AC, Lyons JB, Williams NL (1976) A new look at pelvic relaxation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:568–573PubMed Richardson AC, Lyons JB, Williams NL (1976) A new look at pelvic relaxation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:568–573PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Vl H, Harris TA, Ostergard DR (1996) Protecting the pelvic floor: obstetric management to prevent incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 88:470–478CrossRef Vl H, Harris TA, Ostergard DR (1996) Protecting the pelvic floor: obstetric management to prevent incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 88:470–478CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat DeLancey JOL (1993) Anatomy and biomechanics of genital prolapse. Clin Obstet Gynecol 36:897–909CrossRefPubMed DeLancey JOL (1993) Anatomy and biomechanics of genital prolapse. Clin Obstet Gynecol 36:897–909CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Weidner AC, Barber MD, Visco AG et al (2000) Pelvic muscle electromyography of levator ani and external anal sphincter in nulliparous women and women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:1390–1401CrossRefPubMed Weidner AC, Barber MD, Visco AG et al (2000) Pelvic muscle electromyography of levator ani and external anal sphincter in nulliparous women and women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:1390–1401CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Wilson PD (2005) Childbirth and pelvic floor trauma. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 19(6):913–924CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Wilson PD (2005) Childbirth and pelvic floor trauma. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 19(6):913–924CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Parente MP, Jorge RM, Mascarenhas T, Fernandes AA, Martins JA (2008) Deformation of the pelvic floor muscles during a vaginal delivery. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19(1):65–71PubMed Parente MP, Jorge RM, Mascarenhas T, Fernandes AA, Martins JA (2008) Deformation of the pelvic floor muscles during a vaginal delivery. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19(1):65–71PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Shek KL (2008) The quantification of levator muscle resting tone by digital assessment. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19(11):1489–1493CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Shek KL (2008) The quantification of levator muscle resting tone by digital assessment. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19(11):1489–1493CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Shek C (2008) Levator avulsion and grading of pelvic floor muscle strength. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19(5):633–636CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Shek C (2008) Levator avulsion and grading of pelvic floor muscle strength. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19(5):633–636CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen CA, Sigsgaard I, Olsen M et al (1988) Trainability of the pelvic floor: a prospective study during pregnancy and after delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 67:437–440CrossRefPubMed Nielsen CA, Sigsgaard I, Olsen M et al (1988) Trainability of the pelvic floor: a prospective study during pregnancy and after delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 67:437–440CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher W, Basseler K (1996) Postpartum pelvic floor conditioning using vaginal cones: not only for prophylaxis against urinary incontinence and descensus. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 7:208–214CrossRef Fisher W, Basseler K (1996) Postpartum pelvic floor conditioning using vaginal cones: not only for prophylaxis against urinary incontinence and descensus. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 7:208–214CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Lien KC, Mooney B, DeLancey JOL, Ashton-Miller J (2004) Levator ani muscle stretch induced by simulated vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol 203(1):31–40 Lien KC, Mooney B, DeLancey JOL, Ashton-Miller J (2004) Levator ani muscle stretch induced by simulated vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol 203(1):31–40
