Background
Methods
Translation
Respondent selection
Data
Missing data
Analyses
General psychometric properties
Reliability
Validity
Ethics, consent and permissions
Results
Translation
Characterization of groups and subjects
Sample | Number | Age Mean (SD) | Gender %female | Dentatea % | Data administration | Analyses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A: Independent living dental clinic attenders of 65+ yrs (check-up visits) | 109 | 73.1 (5.4) | 47.7 | 60.6 | questionnaire | general psychometric properties, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency (item-total scale, dimension-total scale, inter-item), convergent, discriminant, and known-group validity |
Group B: Institutionalized care-dependent elderly of 65+ yrs | 118 | 85.6 (7.0) | 57.6 | 49.2 | personal interview | general psychometric properties, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency (item-scale, dimension-scale, inter-item), convergent, discriminant, and known-group validity |
subsample (convenience sample) of group A | 32 | 74.0 (5.8) | 50.0 | 78.1 | questionnaire | test-retest reliability |
subsample (convenience sample) of group B | 34 | 85.9 (6.9) | 47.1 | 50.0 | personal interview | test-retest reliability |
General psychometric properties
GOHAI item | group | never | seldom | sometimes | often | very often or always | % impair-ment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Limit the kinds of food | A | 64.2 | 14.7 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 21.1 |
B | 61.9 | 16.1 | 11.9 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 22.0 | |
2. Trouble biting or chewing | A | 39.4 | 32.1 | 13.8 | 8.3 | 6.4 | 28.5 |
B | 34.7 | 16.9 | 14.4 | 22.9 | 11 | 48.3 | |
3. Able to swallow comfortably | A | 7.3 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 19.3 | 62.4 | 18.3 |
B | 7.6 | 2.5 | 5.9 | 15.3 | 68.6 | 16.0 | |
4. Unable to speak clearly | A | 70.6 | 18.3 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 11.0 |
B | 77.1 | 5.9 | 11.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 16.9 | |
5. Able to eat without discomfort | A | 6.4 | 10.1 | 7.3 | 24.8 | 51.4 | 23.8 |
B | 2.5 | 8.5 | 15.3 | 28.0 | 45.8 | 26.3 | |
6. Limit contact with people | A | 86.2 | 10.1 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 3.6 |
B | 93.2 | 5.9 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | |
7. Pleased with look of teeth | A | 3.7 | 4.6 | 8.3 | 56.9 | 26.6 | 16.6 |
B | 11 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 29.7 | 30.5 | 39.8 | |
8. Used medication to relieve pain | A | 70.6 | 21.1 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 8.2 |
B | 93.2 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 3.3 | |
9. Worried about teeth, gums or dentures | A | 37.6 | 32.1 | 16.5 | 12.8 | 0.9 | 30.2 |
B | 65.3 | 16.9 | 15.3 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 17.8 | |
10. Self-conscious of teeth, gums or dentures | A | 67.9 | 21.1 | 9.2 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 11.0 |
B | 84.7 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.9 | |
11. Uncomfortable eating in front of others | A | 70.6 | 14.7 | 9.2 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 14.7 |
B | 82.2 | 11.0 | 5.9 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 6.7 | |
12. Sensitive to hot, cold or sweet foods | A | 47.7 | 32.1 | 15.6 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 20.2 |
B | 68.6 | 9.3 | 13.6 | 7.6 | 0.8 | 22.0 |
Reliability
GOHAI item | Corrected Item-Total score Correla-tion | Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted | Test-retest correla-tion ICCa
| Corrected Item-Total score Correla-tion | Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted | Test-retest correla-tion ICCa
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A | Group B | |||||
1. Limit the kinds of food | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.77 | 0.91 |
2. Trouble biting or chewing | 0.67 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.53 | 0.78 | 0.91 |
3. Able to swallow comfortably | 0.34 | 0.86 | 0.62 | 0.08 | 0.83 | 0.74 |
4. Unable to speak clearly | 0.63 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.40 | 0.79 | 0.94 |
5. Able to eat without discomfort | 0.49 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.67 | 0.77 | 0.74 |