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Branham V, Thomas J, Jaffe T, Crockett M, South M, Jamison M, Weidner A (2007) Levator ani abnormality 6 weeks after delivery persists at 6 months. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197(1):65.e1–66.e1CrossRef Branham V, Thomas J, Jaffe T, Crockett M, South M, Jamison M, Weidner A (2007) Levator ani abnormality 6 weeks after delivery persists at 6 months. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197(1):65.e1–66.e1CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat DeLancey JO, Kearney R, Chou Q, Speights S, Binno S (2003) The appearance of levator ani muscle abnormalities in magnetic resonance images after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 101(1):46–53CrossRefPubMed DeLancey JO, Kearney R, Chou Q, Speights S, Binno S (2003) The appearance of levator ani muscle abnormalities in magnetic resonance images after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 101(1):46–53CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Lanzarone V (2005) Levator trauma after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 106(4):707–712PubMed Dietz HP, Lanzarone V (2005) Levator trauma after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 106(4):707–712PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Simpson JM (2008) Levator trauma is associated with pelvic organ prolapse. BJOG 115(8):979–984CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Simpson JM (2008) Levator trauma is associated with pelvic organ prolapse. BJOG 115(8):979–984CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Steensma AB (2002) Which women are most affected by delivery-related changes in pelvic organ mobility? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Rep Biol 111:15–18CrossRef Dietz HP, Steensma AB (2002) Which women are most affected by delivery-related changes in pelvic organ mobility? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Rep Biol 111:15–18CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat King JK, Freeman RM (1998) Is antenatal bladder neck mobility a risk factor for postpartum stress incontinence? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:1300–1307PubMed King JK, Freeman RM (1998) Is antenatal bladder neck mobility a risk factor for postpartum stress incontinence? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:1300–1307PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Peschers U, Schaer G, Anthuber C et al (1996) Changes in vesical neck mobility following vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 88:1001–1006CrossRefPubMed Peschers U, Schaer G, Anthuber C et al (1996) Changes in vesical neck mobility following vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 88:1001–1006CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Dannecker C, Lienemann A, Fischer T, Anthuber C (2004) Influence of spontaneous and instrumental vaginal delivery on objective measures of pelvic organ support: assessment with the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POPQ) technique and functional cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 115:32–38CrossRef Dannecker C, Lienemann A, Fischer T, Anthuber C (2004) Influence of spontaneous and instrumental vaginal delivery on objective measures of pelvic organ support: assessment with the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POPQ) technique and functional cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 115:32–38CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Clarke B, Herbison P (2002) Bladder neck mobility and urethral closure pressure as predictors of genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 13(5):289–293CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Clarke B, Herbison P (2002) Bladder neck mobility and urethral closure pressure as predictors of genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 13(5):289–293CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Bennett MJ (2003) The effect of childbirth on pelvic organ mobility. Obstet Gynecol 102(2):223–228CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Bennett MJ (2003) The effect of childbirth on pelvic organ mobility. Obstet Gynecol 102(2):223–228CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat DeLancey JO, Hurd WW (1998) Size of the urogenital hiatus in the levator ani muscles in normal women and women with pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 91(3):364–368CrossRefPubMed DeLancey JO, Hurd WW (1998) Size of the urogenital hiatus in the levator ani muscles in normal women and women with pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 91(3):364–368CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Panayi DC, Khullar V (2009) Urogynaecological problems in pregnancy and postpartum sequelae. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 21(1):97–100CrossRefPubMed Panayi DC, Khullar V (2009) Urogynaecological problems in pregnancy and postpartum sequelae. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 21(1):97–100CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Shek C, De Leon J, Steensma AB (2008) Ballooning of the levator hiatus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31(6):676–680CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Shek C, De Leon J, Steensma AB (2008) Ballooning of the levator hiatus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31(6):676–680CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin AS, Carrier S, Morgan DM, Lue TF (1998) Effect of simulated birth trauma on the urinary continence mechanism in the rat. Urology 52(1):143–151CrossRefPubMed Lin AS, Carrier S, Morgan DM, Lue TF (1998) Effect of simulated birth trauma on the urinary continence mechanism in the rat. Urology 52(1):143–151CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Deindl FM, Vodusek DB, Hesse U, Schüssler B (1994) Pelvic floor activity patterns: comparison of nulliparous continent and parous urinary stress incontinent women. A kinesiological EMG study. Br J Urol 73(4):413–417CrossRefPubMed Deindl FM, Vodusek DB, Hesse U, Schüssler B (1994) Pelvic floor activity patterns: comparison of nulliparous continent and parous urinary stress incontinent women. A kinesiological EMG study. Br J Urol 73(4):413–417CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunnarsson M, Mattiasson A (1999) Female stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence are associated with a chronic and progressive pelvic floor/vaginal neuromuscular disorder: An investigation of 317 healthy and incontinent women using vaginal surface electromyography. Neurourol Urodyn 18(6):613–621CrossRefPubMed Gunnarsson M, Mattiasson A (1999) Female stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence are associated with a chronic and progressive pelvic floor/vaginal neuromuscular disorder: An investigation of 317 healthy and incontinent women using vaginal surface electromyography. Neurourol Urodyn 18(6):613–621CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Vodusek DB (2002) The role of electrophysiology in the evaluation of incontinence and prolapse. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 14(5):509–514CrossRefPubMed Vodusek DB (2002) The role of electrophysiology in the evaluation of incontinence and prolapse. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 14(5):509–514CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Snooks SJ, Setchell M, Swash M et al (1984) Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 8:546–550CrossRef Snooks SJ, Setchell M, Swash M et al (1984) Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 8:546–550CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen RE, Hosker GL, Smith AR et al (1990) Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97:770–779PubMed Allen RE, Hosker GL, Smith AR et al (1990) Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97:770–779PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Snooks SJ, Swash M, Mathers SE, Henry MM (1990) Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: a 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg 77(12):1358–1360CrossRefPubMed Snooks SJ, Swash M, Mathers SE, Henry MM (1990) Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: a 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg 77(12):1358–1360CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Weidner AC, Barber MD, Visco AG, Bump RC, Sanders DB (2000) Pelvic muscle electromyography of levator ani and external anal sphincter in nulliparous women and women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183(6):1390–1399, discussion 1399-401CrossRefPubMed Weidner AC, Barber MD, Visco AG, Bump RC, Sanders DB (2000) Pelvic muscle electromyography of levator ani and external anal sphincter in nulliparous women and women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183(6):1390–1399, discussion 1399-401CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Rocha MA, Sartori MG, De Jesus SM, Herrmann V, Baracat EC, Rodrigues de Lima G, Girão MJ (2007) The impact of pregnancy and childbirth in the urethra of female rats. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 18(6):645–651CrossRefPubMed Rocha MA, Sartori MG, De Jesus SM, Herrmann V, Baracat EC, Rodrigues de Lima G, Girão MJ (2007) The impact of pregnancy and childbirth in the urethra of female rats. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 18(6):645–651CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Rocha MA, Sartori MG, De Jesus SM, Herrmann V, Baracat EC, Rodrigues de Lima G, Girão MJ (2007) Impact of pregnancy and childbirth on female rats' urethral nerve fibers. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 18(12):1453–1458CrossRefPubMed Rocha MA, Sartori MG, De Jesus SM, Herrmann V, Baracat EC, Rodrigues de Lima G, Girão MJ (2007) Impact of pregnancy and childbirth on female rats' urethral nerve fibers. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 18(12):1453–1458CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Pan HQ, Kerns JM, Lin DL, Liu S, Esparza N, Damaser MS (2007) Increased duration of simulated childbirth injuries results in increased time to recovery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292(4):R1738–R1744PubMed Pan HQ, Kerns JM, Lin DL, Liu S, Esparza N, Damaser MS (2007) Increased duration of simulated childbirth injuries results in increased time to recovery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292(4):R1738–R1744PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Geelen JM, Lemmens WA, Eskes TK et al (1982) The urethral pressure profile in pregnancy and after delivery in healthy nilliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:636–649PubMed Van Geelen JM, Lemmens WA, Eskes TK et al (1982) The