6. Limit contact with people | 0.43 | 0.85 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.80 | 0.79 |
7. Pleased with look of teeth | 0.62 | 0.84 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.78 | 0.69 |
8. Used medication to relieve pain | 0.51 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 0.53 | 0.79 | 0.81 |
9. Worried about teeth, gums or dentures | 0.60 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.78 | 0.64 |
10. Self-conscious of teeth, gums or dentures | 0.69 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.73 |
11. Uncomfortable eating in front of others | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.64 |
12. Sensitive to hot, cold or sweet foods | 0.20 | 0.87 | 0.73 | 0.43 | 0.79 | 0.82 |
GOHAI items and dimension | Group | Cronbach’s alpha |
---|---|---|
Dimension: Physical Functioning subscale-overall scale Cronbach's α: group A: 0.82; group B: 0.64 | ||
1. Limit the kinds of food | A | 0.78 |
B | 0.54 | |
2. Trouble biting or chewing | A | 0.81 |
B | 0.55 | |
4. Unable to speak clearly | A | 0.49 |
B | 0.30 | |
Dimension: Pain and discomfort subscale-overall scale Cronbach's α group A: 0.43; group B: 0.49 | ||
3. Able to swallow comfortably | A | 0.31 |
B | 0.19 | |
5. Able to eat without discomfort | A | 0.31 |
B | 0.36 | |
8. Used medication to relieve pain | A | 0.26 |
B | 0.44 | |
12. Sensitive to hot, cold or sweet foods | A | 0.13 |
B | 0.28 | |
Dimension: Psychosocial functioning subscale-overall scale Cronbach's α group A: 0.82; group B: 0.72 | ||
6. Limit contact with people | A | 0.46 |
B | 0.46 | |
7. Pleased with look of teeth | A | 0.65 |
B | 0.59 | |
9. Worried about teeth, gums or dentures | A | 0.52 |
B | 0.65 | |
10. Self-conscious of teeth, gums or dentures | A | 0.76 |
B | 0.59 | |
11. Uncomfortable eating in front of others | A | 0.76 |
B | 0.48 |
Validity
Type of validity | Group A | Group B | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Answer categories |
n
| Mean GOHAI-ADD score (SD) | Correlation (r), p-value |
n
| Mean GOHAI-ADD score (SD) | Correlation (r), p-value |
Convergent validity | |||||||
Perceived oral health | |||||||
Very bad | 0 | - |
r = 0.42 | 2 | 31.50 (7.78) |
r = 0.68 | |
Bad | 1 | 31.00 (-) |
p <0.001 | 13 | 44.46 (6.67) |
p <0.001 | |
Moderate | 23 | 46.39 (8.47) | 23 | 49.30 (5.66) | |||
Good | 83 | 53.48 (6.13) | 53 | 53.64 (4.19) | |||
Very good | 2 | 59.00 (0.00) | 26 | 57.81 (2.58) | |||
Satisfied with oral health | |||||||
Yes | 93 | 53.63 (6.00) |
r = 0.47 | 84 | 54.71 (4.54) |
r = 0.52 | |
No | 15 | 41.73 (7.75) |
p <0.001 | 34 | 46.32 (7.24) |
p <0.001 | |
Discriminant validity | |||||||
Perceived general health | |||||||
Very bad | NA | NA |
r = 0.24 | 3 | 52.00 (8.54) |
r = 0.10 | |
Bad | 1 | 59.00 (-) |
p = 0.014 | 24 | 51.21 (7.66) |
p = 0.30 | |
Moderate | 21 | 47.62 (9.46) | 38 | 52.05 (6.32) | |||
Good | 74 | 52.45 (6.88) | 49 | 52.88 (6.54) | |||
Very good | 11 | 55.64 (4.99) | 4 | 54.25 (4.27) | |||
Clinical treatment need | |||||||
Yes | 40 | 48.80 (8.56) |
r = 0.29 | 65 | 50.52 (6.36) |
r = 0.36 | |
No | 69 | 53.67 (6.24) |
p = 0.002 | 53 | 54.47 (6.34) |
p = <0.001 | |
At least one tooth with cariesa
| |||||||
Yes | 7 | 51.86 (6.09) |
r = 0.08 | 32 | 50.66 (5.88) |
r = 0.42 | |
No | 59 | 53.15 (6.00) |
p = 0.55 | 26 | 55.15 (5.53) |
p = 0.001 | |
Known-group validity | |||||||
Dental/ prosthodontic status | |||||||
Natural teeth without RDP | 44 | 54.36 (4.62) |
r = 0.29 | 24 | 53.67 (6.29) |
r = 0.07 | |
Natural teeth with RDP | 22 | 50.68 (7.42) |
p = 0.003 | 34 | 51.94 (5.97) |
p = 0.44 | |
No natural teeth | 43 | 49.12 (8.84) | 60 | 51.95 (7.13) | |||
no. of natural teetha (1-32) | 66 |
r = 0.39 | 58 |
r = 0.24 | |||
p <0.001 |
p = 0.067 | ||||||
Perceived need for treatment | |||||||
Yes | 45 | 48.11 (8.24) |
r = 0.48 | 33 | 46.33 (7.50) |
r = 0.53 | |
No | 63 | 54.79 (5.31) |
p <0.001 | 85 | 54.61 (4.51) |
p <0.001 | |
Other correlations | |||||||
Gender | |||||||
Female | 52 | 50.33 (8.01) |
r = 0.17 | 68 | 52.40 (6.76) |
r = 0.01 | |
Male | 57 | 53.30 (6.80) |
p = 0.08 | 50 | 52.16 (6.50) |
p = 0.88 | |
age | (65–100) |
r = 0.09 |
r = 0.09 | ||||
p = 0.34 |
p = 0.36 | ||||||
SES | high | 34 | 53.00 (5.96) |
r = -0.18 | 28 | 54.21 (5.42) |
r = -0.14 |
middle | 54 | 51.39 (7.72) |
p = 0.07 | 47 | 52.11 (7.27) |
p = 0.13 | |
low | 19 | 48.79 (8.66) | 42 | 51.33 (6.53) |