urethral pressure profile in pregnancy and after delivery in healthy nilliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:636–649PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat DeLancey JO, Miller JM, Kearney R, Howard D, Reddy P, Umek W, Guire KE, Margulies RU, Ashton-Miller JA (2007) Vaginal birth and de novo stress incontinence: relative contributions of urethral dysfunction and mobility. Obstet Gynecol 110(2 Pt 1):354–362PubMed DeLancey JO, Miller JM, Kearney R, Howard D, Reddy P, Umek W, Guire KE, Margulies RU, Ashton-Miller JA (2007) Vaginal birth and de novo stress incontinence: relative contributions of urethral dysfunction and mobility. Obstet Gynecol 110(2 Pt 1):354–362PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartrm CI (1993) Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. New Engl J Med 329:1905–1911CrossRefPubMed Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartrm CI (1993) Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. New Engl J Med 329:1905–1911CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Wai CY, Rahn DD, White AB, Word RA (2008) Recovery of external anal sphincter contractile function after prolonged vaginal distention or sphincter transection in an animal model. Obstet Gynecol 111(6):1426–1434PubMed Wai CY, Rahn DD, White AB, Word RA (2008) Recovery of external anal sphincter contractile function after prolonged vaginal distention or sphincter transection in an animal model. Obstet Gynecol 111(6):1426–1434PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Eason E, Labrecque M, Marcoux S, Mondor M (2002) Anal incontinence after childbirth. J Can Med Assoc 166(3):326–330 Eason E, Labrecque M, Marcoux S, Mondor M (2002) Anal incontinence after childbirth. J Can Med Assoc 166(3):326–330
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Richter HE, Fielding JR, Bradley CS, Handa VL, Fine P, FitzGerald MP, Visco A, Wald A, Hakim C, Wei JT, Weber AM (2006) Pelvic floor disorders network. Endoanal ultrasound findings and fecal incontinence symptoms in women with and without recognized anal sphincter tears. Obstet Gynecol 108(6):1394–1401PubMed Richter HE, Fielding JR, Bradley CS, Handa VL, Fine P, FitzGerald MP, Visco A, Wald A, Hakim C, Wei JT, Weber AM (2006) Pelvic floor disorders network. Endoanal ultrasound findings and fecal incontinence symptoms in women with and without recognized anal sphincter tears. Obstet Gynecol 108(6):1394–1401PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M (1985) Faecal incontinence due to external anal sphincter division in childbirth is associated with damage to the innervation of the pelvic floor musculature: a double pathology. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92(8):824–828PubMed Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M (1985) Faecal incontinence due to external anal sphincter division in childbirth is associated with damage to the innervation of the pelvic floor musculature: a double pathology. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92(8):824–828PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Tetzschner T, Sørensen M, Rasmussen OO, Lose G, Christiansen J (1995) Pudendal nerve damage increases the risk of fecal incontinence in women with anal sphincter rupture after childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74(6):434–440CrossRefPubMed Tetzschner T, Sørensen M, Rasmussen OO, Lose G, Christiansen J (1995) Pudendal nerve damage increases the risk of fecal incontinence in women with anal sphincter rupture after childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 74(6):434–440CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitzpatrick M, O'brien C, O'connell PR, O'herlihy C (2003) Patterns of abnormal pudendal nerve function that are associated with postpartum fecal incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(3):730–735CrossRefPubMed Fitzpatrick M, O'brien C, O'connell PR, O'herlihy C (2003) Patterns of abnormal pudendal nerve function that are associated with postpartum fecal incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(3):730–735CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Twiss C, Triaca V, Rodríguez LV (2007) Familial transmission of urogenital prolapse and incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 19(5):464–468CrossRefPubMed Twiss C, Triaca V, Rodríguez LV (2007) Familial transmission of urogenital prolapse and incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 19(5):464–468CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Miedel A, Tegerstedt G, Maehle-Schmidt M, Nyrén O, Hammarström M (2009) Nonobstetric risk factors for symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 113(5):1089–1097PubMed Miedel A, Tegerstedt G, Maehle-Schmidt M, Nyrén O, Hammarström M (2009) Nonobstetric risk factors for symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 113(5):1089–1097PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchsbaum GM, Duecy EE, Kerr LA, Huang LS, Guzick DS (2005) Urinary incontinence in nulliparous women and their parous sisters. Obstet Gynecol 106(6):1253–1258PubMed Buchsbaum GM, Duecy EE, Kerr LA, Huang LS, Guzick DS (2005) Urinary incontinence in nulliparous women and their parous sisters. Obstet Gynecol 106(6):1253–1258PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchsbaum GM, Duecy EE, Kerr LA, Huang LS, Perevich M, Guzick DS (2006) Pelvic organ prolapse in nulliparous women and their parous sisters. Obstet Gynecol 108(6):1388–1393PubMed Buchsbaum GM, Duecy EE, Kerr LA, Huang LS, Perevich M, Guzick DS (2006) Pelvic organ prolapse in nulliparous women and their parous sisters. Obstet Gynecol 108(6):1388–1393PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Rinne KM, Kirkinen PP (1999) What predisposes young women to genital prolapse? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 84(1):23–25CrossRefPubMed Rinne KM, Kirkinen PP (1999) What predisposes young women to genital prolapse? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 84(1):23–25CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Jack GS, Nikolova G, Vilain E, Raz S, Rodríguez LV (2006) Familial transmission of genitovaginal prolapse. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 17(5):498–501CrossRefPubMed Jack GS, Nikolova G, Vilain E, Raz S, Rodríguez LV (2006) Familial transmission of genitovaginal prolapse. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 17(5):498–501CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Mushkat Y, Bukovsky I, Langer R (1996) Female urinary stress incontinence—does it have familial prevalence? Am J Obstet Gynecol 174(2):617–619CrossRefPubMed Mushkat Y, Bukovsky I, Langer R (1996) Female urinary stress incontinence—does it have familial prevalence? Am J Obstet Gynecol 174(2):617–619CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchsbaum GM, Duecy EE (2008) Incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in parous/nulliparous pairs of identical twins. Neurourol Urodyn 27(6):496–498CrossRefPubMed Buchsbaum GM, Duecy EE (2008) Incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in parous/nulliparous pairs of identical twins. Neurourol Urodyn 27(6):496–498CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Alarab M, Shynlova O, Drutz H, Lye S (2008) Extracellular matrix remodeling is increased in vaginal tissue of premenopausal patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Reprod Sci 15(1S):311A Alarab M, Shynlova O, Drutz H, Lye S (2008) Extracellular matrix remodeling is increased in vaginal tissue of premenopausal patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Reprod Sci 15(1S):311A
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Norton PA, Baker JE, Sharp HC, Warenski JC (1995) Genitourinary prolapse and joint hypermobility in women. Obstet Gynecol 85(2):225–228CrossRefPubMed Norton PA, Baker JE, Sharp HC, Warenski JC (1995) Genitourinary prolapse and joint hypermobility in women. Obstet Gynecol 85(2):225–228CrossRefPubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Carley ME, Schaffer J (2000) Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women with Marfan or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182(5):1021–1023CrossRefPubMed Carley ME, Schaffer J (2000) Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women with Marfan or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182(5):1021–1023CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Sayer TR, Dixon JS, Hosker GL, Warrel DW (1990) A study of paraurethral connective tissue in women with stress incontinence of urine. Neurourol Urodyn 9:319–320CrossRef Sayer TR, Dixon JS, Hosker GL, Warrel DW (1990) A study of paraurethral connective tissue in women with stress incontinence of urine. Neurourol Urodyn 9:319–320CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Eldridge A, Grace M, Clarke B (2004) Pelvic organ descent in young nulligravid women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(1):95–99CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Eldridge A, Grace M, Clarke B (2004) Pelvic organ descent in young nulligravid women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(1):95–99CrossRefPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Hansell NK, Grace ME, Eldridge AM, Clarke B, Martin NG (2005) Bladder neck mobility is a heritable trait. BJOG 112(3):334–339CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Hansell NK, Grace ME, Eldridge AM, Clarke B, Martin NG (2005) Bladder neck mobility is a heritable trait. BJOG 112(3):334–339CrossRefPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Hansell NK, Dietz HP, Treloar SA, Clarke B, Martin NG (2004) Genetic covariation of pelvic organ and elbow mobility in twins and their sisters. Twin Res 7(3):254–260CrossRefPubMed Hansell NK, Dietz HP, Treloar SA, Clarke B, Martin NG (2004) Genetic covariation of pelvic organ and elbow mobility in twins and their sisters. Twin Res 7(3):254–260CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu X, Zhao Y, Pawlyk B, Damaser M, Li T (2006) Failure of elastic fiber homeostasis leads to pelvic floor disorders. Am J Pathol 168(2):519–528CrossRefPubMed Liu X, Zhao Y, Pawlyk B, Damaser M, Li T (2006) Failure of elastic fiber homeostasis leads to pelvic floor disorders. Am J Pathol 168(2):519–528CrossRefPubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu G, Daneshgari F, Li M, Lin D, Lee U, Li T, Damaser MS (2007) Bladder and urethral function in pelvic organ prolapsed lysyl oxidase like-1 knockout mice. BJU Int 100(2):414–418CrossRefPubMed Liu G, Daneshgari F, Li M, Lin D, Lee U, Li T, Damaser MS (2007) Bladder and urethral function in pelvic organ prolapsed lysyl oxidase like-1 knockout mice. BJU Int 100(2):414–418CrossRefPubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Alperin M, Debes K, Abramowitch S, Meyn L, Moalli PA (2008) LOXL1 deficiency negatively impacts the biomechanical properties of the mouse vagina and supportive tissues. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19(7):977–986CrossRefPubMed Alperin M, Debes K, Abramowitch S, Meyn L, Moalli PA (2008) LOXL1 deficiency negatively impacts the biomechanical properties of the mouse vagina and supportive tissues. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19(7):977–986CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura T, Lozano PR, Ikeda Y, Iwanaga Y, Hinek A, Minamisawa S, Cheng CF, Kobuke K, Dalton N, Takada Y, Tashiro K, Ross J Jr, Honjo T, Chien KR (2002) Fibulin-5/DANCE is essential for elastogenesis in vivo. Nature 10;415(6868):171–175CrossRef Nakamura T, Lozano PR, Ikeda Y, Iwanaga Y, Hinek A, Minamisawa S, Cheng CF, Kobuke K, Dalton N, Takada Y, Tashiro K, Ross J Jr, Honjo T, Chien KR (2002) Fibulin-5/DANCE is essential for elastogenesis in vivo. Nature 10;415(6868):171–175CrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Drewes PG, Yanagisawa H, Starcher B, Hornstra I, Csiszar K, Marinis SI, Keller P, Word RA (2007) Pelvic organ prolapse in fibulin-5 knockout mice: pregnancy-induced changes in elastic fiber homeostasis in mouse vagina. Am J Pathol 170(2):578–589CrossRefPubMed Drewes PG, Yanagisawa H, Starcher B, Hornstra I, Csiszar K, Marinis SI, Keller P, Word RA (2007) Pelvic organ prolapse in fibulin-5 knockout mice: pregnancy-induced changes in elastic fiber homeostasis in mouse vagina. Am J Pathol 170(2):578–589CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahn DD, Ruff MD, Brown SA, Tibbals HF, Word RA (2008) Biomechanical properties of the vaginal wall: effect of pregnancy, elastic fiber deficiency, and pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198(5):590.e1–600.e1CrossRef Rahn DD, Ruff MD, Brown SA, Tibbals HF, Word RA (2008) Biomechanical properties of the vaginal wall: effect of pregnancy, elastic fiber deficiency, and pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198(5):590.e1–600.e1CrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen B, Wen Y, Polan ML (2004) Elastolytic activity in women with stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Neurourol Urodyn 23(2):119–126CrossRefPubMed Chen B, Wen Y, Polan ML (2004) Elastolytic activity in women with stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Neurourol Urodyn 23(2):119–126CrossRefPubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Visco AG, Yuan L (2003) Differential gene expression in pubococcygeus muscle from patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(1):102–112CrossRefPubMed Visco AG, Yuan L (2003) Differential gene expression in pubococcygeus muscle from patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(1):102–112CrossRefPubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobak W, Lu J, Hardart A, Zhang C, Stanczyk FZ, Felix JC (2005) Expression of lysyl oxidase and transforming growth factor beta-2 in women with severe pelvic organ prolapse. J Reprod Med 50(11):827–831PubMed Kobak W, Lu J, Hardart A, Zhang C, Stanczyk FZ, Felix JC (2005) Expression of lysyl oxidase and transforming growth factor beta-2 in women with severe pelvic organ prolapse. J Reprod Med 50(11):827–831PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Moalli PA, Shand SH, Zyczynski HM, Gordy SC, Meyn LA (2005) Remodeling of vaginal connective tissue in patients with prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 106(5 Pt 1):953–963PubMed Moalli PA, Shand SH, Zyczynski HM, Gordy SC, Meyn LA (2005) Remodeling of vaginal connective tissue in patients with prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 106(5 Pt 1):953–963PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Vaginal delivery and pelvic floor dysfunction: current evidence and implications for future research
verfasst von
M. A. T. Bortolini
H. P. Drutz
D. Lovatsis
M. Alarab
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
International Urogynecology Journal / Ausgabe 8/2010
Print ISSN: 0937-3462
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-3023
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-010-1146-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2010

International Urogynecology Journal 8/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.